非典型性和恶性脑膜瘤的CT、MRI诊断

目的探讨非典型性和恶性脑膜瘤的CT、MRI表现,提高术前诊断率。方法收集经病理诊断证实为非典型或恶性脑膜瘤患者36例,术前均进行CT、MRI平扫和增强检查。结果 CT表现为肿瘤呈混杂、等、低密度影,缺少钙化,可伴有出血,骨质呈破坏性改变;MRI T1WI均呈不规则混杂信号,以等、低信号为多见,T2WI以高等混杂信号为多见。增强扫描,肿瘤多显著强化,且以不均匀强化常见,肿瘤形态多不规则,呈分叶状,边界模糊。结论 CT、MRI检查能充分显示肿瘤信号、边界、囊变、坏死、钙化、瘤周水肿、瘤内出血及肿瘤血供等情况,对非典型性或恶性脑膜瘤进行准确的诊断和术前评估。     

血管瘤型脑膜瘤MRI表现及病理学基础

目的探讨血管瘤型脑膜瘤的MRI特征及病理学特点。方法回顾分析25例经手术和病理证实的血管瘤型脑膜瘤的影像资料,对其MRI特点及病理基础进行分析。结果肿瘤位于大脑镰旁15例,桥小脑角区3例,小脑幕旁5例,鞍结节2例,影像表现为边界清楚的实性软组织肿块;大部分病变T1WI呈稍低信号,T2WI呈高信号,瘤内可见流空血管,占位效应明显而水肿轻;肿瘤内部信号均匀;增强扫描实性肿瘤均非常显著强化。结论血管瘤型脑膜瘤发病率较低,但其MR表现具有一定的特征性,MRI检查有利于肿瘤术前定位及定性诊断。     

脊髓转移瘤的MRI诊断

目的 探讨脊髓转移瘤(ISCM)的MRI特征及其病理机制,以提高对该病的认识.方法 搜集15例经手术病理证实及临床确诊的ISCM,回顾性分析其MRI表现.全部病例均行MRI平扫及钆喷替酸葡甲胺(Gd-DTPA)增强扫描.结果 15例转移瘤均为单发,位于颈髓3例,胸髓5例,胸腰段脊髓圆锥部7例.MRI表现:T1WI呈等信号12例,低信号3例;T2WI呈高信号14例.等信号1例;增强扫描肿瘤均呈明显强化,7例呈环形强化,4例结节状强化,4例不均匀强化.结论 ISCM的特征性MRI表现为脊髓内明显强化的环形或结节状病灶,结合临床病史可以明确诊断.     

MRI增强扫描对脑内脱髓鞘假瘤的诊断价值

目的探讨MRI增强扫描对大脑脱髓鞘假瘤(demyelination pseudotumor,DPT)的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析9例经病理或临床证实的大脑DPT患者MRI平扫及增强扫描的表现。结果病灶多发1例,单发8例。MRI平扫显示,病变在T1WI上呈低信号,T2WI上呈高信号,DWI上呈略低、等或略高信号;增强扫描2例病灶内可见斑片状强化,余7例均见垂直于侧脑室的线条状强化。结论 MRI增强扫描对于DPT的诊断具有重要价值。垂直于侧脑室的线条状强化是大脑DPT的典型MRI表现。     

侧脑室室管膜下室管膜瘤的诊断与治疗

目的研究侧脑室室管膜下室管膜瘤临床与影像学特点及其手术治疗效果,探讨其诊断及处理方法.方法回顾性分析了本科1998年5月至2003年5月间,12例经手术病理证实的侧脑室室管膜下室管膜瘤病例.结果侧脑室室管膜下室管膜瘤多见于中年,影像学表现为:CT平扫呈等或低密度,增强扫描强化不明显;MRI T1WI呈等或略低信号,T2WI呈高信号;MRI增强后见肿瘤无明显强化.手术全切11例,次全切除1例.随访9例,均无复发.结论侧脑室室管膜下室管膜瘤好发于中年.临床上遇到较长的病史,CT平扫呈等或低密度,MRI T1WI像呈等或略低信号,T2WI像呈高信号;CT、MRI增强后见无明显强化,位于侧脑室内肿瘤,应该考虑侧脑室室管膜下室管膜瘤的诊断.手术全切肿瘤,预后好,术后无需放疗.     

