炼油厂产品深度脱硫工艺的研究进展

综述了国内外开发和应用的脱硫技术,通过一系列实例阐述了近年来催化加氢脱硫及非加氢脱硫的工艺进展。该技术主要有催化加氢脱硫（改进催化剂的合成、先进的反应器设计、蒸馏与加氢脱硫组合等）及非加氢脱硫技术（烷基化脱硫、溶剂萃取脱硫、沉淀脱硫、吸附脱硫、氧化脱硫和膜分离脱硫等）;评述了催化加氢脱硫、烷基化脱硫、吸附脱硫和氧化脱硫等脱硫技术的特点和研究应用前景。     

轻质燃料油脱硫技术研究进展

阐述了加氢脱硫、吸附脱硫、氧化脱硫、生物脱硫和萃取脱硫等轻质燃料油脱硫技术及相应脱硫原理,比较不同脱硫工艺的优缺点,展望脱硫工艺的发展方向,为了得到超低硫含量的燃料油,减少投资和降低成本,使生产过程对环境更加友好,将更多的研究集中于生物脱硫、离子液体脱硫和耦合脱硫等其他脱硫技术。     

FCC汽油非临氢脱硫技术进展

综述了国内外开发和应用的FCC汽油非临氢脱硫技术,该技术主要有生物脱硫、催化裂化脱硫、吸附脱硫、溶剂抽提脱硫、烷基化脱硫、氧化脱硫和膜分离脱硫等;评述了催化裂化脱硫、吸附脱硫和氧化脱硫等技术的特点和研究应用前景。     

非加氢脱硫技术研究与应用进展

综述了吸附脱硫、氧化脱硫、沉淀脱硫、生物脱硫、烷基化脱硫等几种非加氢脱硫技术的研究进展,特别是烷基化脱硫技术在FCC汽油中的脱硫机理与应用情况,指出非加氢脱硫技术,尤其是烷基化脱硫技术和生物脱硫技术具有较好的应用前景.     

汽油和柴油氧化脱硫技术进展

综述了国内外汽油、柴油氧化脱硫技术进展。介绍了选择性氧化脱硫、超声波氧化脱硫、光催化氧化脱硫、等离子体液相氧化脱硫、生物氧化脱硫、电化学氧化脱硫等。认为进一步探讨脱硫机理,提高脱硫效率和油品收率,降低脱硫成本,是氧化脱硫技术研究的重要方向。     

油品非加氢脱硫技术新进展

综述了IRVAD、S-Zorb、LADS等吸附脱硫工艺,酸碱精制、有机溶剂脱硫、离子液体脱硫等萃取脱硫技术,烷基化脱硫技术,细菌脱硫、微生物脱硫、新型生物脱硫等生物脱硫技术,膜分离脱硫技术,添加剂脱硫技术,并比较了不同方法的优缺点。最后,从清洁生产的角度出发,对非加氢脱硫的前景进行了展望。     

联醇工艺中脱硫工艺技术的发展

论述和对比了联醇工艺中原料气脱硫所采用的栲胶脱硫工艺、ADA脱硫工艺、PDS脱硫工艺、氧化锌脱硫工艺、氧化铁脱硫工艺、活性炭脱硫工艺、铁钼加氢转化法脱硫工艺、有机硫水解脱硫工艺的技术原理和工艺特点;提出了将湿法脱硫与干法脱硫工艺进行合理组合,并结合有机硫水解装置的脱硫工艺选择理念;总结了“3次脱硫2次转化”脱硫工艺在联醇生产中的重要作用.     

汽油深度脱硫技术进展

催化裂化汽油具有高硫含量、高烯烃含量的特点。本文综述了选择性加氢脱硫技术、催化裂化反应脱硫添加剂、吸附脱硫技术、氧化脱硫技术、烷基化脱硫技术、离子液体脱硫技术、溶剂抽提脱硫技术。选择性加氢、催化裂化、吸附脱硫和氧化脱硫技术均已比较成熟,烷基化脱硫、离子液体脱硫、溶剂抽提脱硫技术很有发展前景。     

非加氢脱硫技术研究进展及其在原油预脱硫中的应用展望

综述了目前轻质油品非加氢脱硫以及原油预脱硫的相关技术,关于轻质油品非加氢脱硫技术详细叙述了氧化脱硫、吸附脱硫和溶剂萃取脱硫等技术的研究进展,简要介绍了络合脱硫、膜分离脱硫等技术,阐述了各非加氢脱硫技术的特点及脱硫效果;针对原油预脱硫技术,主要介绍了物理法原油预脱硫、超声-氧化法原油预脱硫、电化学法原油预脱硫以及微生物法原油预脱硫等技术的研究进展,指出应用能耗低、操作条件温和、脱硫效果好的非加氢脱硫手段是未来的发展趋势,同时指出综合应用非加氢脱硫技术对原油进行预脱硫处理将是未来重要的研究方向。     

