知芪益肾汤对实验性糖尿病大鼠肾功能的作用机制研究

目的探讨知芪益肾汤对糖尿病肾病（DN）大鼠肾脏的保护作用及其发生机制。方法腹腔注射链尿佐菌素（STZ）建立糖尿病模型,检测血糖、UAER、Ccr,应用免疫组化法检测CTGF及TGF-β1的蛋白表达。结果知芪益肾汤组UAER、Ccr显著低于糖尿病组（P〈0.01）,且肾脏CTGF及TGF-β1阳性表达相对面积较糖尿病组明显下调（P〈0.01）。结论早期应用知芪益肾汤对STZ诱导的糖尿病大鼠有肾保护作用。     

海参虫草复剂对糖尿病大鼠肾脏保护作用机制的研究

目的研究海参虫草复剂(AC)对链脲佐菌素(Streptozocin,STZ)诱导的糖尿病大鼠肾脏保护作用机制。方法采用一次性腹腔注射STZ的方法建立糖尿病大鼠模型,经过长期高血糖环境下饲养造成肾脏损伤。灌胃AC8周后,分别检测大鼠空腹血糖、肾脏指数、24h尿微量白蛋白排泄率(UAER)及肾脏的氧化应激水平;采用RT-PCR法测定肾脏中转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)及其Ⅱ型受体(TβRⅡ)、结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)mRNA表达。Western blot方法检测肾脏中TGF-β1蛋白表达,免疫组化法检测肾脏中Ⅳ型胶原蛋白表达。结果 AC能降低糖尿病大鼠空腹血糖、肾脏指数和UAER(P<0.05,P<0.01),提高肾脏抗氧化能力,下调TGF-β1、TGFβRⅡ和CTGF的mRNA表达(P<0.05,P<0.01),降低TGF-β1及Ⅳ型胶原的蛋白表达水平(P<0.01)。结论 AC可通过改善糖尿病大鼠肾脏氧化应激状态,抑制TGF-β1、TβRⅡ和CTGF基因表达,以减少尿蛋白排泄及阻止肾脏肥大,从而达到保护肾脏的作用。     

槲皮素对糖尿病大鼠氧化应激及TGF-β1/CTGF的影响

目的:探讨槲皮素(QE)对糖尿病肾病(DN)大鼠氧化应激及转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)/结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)信号通路的影响。方法:腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导糖尿病模型,模型成功后随机分为3组:糖尿病肾病组(DN组),槲皮素治疗组(QE组,100 mg·kg-1·d-1),卡托普利阳性对照组(CAP组,10 mg·kg-1·d-1)。另设正常对照组(NS组)。治疗12周,观察治疗期间及治疗后大鼠一般状况、血糖、24 h尿白蛋白、肾脏指数、肌酐、尿素氮,测定血清中总抗氧能力(T-AOC)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)的水平;免疫组化方法观察肾皮质中CTGF的表达水平;RT-PCR方法检测肾皮质中TGF-β1mRNA的相对含量;透射电镜观察肾脏超微结构的变化。结果:造模3组均出现糖尿病及肾脏损害,与DN组相比,槲皮素组大鼠血糖、尿白蛋白、肌酐和尿素氮水平明显降低(P<0.01);T-AOC,T-SOD,GSH活性显著提高、MDA水平明显降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);肾皮质CTGF的表达明显减少(P<0.01);肾皮质中TGF-β1mRNA的相对含量明显降低(P<0.01);电镜显示:与DN相比,槲皮素组大鼠系膜细胞增生程度减轻,基底膜厚度均匀,足突融合减轻。结论:槲皮素可提高DN大鼠的抗氧化水平、抑制肾皮质TGF-β1/CTGF的表达,对DN具有防治作用。     

Association of TGF-β1 and CTGF with Early Diabetic Nephropathy

目的:探讨转化生长因子(TGF)-β1、结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)在早期糖尿病肾病(DN)中的作用.方法:建立链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的糖尿病大鼠模型,随机分为正常对照组(NC)和糖尿病组(DM).每周测量体质量,每2周测定血糖,于实验第8周末处死大鼠后测定相关的生化指标及肾功能指标,同时留取肾皮质液氮冻存,应用实时定量PCR方法检测肾皮质TGF-β1、CTGF的mRNA水平,用免疫组化法检测肾小球中TGF-β1和CTGF的蛋白表达情况,并进行半定量分析.结果:与NC组相比,DM组血尿素氮、24h尿量及尿微量蛋白、肾脏肥大指数明显升高(P＜0.01),但血肌酐明显下降(P＜0.01).实时定量PCR及免疫组化结果显示,DM组较NC组TGF-β1、CTGF mRNA及蛋白表达量均明显增高.结论:TGF-β1与CTGF在肾病早期表达明显升高,对于评价DN进程具有重要意义.     

TGF-β1、CTGF基因的过表达与早期糖尿病肾病关系的研究

目的:探讨转化生长因子(TGF)-β1、结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)在早期糖尿病肾病(DN)中的作用。方法:建立链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的糖尿病大鼠模型,随机分为正常对照组(NC)和糖尿病组(DM)。每周测量体质量,每2周测定血糖,于实验第8周末处死大鼠后测定相关的生化指标及肾功能指标,同时留取肾皮质液氮冻存,应用实时定量PCR方法检测肾皮质TGF-β1、CTGF的mRNA水平,用免疫组化法检测肾小球中TGF-β1和CTGF的蛋白表达情况,并进行半定量分析。结果:与NC组相比,DM组血尿素氮、24h尿量及尿微量蛋白、肾脏肥大指数明显升高(P<0.01),但血肌酐明显下降(P<0.01)。实时定量PCR及免疫组化结果显示,DM组较NC组TGF-β1、CTGFmRNA及蛋白表达量均明显增高。结论:TGF-β1与CTGF在肾病早期表达明显升高,对于评价DN进程具有重要意义。     