鞍结节脑膜瘤的磁共振成像诊断:59例报道

目的::探讨鞍结节脑膜瘤的磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)影像学特征及其诊断价值。方法::回顾性分析1995年1月—2015年12月经术后病理证实的59例鞍结节脑膜瘤患者的术前MRI影像学特征。结果::59例鞍结节脑膜瘤患者中,男性15例,女性44例。所有59例鞍结节脑膜瘤的基底均位于鞍结节或鞍隔的硬膜;MRI平扫T1加权像(weighted image,WI)均呈等信号或略低信号,T2WI均呈等信号或略高信号;57例鞍结节脑膜瘤的MRI增强扫描图像呈明显的均匀强化,2例呈不均匀强化;45例可见"脑膜尾征"。结论::MRI检查在鞍结节脑膜瘤的定位和定性诊断中显示出明显的优势,可以为手术方式的选择、肿瘤切除程度的评估以及手术风险的预测提供重要指导。     

原发性颅内绒毛膜癌的影像学表现

目的总结原发性颅内绒毛膜癌(PICCC)的影像学表现,以提高该病影像诊断的正确率。方法回顾性分析经穿刺或手术病理证实的4例PICCC的CT和MRI影像学表现,包括分布和形态、密度、信号特点和强化特征。结果1例PICCC位于松果体区,1例位于鞍上,1例位于基底节区,1例沿侧脑室旁分布。CT平扫以高密度为主,CT值为45~65 HU,病灶内可见钙化和出血,增强扫描呈中等程度或明显强化。MRI平扫呈混杂信号,3例T1WI呈等低信号,1例呈高信号;T2WI呈低信号为主的混杂信号。增强扫描2例呈明显不均匀强化,2例呈花环状强化,1例伴室管膜明显强化。结论PICCC好发于青少年,易合并瘤内出血和钙化,结合血清β-HCG水平升高和临床症状,术前应考虑到PICCC的可能。     

海绵窦海绵状血管瘤的CT和MRI诊断价值

目的探讨海绵窦海绵状血管瘤的CT、MRI表现特征,以提高其诊断水平。方法回顾分析我院经手术病理证实的海绵窦海绵状血管瘤9例,均行头颅CT和MRI平扫及增强扫描。结果 7例病灶呈"哑铃形",2例呈圆形。所有病灶周围无水肿,内无钙化及囊变。CT平扫8例为均匀等或稍高密度,1例为不均匀高密度。MRI平扫T1WI 4例等、4例稍低、1例略高信号;T2WI 8例均匀高信号、1例混杂高信号。CT增强扫描呈均匀中度强化2例,显著强化7例。MRI增强9例均显著强化,其中4例增强早期强化不均匀,晚期呈延迟填充强化特征。DWI 6例等信号,稍高2例,混杂信号1例。ADC图均呈明显高信号,ADC值(1.48±0.34)×10-3 mm3/s。结论海绵窦海绵状血管瘤具有一定的CT、MRl表现特征,CT及MRl检查对海绵窦海绵状血管瘤诊断及鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

颅内孤立性纤维瘤/血管外皮瘤的影像学分析

目的探讨颅内孤立性纤维瘤/血管外皮瘤(intracranial solitary fibrous tumor,SFT/hemangiopericytoma,HPC)的影像学特征。方法分析10例经手术及病理确诊的颅内孤立性纤维瘤/血管外皮瘤的影像学结果。结果 10例患者9例病变位于幕上,1例跨越幕上及幕下,为类圆形或不规则形,有分叶,边缘清楚。CT平扫病变表现为稍高密度影,增强扫描后病变均匀或不均匀明显强化;MRI平扫,与脑实质相比,T1WI上,5例表现为等信号,2例表现为低信号,3例表现为混杂信号;T2WI上6例表现为等信号,4例表现为混杂信号;DWI表现为低信号,增强扫描后病变均匀或不均匀明显强化。病变与硬脑膜呈窄基底相连7例(70.0%),呈宽基底相连3例(30.0%);5例伴脑膜尾征(50.0%);瘤周见轻-中度水肿7例(70.0%);最大径2.5~5.6(4.5±1.0)cm。结论认识颅内孤立性纤维瘤/血管外皮瘤的的影像学特点,有助于患者的后续治疗和预后。     

脑膜瘤MRI诊断及鉴别诊断

目的 总结分析脑膜瘤的影像学表现,以期提高脑膜瘤的MRI诊断水平.方法 回顾性分析经病理证实的脑膜瘤52例,男20例,女32例.52例均行MRI检查,其中31例行增强扫描.结果 脑膜瘤的MRI信号特点:T1WI为灰质等信号或略低信号,T2WI为等或略高信号.增强扫描显示大多为均匀强化.结论 MRI检查对脑膜瘤定位、定性准确,平扫基本可以确诊.特殊病例增强扫描能提供更多信息,提高诊断准确率.     