汽油和柴油的氧化脱硫技术新进展

论述了氧化法脱除汽油和柴油中有机硫技术进展。介绍了过氧化物氧化脱硫、臭氧氧化脱硫、氧气氧化脱硫、超声波氧化脱硫、生物氧化脱硫、电催化氧化脱硫和光化学氧化脱硫等,分析了不同方法的优势及应用现状。今后氧化脱硫技术研究的重要方向是进一步研究脱硫机理、提高脱硫率和降低成本。     

Evaluation of surfactant-aided degumming of vegetable oils by membrane technology

The first step in the process of vegetable oil refining is degumming, in which phospholipids and mucilaginous gums are removed that otherwise result in a low-grade oil. A membrane process is remarkably simple yet potentially offers many advantages in degumming. Studies were conducted on surfactant-aided membrane degumming with soybean and rapeseed oils in a magnetically stirred flat membrane batch cell with different types of microfiltration membranes. The reduction of phospholipids in soybean oil was in the range of 85.8–92.8% during the membrane process. The phosphorus content of membrane permeates of soybean oil was in the range of 20–58 mg/kg. Crude rapeseed oil contained higher amount of nonhydratable phospholipids and hence resulted in lower reduction in phospholipids, in the range of 66.4–83.2%. Addition of hydratable phospholipids could improve the efficiency of degumming in the membrane process without using any electrolyte, resulting in improvement of quality as well as quantity of the phospholipids.     

污泥生物炭中氮硫行为及环境效应研究进展

污泥生物炭中氮硫元素含量高，其氮硫行为和环境效应对全球气候变化的影响不容忽视。以往的研究中，研究者往往以富碳生物炭作为主要研究对象，关注碳对全球气候变化的行为和功效，而对氮硫元素的作用关注不够。本文从原始污泥基本性质到其热解过程，再到生物炭的老化，逐步对污泥生物炭整个生命周期内氮硫的行为及其环境效应研究进行综述，并对未来应注重开展的研究方向进行展望，为生物炭中氮硫元素固定、释放及与之关联的环境效应和温室气体排放控制研究提供理论基础。分析表明，污泥中氮元素含量普遍高于硫元素，且热解过程中氮比硫更容易转移至气相产物。氮硫元素随热解温度的增加，在三相产物中的分配都是炭中持续减少，油中先增后减，气中一直增加。高温（＞800℃）条件下，气相中的氮含量高于固相，而硫元素则仍然主要存在于固相中。污泥生物炭老化及其环境效应研究表明，污泥生物炭氮硫元素与土壤的相互作用及其温室效应问题在今后的研究中应引起重视。     

Drying characteristics of porous material immersed in a bed of hygroscopic porous particles fluidized under reduced pressure

A relatively large wet material was immersed in a fluidized bed of hygroscopic porous particle (silica gel beads) under reduced pressure. And then the drying characteristics were compared with those in the case of inert particle (glass beads). The comparison of drying characteristics is performed experimentally and theoretically. In calculation, the water transfer from the sample to the fluidized bed was considered. The calculation results are in good agreement with the experimental data. The effects of the operational conditions (the pressure in the drying chamber and the temperature of the drying gas) on the drying characteristics were also examined in both fluidizing particles.The drying finishes earlier in the case of hygroscopic porous particle than in the case of inert particle regardless of pressure in the drying chamber, since the water transfer from the sample facilitates the drying in the case of hygroscopic porous particles. The temperature decrement in drying appears in the case of inert particle. This phenomenon is also observed in the case of hygroscopic porous particle, but the decrement degree of the temperature is much smaller than that in the case of inert particle. The difference of the minimum temperature in the sample in drying between the cases of hygroscopic porous particle and inert particle is very slight for different pressures in the drying chamber.     

Defoliation Affects Chemical Defenses in All Plant Parts of Rye Seedlings

The effect of defoliation and consecutive defoliation (condefoliation) of rye seedlings on the allocation patterns of biomass and hydroxamic acids (Hx) was evaluated five days after treatment. Growth of condefoliated seedlings was lower than that of defoliated and nondefoliated ones. Concentration of Hx decreased in shoots of condefoliated seedlings compared to nondefoliated ones, while concentration of Hx in root exudates increased. Allocation of Hx to roots and root exudates increased at the expense of allocation to the shoots in condefoliated seedlings. The ratio of Hx-aglucone to Hx-glucoside was higher in shoots of defoliated and condefoliated seedlings. The decrease in quantity of defense in shoots was accompanied by an increase in its quality, given that aglucones are more toxic than glucosides. The increase in concentration of Hx—an allelopathic compound also involved in mineral uptake by roots—in root exudates of condefoliated seedlings was suggested to lead to an advantage in the acquisition of resources for the regeneration of lost biomass.     