伊贝沙坦预防链脲佐菌素诱导糖尿病大鼠肾损伤的作用机制(英文)

目的:探讨血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂伊贝沙坦(Irb)对链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的糖尿病大鼠的肾保护作用机制。方法:SD大鼠随机分为3组:正常对照组(N组,n=7),糖尿病肾病组(DN组,n=6)Irb治疗组(DNI组,n=7)。SD大鼠单侧肾切除后,腹腔注射STZ诱导糖尿病模型,观察治疗后第4, 8,12周的血糖(BG)、体重(BW)、尿白蛋白排泄、24小时尿总蛋白的改变,同时观察12周时肌酐清除率(Ccr)、肾重(KW)、肾脏肥大指数(KW/BW)、肾组织总蛋白含量(RTP)、肾小球面积(A_G)和体积(V_G)、肾小球毛细血管基底膜(GBM)厚度的改变。通过免疫组化观察肾组织结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)和转化生长因子-β_1(TGF-β_1)的表达。结果:DN组和DNI组间BG无差异(p>0.05)。Irb可显著抑制大鼠尿白蛋白、24小时尿总蛋白的排泄,抑制过度增高的Ccr(均为P<0.01)。而且Irb可显著抑制糖尿病大鼠KW、KW/BW、RTP、A_G和V_G的增加(P<0.05或P<0.01)。我们首次证实Irb能够显著抑制GBM的增厚和CTGF的表达(均为P<0.01)。另外,大鼠肾脏CTGF的表达与TGF-β_1的表达和肾小球体积呈显著正相关(均为P<0.01)。结论:早期应用Irb对糖尿病大鼠的肾保护作用可能与抑制肾脏肥大和肾脏CTGF表达有关。     

罗格列酮对糖尿病大鼠肾组织转化生长因子β、Ⅳ型胶原的影响

目的 探讨罗格列酮对链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的糖尿病(DM)大鼠肾组织转化生长因子[3(TGF-β)及Ⅳ型胶原(C-Ⅳ)表达的影响.方法 40只大鼠分为正常对照组(C组)、DM组和糖尿病罗格列酮治疗组(DR组).10周后观察血糖(BG)、肾脏指数(KI)、尿微量白蛋白(MAU)及肾组织形态学改变.免疫组化法观察肾皮质TGF-β及C-Ⅳ表达.结果 DM组尿素氮(BUN)、KI、MAU及肾皮质TGF-β、C-Ⅳ表达显著高于C组(P＜0.01),并出现糖尿病肾病(DN)典型的病理改变;而DR组KI、MAU及TGF-β、C-Ⅳ表达较DM组明显减低(P＜0.01).结论 罗格列酮可通过下调肾皮质中TGF-β、C-Ⅳ表达,对DN起保护作用.     

人工虫草对间质纤维化大鼠转化生长因子-β1和结缔组织生长因子表达的影响

目的 探讨人工发酵虫草对肾间质纤维化大鼠肾组织中转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)和结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)表达的影响.方法 雄性SD大鼠30只随机分为3组(正常对照假手术组、造模组及造模灌胃组),每组10只.运用单侧输尿管结扎法(UUO)制造肾间质纤维化模型,于第5周处死大鼠,切片做Masson染色观察肾小管及间质的病理变化;应用免疫组织化学方法检测肾组织中TGF-β1、CTGF的蛋白质表达.结果 与对照组比较,5周时肾小管间质损伤指数升高(P＜0.01);肾组织内TGF-β1、CTGF的蛋白质表达均显著上调(P＜0.05).虫草干预后,上述上调指标均被显著抑制(P＜0.05).结论 虫草可通过抑制TGF-β1和CTGF的过度表达,从而改善间质纤维化.     

姜黄素对糖尿病性肾纤维化的防治机制

目的:研究姜黄素对糖尿病(DM)大鼠肾脏的保护作用。方法:24只SD雄性大鼠随机分为正常对照组、DM大鼠组和姜黄素治疗组,观察治疗后血糖、体重、尿白蛋白排泄量及病理的变化,6周后用Western blot的方法检测各组肾组织中结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)表达水平。结果:DM大鼠组较正常对照组尿白蛋白排泄率、肌酐清除率明显增高(P<0.01),CTGF在肾组织中的表达显著增加(P<0.01),肾脏病理变化显著;而姜黄素治疗组上述指标较DM大鼠组显著减少(P<0.01),CTGF在肾组织中的表达显著减少(P<0.01),肾脏病理变化明显改善。结论:早期应用姜黄素对DM大鼠的肾脏有保护作用,可能与其抑制CTGF在肾组织中的表达有关。     

人工虫草对间质纤维化大鼠转化生长因子-β1和结缔组织生长因子表达的影响

目的探讨人工发酵虫草对肾间质纤维化大鼠肾组织中转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)和结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)表达的影响。方法雄性SD大鼠30只随机分为3组(正常对照假手术组、造模组及造模灌胃组),每组10只。运用单侧输尿管结扎法(UUO)制造肾间质纤维化模型,于第5周处死大鼠,切片做Masson染色观察肾小管及间质的病理变化;应用免疫组织化学方法检测肾组织中TGF-β1、CTGF的蛋白质表达。结果与对照组比较,5周时肾小管间质损伤指数升高(P<0.01);肾组织内TGF-β1、CTGF的蛋白质表达均显著上调(P<0.05)。虫草干预后,上述上调指标均被显著抑制(P<0.05)。结论虫草可通过抑制TGF-β1和CTGF的过度表达,从而改善间质纤维化。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.