颅内表皮样囊肿20例

目的探讨颅内表皮样囊肿(EC)的临床与头颅MRI影像表现,以便提高诊断率。方法经手术病理证实的20例EC的MRI表现。全部患者均进行了常规平扫序列T_1WI、T_2WI、液体衰减反转恢复序列(FLAIR)及弥散加权成像(DWI)、钆对比剂增强扫描(CE-MRI)检查。结果 20例肿瘤脑桥小脑角池12例(左侧7例,右侧5例),桥前池3例,脑实质内2例(右侧枕叶1例,左侧额叶1例,病灶均发生于皮质区或皮质下区),左侧外侧裂池1例,枕大池1例,四脑室1例。其中4例病灶同时受累桥前池、鞍上池、侧裂池及环池等多个脑池间隙;全部病灶均呈囊性改变;13例长T_1WI、长T_2WI信号,4例T_1WI、T_2WI为混杂信号,3例T_1WI、T_2WI均为高信号;11例T_2FLAIR序列检查结果均呈混杂信号,其内可见散在的絮状稍高信号影,6例为低信号,3例为稍高信号;DWI序列检查结果为19例高信号,1例低信号。结论 EC的MRI表现具有特征性,尤其是FLAIR及DWI序列MRI表现有助于对该病的明确诊断。     

Tumor‐to‐tumor metastasis to the central nervous system

Tumor‐to‐tumor metastasis is a well‐recognized phenomenon. Meningioma is the most common intracranial host tumor, with the breast and lung being the most common primary sites. We report herein two such cases of metastasis from pulmonary adenocarcinoma and malignant melanoma (MM) of vulva, respectively. Case 1: a 69‐year‐old female smoker who had a history of right upper lobectomy of lung for adenocarcinoma presented with a headache and altered mental status, and was found to have a left temporal contrast‐enhancing mass with massive surrounding edema on MRI. The resection specimen revealed foci of metastatic adenocarcinoma within a microcystic meningioma. Case 2: a 75‐year‐old woman with a history of radical vulvectomy for MM died of widespread systemic metastasis of MM. At autopsy, a 2.5 × 2 × 2 cm firm nodule attached to the falx was incidentally found, with focal black discoloration at the periphery of the mass. Histologic examination showed a fibroblastic meningioma with a focus of metastatic MM. Case 1 is the first case report describing a microcystic variant of meningioma harboring metastatic carcinoma. Although MM is one of the most common metastatic brain tumors, MM‐to‐meningioma metastasis is reportedly extremely rare, but can occur.     

室管膜下瘤9例临床分析

目的探讨室管膜下瘤的临床、影像学和病理特点。方法对9例室管膜下瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,对手术切除的肿瘤组织标本进行病理及免疫组化检查。结果本组患者的男女比例为2∶1,平均年龄54岁;术后随访10~109个月,均无转移和复发。MRI检查示,肿瘤位于侧脑室内8例、右颞叶1例,T1WI呈等信号6例、低信号及高信号各1例,T2WI高信号6例、等信号2例;增强扫描轻度增强、无明显强化各4例。病理检查示,瘤组织胶质纤维丰富,瘤细胞成簇状分布其间;除1例右颞叶肿瘤无微囊结构外,其余均有微囊形成。免疫组化检查:瘤细胞胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、S-100、波形蛋白(Vimentin)阳性表达,突触素(SYN)、上皮膜抗原(EMA)、神经元特异性核心抗原(Neu-N)为阴性;Ki-67标记指数4%1例,1%~3%8例。结论室管膜下瘤多发于老年男性,进展缓慢,预后较好。其大多发生在侧脑室内,发生在脑实质的少见。认识其临床、影像学和病理特点有利于诊断及治疗。     