Lymphatic Transport of α-Linolenic Acid and Its Conversion to Long Chain n-3 Fatty Acids in Rats Fed Microemulsions of Linseed Oil

In the present study we evaluated the uptake of ALA and its conversion to EPA + DHA in rats given linseed oil (LSO) in native form or as a microemulsion in whey protein or in lipoid. In a single oral dose study in which rats maintained on rodent pellets deficient in ω-3 fatty acids were intubated with 0.35 g LSO in lipoid, the amount of ALA present in lymph was increased reaching a maximum concentration of 16.23 mg/ml at 2.5 h. The amount of ALA present in lymph was increased to a maximum level of 10.95 mg/ml at 4 h in rats given LSO as a microemulsion in whey protein. When LSO was given without emulsification, the amount of ALA present in lymph was found to reach a maximum level of 7.08 mg/ml at 6 h. A similar result was observed when weaning rats were intubated with 0.15 g of LSO per day for a period of 60 days. Higher levels of ALA by 41 and 103 % were observed in lymph lipids of rats given microemulsions of LSO in whey protein and in lipoid respectively as compared to rats given LSO without pre-emulsification. Very little conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA was observed in lymph lipids but higher amounts of EPA + DHA was observed in liver and serum of rats given LSO in microemulsion form. This study indicated that ALA concentration in lymph lipids was increased when LSO was given in microemulsion form in lipoid and further conversion to EPA and DHA was facilitated in liver and serum.     

精-异丙甲草胺在大豆及土壤中的残留动态

为了评价精-异丙甲草胺在大豆上的残留动态及环境安全性,在天津、吉林两地同时进行了精-异丙甲草胺在大豆上的残留动态试验.结果表明,天津地区精-异丙甲草胺在大豆植株中的半衰期为19.1 d,在土壤中的半衰期为27.9 d;吉林地区精-异丙甲草胺在大豆植株中的半衰期为21.4 d,在土壤中的半衰期为34.1 d.收获的大豆籽粒中精-异丙甲草胺最终残留量均为未检出.     

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of degradability and biocompatibility of poly(p-dioxanone) hemostatic clips for laparoscopic surgery

For the clinical application of biodegradable hemostatic surgical clips in laparoscopic surgery, it is necessary to determine their degradability and biocompatibility. Herein, in vitro and in vivo studies were undertaken to evaluate the degradability and biocompatibility of bioabsorbable clips made of poly(p-dioxanone). Changes in weight loss, pull-off force, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the poly(p-dioxanone) clips were determined after they were degraded in deionized water and phosphate buffer saline for the in vitro experiment and in laparoscopic models of bile duct ligation(BDL) and right gastroepiploic artery ligation(GEAL) using New Zealand white rabbits for the in vivo experiment. Changes in weight loss and pull-off force were greater in the in vivo experiment than the in vitro experiment. DSC showed the greatest variation in the degree of crystallinity of the clips degraded in deionized water. Stark differences in SEM were observed after 4 weeks of degradation both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the cytocompatibility of the clips was considered satisfactory because the L929 cells could adhere to the clips and proliferate adequately in the presence of the clip extract. Biocompatibility was inferred based on the histological analysis of BDL and GEAL, no significant inflammatory responses were observed after 4 weeks of ligation.     

苯酚在浊点萃取中凝聚层相的增溶规律

采用分光光度法测定了苯酚在非离子表面活性剂单相胶束溶液中和在非离子表面活性剂两相浊点萃取时凝聚层相中的增溶结果.实验表明：溶质在凝聚层相的增溶与表面活性剂形成胶束的结构有关.当凝聚层相的表面活性剂形成正相胶束时,溶质在凝聚层相的增溶规律和在表面活性剂胶束溶液中的增溶规律一致;当凝聚层相的表面活性剂形成反相胶束时,溶质在凝聚层相和在溶液相的浓度关系可理解为在这两种溶剂之间的分配随着凝聚层相的含水率逐渐降低趋近于一定值,溶质的分配系数也趋近于一定值.     

HGF and TSG-6 Released by Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuate Colon Radiation-Induced Fibrosis

Fibrosis is a leading cause of death in occidental states. The increasing number of patients with fibrosis requires innovative approaches. Despite the proven beneficial effects of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy on fibrosis, there is little evidence of their anti-fibrotic effects in colorectal fibrosis. The ability of MSCs to reduce radiation-induced colorectal fibrosis has been studied in vivo in Sprague–Dawley rats. After local radiation exposure, rats were injected with MSCs before an initiation of fibrosis. MSCs mediated a downregulation of fibrogenesis by a control of extra cellular matrix (ECM) turnover. For a better understanding of the mechanisms, we used an in vitro model of irradiated cocultured colorectal fibrosis in the presence of human MSCs. Pro-fibrotic cells in the colon are mainly intestinal fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Intestinal fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells were irradiated and cocultured in the presence of unirradiated MSCs. MSCs mediated a decrease in profibrotic gene expression and proteins secretion. Silencing hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene 6 (TSG-6) in MSCs confirmed the complementary effects of these two genes. HGF and TSG-6 limited the progression of fibrosis by reducing activation of the smooth muscle cells and myofibroblast. To settle in vivo the contribution of HGF and TSG-6 in MSC-antifibrotic effects, rats were treated with MSCs silenced for HGF or TSG-6. HGF and TSG-6 silencing in transplanted MSCs resulted in a significant increase in ECM deposition in colon. These results emphasize the potential of MSCs to influence the pathophysiology of fibrosis-related diseases, which represent a challenging area for innovative treatments.