顶空气相色谱法测定空气中亚硝酸盐

目的:建立空气中亚硝酸盐的顶空气相色谱测定方法。方法:采用超细玻璃纤维滤纸采集空气中亚硝酸盐,用蒸馏水洗脱过滤后,经酯化后,采用顶空法进样技术,经色谱柱分离,FID检测器检测,保留时间定性,峰高或峰面积定量。结果:空气中亚硝酸盐线性范围0.56~20μg/m l;相关系数r=0.9998;方法最低检出限0.56μg/m l;若采集300 L空气进行测定,最低检出浓度为0.019 mg/m3;样品的平均回收率为95.2%~99.1%;相对标准偏差是0.77%~2.74%;样品洗脱效率为98.8%~99.5%;采样效率93.4%~97.2%;样品在室温至少可保存1周。结论:该方法操作简便,灵敏度高,选择性好,干扰少,线性范围宽,检测限低,是测定空气中亚硝酸盐的理想检测方法。     

空气中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的离子色谱测定方法的研究

目的:建立空气中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的离子色谱测定方法。方法:本文采用超细玻璃纤维滤纸采集空气中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐,用蒸馏水洗脱过滤后,经色谱柱分离,电导检测器检测,保留时间定性,峰高或峰面积定量。结果:空气中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的线性范围分别为0.5~30.0μg/m l和0.5~30.0μg/m l;相关系数分别为0.9997和0.9992;方法的最低检出限分别为0.5μg/m l和0.5μg/m l;若采集300 L空气进行测定,则最低检出浓度分别为0.017 mg/m3和0.017 mg/m3;相对标准偏差分别为0.39%~1.03%和0.45%~1.00%;样品洗脱效率分别为100.4%~103.2%和102.3%~106.8%;采样效率分别为94.8%~100.0%和92.7%~94.6%;样品在室温中至少可保存1周。结论:此法灵敏度高,选择性好,干扰少,是同时检测空气中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的好方法。     

工作场所空气中氨基磺酸铵的离子色谱测定法

目的 建立工作场所空气中氨基磺酸铵的检测方法 .方法 样品用混合纤维滤膜采集,用水洗脱,离子色谱检测磺酸根离子.通过测试方法 的线性范围、检出限、精密度、准确度、洗脱效率和样品稳定性来评价该方法 的可行性.结果该方法 的线性范围0.01～0.2 mg/ml,相关系数r=0.9998;检出限2.25μg/ml,最低检出浓度为0.75 mg/m~3;平均相对标准偏差3.95%,平均回收率99.1%.洗脱效率98.2%.结论 该标准方法 操作简便,精密度、回收率、洗脱效率及样品稳定性能够满足"工作场所空气中有毒物质检测方法 的研制规范"要求,能准确测定工作场所空气中氨基磺酸铵的含量.     

工作场所空气中氯化铵的纳氏试剂检测法的研究

目的建立工作场所空气中氯化铵的纳氏试剂检测方法。方法空气中的氯化铵用过氯乙烯滤膜采集,用稀硫酸洗脱后与纳氏试剂反应,生成黄色化合物,在420nm波长下比色测定。结果标准曲线回归方程为Y=244.18X-0.364相关系数r≥0.999,检出限为0.9μg/ml,测定范围1.0～10.0μg/ml,本法的相对标准偏差≤3.9%,采样效率100%,洗脱效率95.1%,样品稳定时间为5d。结论本方法适用于工作场所空气中氯化铵浓度的测定。     

工作场所空气中N-乙基吗啉的气相色谱测定法

目的 建立工作场所空气中N-乙基吗啉的气相色谱测定法.方法 硅胶吸收管采集空气中N-乙基吗啉,乙醇洗脱解析,在实验室条件下,按照<车间空气监测检验方法研究规范>的要求,研究该方法的线性范围、精密度、准确度、检出限;并模拟现场进行样品采样效率、解吸效率、穿透容量、样品稳定性实验.结果 N-乙基吗啉线性范围为0.025～20mg/ml,相关系数为0.999 8;相对标准偏差为3.2%～3.9%;加标回收率为101.00%～102.43%,检出限为0.294μg/ml,定量下限为0.49μg/ml,最低检出浓度0.327μg/m3,解吸效率为96.08%～-98.73%;穿透容量为14.37 mg(100mg硅胶),样品稳定性为7 d.结论 利用气相色谱法监测工作场所空气中N-乙基吗啉的浓度具有较高的灵敏度和较好的精密度、准确度,样品采集方法简便,适用于工作场所空气中N-乙基吗啉浓度测定.     