Lipomatous meningioma: a study of five cases with brief review of literature

Lipomatous meningiomas are an uncommon subtype of meningiomas. In the present report, the clinical characteristics, neuroimaing and pathological features of 5 patients (4 males, 1 female; age range, 17-45 years; mean age, 35.2 years) with lipomatous meningioma were analyzed. The neuro-pathological reevaluation of lipomatous meningioma involved assessment of histological features proposed by the current WHO classification. The presence or absence of high whorls, fascicles, solid growth, glial invasion, necrosis and nuclear pleomorphism was assessed. The most common presenting symptom was seizures. Location of tumor was frontal (3 cases), parietal (1 case) and fronto-temporal (1 case). All cases showed radiological features of conventional meningioma. Complete excision of tumor along with involved dura was performed in all the patients. Three tumors were meningothelial and 2 were transitional. Tumoral lipid content was variable from 10% to 30%. In addition, there were microcystic features (2 cases) and psammoma bodies (1 case). No recurrence was noted in any of our cases till the last follow-up. Lipomatous meningioma represents a rare distinctive type of meningioma, with a good prognosis with complete removal.     

氩氦刀冷冻消融术在颅内肿瘤切除术中的应用

目的总结氩氦刀冷冻消融术辅助颅内肿瘤切除术的疗效。方法与结果共11例原发性颅内肿瘤患者(包括7例胶质瘤和4例脑膜瘤),肿瘤分别位于左侧额叶4例、左侧额顶叶2例、左侧颞叶2例、右侧颞顶叶3例,均采用氩氦刀冷冻消融术辅助颅内肿瘤切除术。7例胶质瘤全切除4例、部分切除3例,4例脑膜瘤均全切除;平均术中出血量80 ml,平均手术时间80 min;术后临床症状改善;复查头部CT或MRI未发生再出血;术后平均随访4年,无一例发生颅内感染等手术相关或术后并发症,未见肿瘤复发。结论氩氦刀冷冻消融术适用于不同部位和不同直径的颅内肿瘤,安全有效、手术相关和术后并发症较少、再出血和肿瘤复发风险较低,是一种安全、有效、经济的辅助手术方法。     

小脑血管网织细胞瘤MRI诊断与鉴别诊断

目的探讨小脑血管网织细胞瘤MRI表现特点，总结其诊断和鉴别诊断要点。方法回顾分析经手术病理证实的30例小脑血管网织细胞瘤MRI表现。结果30例中发生于右侧小脑半球15例，左侧13例。双侧1例，小脑蚓部1例。其中囊性肿瘤26例．实质性4例。肿瘤最大径25～60mm。26例囊性肿瘤中25例平扫表现为圆形或类圆形脑脊液样长T1、长T2信号，1例肿瘤合并出血在T1WI及T2WI均呈明显高信号；23例可见壁结节，直径3～18mm；增强扫描所有病变囊壁和囊液均不强化，24例显示强化壁结节；4例实质性肿瘤呈稍长T1、长T2信号，增强扫描均明显强化。23例肿瘤边缘或内部可见1～2条流空血管影。结论囊性小脑血管网织细胞瘤MRI表现颇具诊断特征性，但有时需与小脑星形细胞瘤鉴别，实质性肿瘤需注意与转移瘤、髓母细胞瘤及脑膜瘤鉴别。     

Dura mater graft‐associated Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease with 30‐year incubation period

Over 60% of all patients with dura mater graft‐associated Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (dCJD) have been diagnosed in Japan. The incubation period has ranged from 1 to 30 years and the age at onset from 15 to 80 years. Here, we report a 77‐year‐old male Japanese autopsied dCJD case with the longest incubation period so far in Japan. He received a cadaveric dural graft at the right cranial convexity following a craniotomy for meningioma at the age of 46. At 30 years post‐dural graft placement, disorientation was observed as an initial symptom of dCJD. He rapidly began to present with inconsistent speech, cognitive impairment and tremor of the left upper extremity. Occasional myoclonic jerks were predominantly observed on the left side. Brain MRI presented hyperintense signals on diffusion‐weighted and T2‐weighted images, at the right cerebral cortex. The most hyperintense lesion was located at the right parietal lobe, where the dura mater graft had been transplanted. Single‐photon emission CT scan showed markedly decreased cerebral blood flow at the right parietal lobe. EEG revealed diffuse and slow activities with periodic sharp‐wave complex discharges seen in the right parietal, temporal and occipital lobes. He died of pneumonia 9 months after onset. Brain pathology revealed non‐plaque‐type dCJD. Laterality of neuropathological changes, including spongiform change, neuronal loss, gliosis or PrP deposits, was not evident. Western blot analysis showed type 1 PrP^CJD. Alzheimer‐type pathology and PSP‐like pathology were also observed.     

Pediatric microcystic meningioma: a clinical, histological, and radiographic case-based review

Background

Microcystic meningioma (MM) is a World Health Organization grade I tumor that is rare in the pediatric population. Meningiomas account for approximately 2–4 % of all childhood central nervous system (CNS) tumors compared to approximately 20 % of all adult CNS tumors. The authors present one of the few confirmed cases of microcystic meningioma in a child and discuss the characteristic radiographic appearance and histological findings.

History

We report the case of an 11-year-old boy who presented with first-time seizure and imaging consistent with brain tumor. There was significant vasogenic edema within the entire right hemisphere, disproportionate to the size of the falcine-based tumor. Histopathological analysis revealed the microcystic subtype of meningioma.

Discussion

We review the radiographic characteristics, histopathological findings, and reported pediatric cases of MM in conjunction with our case.

Conclusion

MM has distinct radiographic characteristics (variable enhancement, lack of a dural tail, and disproportionate vasogenic edema) that can be misinterpreted in the pediatric population, suggesting a more aggressive tumor.     

Right temporal variant frontotemporal dementia with motor neuron disease

Patterns of atrophy in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) correlate with the clinical subtypes of behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD), semantic dementia, progressive non-fluent aphasia (PNFA) and FTD with motor neuron disease (FTD-MND). Right temporal variant FTD is associated with behavioral dyscontrol and semantic impairment, with tau abnormalities more common in right temporal bvFTD and TDP-43 accumulation in right temporal semantic dementia. However, no clinical and anatomical correlation has been described for patients with predominant right temporal atrophy and FTD-MND. Therefore, we performed a database screen for all patients diagnosed with FTD-MND at Mayo Clinic and reviewed their MRI scans to identify those with striking, dominant, right temporal lobe atrophy. For cases with volumetric MRI we performed voxel based morphometry and for those with brain tissue we performed pathological examination. Of three such patients identified, each patient had different presenting behavioral and/or aphasic characteristics. MRI, including diffusion tensor imaging in one patient, and FDG positron emission tomography revealed striking and dominant right temporal lobe atrophy, right corticospinal tract degeneration, and right temporal hypometabolism. Archived brain tissue was available in two patients; both demonstrating TDP-43 type 3 pathology (Mackenzie scheme) with predominant neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions. In one case, neurofibrillary tangles (Braak V) and neuritic plaques were also present in keeping with a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. There appears to be an association between FTD-MND and severe right temporal lobe atrophy. Until further characterization of such cases are determined, they may be best classified as right temporal variant FTD-MND.     

伴钙化与囊变的脑白质病二例临床、影像学表现及相关病理学分析

目的 探讨伴钙化与囊变的脑白质病(LCC)的临床、影像学表现以及相关病理学特点,以进一步增强对该病的认识和诊断能力.方法 2例患者均行CT和(或)MRI平扫,例2另加MRI增强扫描.2例均行实验室血清生化及钙、磷和甲状旁腺素等检查,例2行腰椎穿刺及脑脊液检查;均经手术切除相关囊性病灶并行组织病理学检查.结果 CT平扫2例均见脑内广泛钙化并伴囊性灶(例1位于右额叶、右尾状核旁;例2位于左顶叶、左丘脑).MRI增强扫描囊性灶边缘示轻度环状强化.组织病理学示囊壁小血管变形呈血管瘤样改变,伴玻璃样变性、钙化及含铁血黄素沉积;周围脑组织血管见纤维素样坏死伴腔内血栓形成,呈小动脉炎改变;脑组织部分变性伴胶质增生、Rosenthal纤维形成及出血.实验室生化检查各指标均正常.例2腰穿示颅内压增高(350 mm H_2O,1 mm H_2O=0.0098 kPa).结论 LCC的首发年龄及症状各异,其影像学上的钙化形态及分布不对称.脱髓鞘及血管源性水肿可能共同参与了脑白质异常信号的改变.