离子色谱法测定工作场所空气中三氯氧磷

目的：建立一种用离子色谱测定工作场所空气中的三氯氧磷的检测方法。方法：本文采用吸收液采集工作场所空气中的三氯氧磷,生成盐酸,经色谱柱分离,电导检测器检测,保留时间定性,峰高或峰面积定量。结果：工作场所空气中三氯氧磷的线性范围为0～5.0μg/ml;相关系数为0.9993;方法检出限0.030μg/ml,若采集10 L空气进行检测,则最低检出浓度为0.03 mg/m^3,相对标准偏差为0.35%～1.59%,样品加标回收率为96.9%～103.2%,样品在室温下至少可保存1周。结论：本方法灵敏度高、选择性好、干扰少,是检测工作场所空气中三氯氧磷的好方法。     

工作场所空气中双酚A的高效液相色谱测定法

目的 建立工作场所空气中双酚A(BPA)的高效液相色谱测定方法.方法 通过玻璃纤维滤纸采集空气中气溶胶态的双酚A,乙腈洗脱后,高效液相色谱-荧光检测器测定.结果 该方法在0.01～10.00μg/ml范围中呈线性关系,检出限为0.005 μg/ml,最低检出浓度为3.3×10-5 mg/m3(以采集300 L空气样品计),平均加标回收率为97.5％～107.0％,相对标准偏差为2.5％～5.5％,洗脱效率为95.0％～101.9％,采样效率为99.6％,样品在室温下至少可保存7d.结论 方法各项指标均符合GBZ/T 210.4-2008《工作场所空气中化学物质测定方法》的要求,适用于工作场所空气中双酚A的检测.     

工作场所空气中氰氨化钙测定的分光光度法

目的 建立工作场所空气中的氰氨化钙的测定方法.方法 用玻璃纤维滤膜采集工作场所空气中的氰氨化钙,以盐酸溶液洗脱,氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至中性,再与氨基亚铁氰化钠反应生成红棕色络合物,在530 nm波长下测量吸光度值.结果 方法检出限为0.8 μg/ml,定量下限为1.2 μg/ml.最低检测浓度为0.5 mg/m3(以采集602空气样品计).线性范围为1.2～32μg/ml,相关系数=0.9998.精密度范围2.1％～8.9％,加标回收率92.2％～107.6％,洗脱效率97.1％～101.2％,平均采样效率95.0％.样品室温下可稳定保存7d.结论 本方法各项指标均达到《职业卫生标准制定指南第4部分:工作场所空气中化学物质测定方法》的要求.     

工作场所空气中磷酸测定方法的改进

目的:对作业场所空气中磷酸测定方法进行了改进.方法:采用磷钼蓝混合还原剂比色法.结果:改进后的方法简便、快捷、灵敏、易于操作.测定范围在2～24μg;标准曲线回归方程为0.0064 0.0266x,相关系数r=0.9998;本法的检出限为0.1μg/ml;最小检出浓度为0.13 mg,/m3(以采集7.5L空气样品计).平均洗脱效率为99.3%～101.8%,样品室温下至少保存7 d.结论:方法适用于工作场所空气中磷酸浓度的测定.     

作业场所空气中钒及其化合物的电感耦合等离子体发射光谱测定方法

目的：建立空气中钒及其化合物的电感耦合等离子体发射光谱（ICP-AES）测定方法。方法：用滤料（微孔滤膜）采集空气样品,经高氯酸-硝酸（1＋9）加热消解后用ICP-AES直接测定。结果：在测定条件下,方法的检测限为0.01μg/ml;精密度为1.9%～5.6%;回收率为93%～105%;本方法适用线性范围0～20μg/ml;样品采集后室温下至少可稳定14 d。结论：本方法能够简便、快速、准确地完成作业场所空气中钒及其化合物的测试工作,结果令人满意。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.