Detection of signal transients based on wavelet and statistics for machine fault diagnosis

This paper presents a transient detection method that combines continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K–S) test for machine fault diagnosis. According to this method, the CWT represents the signal in the time-scale plane, and the proposed “step-by-step detection” based on K–S test identifies the transient coefficients. Simulation study shows that the transient feature can be effectively identified in the time-scale plane with the K–S test. Moreover, the transients can be further transformed back into the time domain through the inverse CWT. The proposed method is then utilized in the gearbox vibration transient detection for fault diagnosis, and the results show that the transient features both expressed in the time-scale plane and re-constructed in the time domain characterize the gearbox condition and fault severity development more clearly than the original time domain signal. The proposed method is also applied to the vibration signals of cone bearings with the localized fault in the inner race, outer race and the rolling elements, respectively. The detected transients indicate not only the existence of the bearing faults, but also the information about the fault severity to a certain degree.     

SIGNAL FEATURE EXTRACTION BASED UPON INDEPENDENT COMPONENT ANALYSIS AND WAVELET TRANSFORM

It is an important precondition for machine fault diagnosis that vibration signal can be extracted effectively. Based on the characteristic of noise interfused during the course of sampling vibration signal, independent component analysis (ICA) method is combined with wavelet to de-noise. Firstly, The sampled signal can be separated with ICA, then the function of frequency band chosen with multi-resolution wavelet transform can be used to judge whether the stochastic disturbance singular signal is interfused. By these ways, the vibration signals can be extracted effectively, which provides favorable condition for subsequent feature detection of vibration signal and fault diagnosis.     

Transient modeling and parameter identification based on wavelet and correlation filtering for rotating machine fault diagnosis

At constant rotating speed, localized faults in rotating machine tend to result in periodic shocks and thus arouse periodic transients in the vibration signal. The transient feature analysis has always been a crucial problem for localized fault detection, and the key aim for transient feature analysis is to identify the model and its parameters (frequency, damping ratio and time index) of the transient, and the time interval, i.e. period, between transients. Based on wavelet and correlation filtering, a technique incorporating transient modeling and parameter identification is proposed for rotating machine fault feature detection. With the proposed method, both parameters of a single transient and the period between transients can be identified from the vibration signal, and localized faults can be detected based on the parameters, especially the period. First, a simulation signal is used to test the performance of the proposed method. Then the method is applied to the vibration signals of different types of bearings with localized faults in the outer race, the inner race and the rolling element, respectively, and all the results show that the period between transients, representing the localized fault characteristic, is successfully detected. The method is also utilized in gearbox fault diagnosis and the effectiveness is verified through identifying the parameters of the transient model and the period. Moreover, it can be drawn that for bearing fault detection, the single-side wavelet model is more suitable than double-side one, while the double-side model for gearbox fault detection. This research proposed an effective method of localized fault detection for rotating machine fault diagnosis through transient modeling and parameter detection.     

瞬态成分参数的最小二乘法辨识及其轴承故障特征提取应用

机械系统中轴承出现剥落、裂纹等局部故障,运行时振动信号中出现瞬态冲击响应成分,可通过瞬态成分的检测与提取实现故障特征提取。在瞬态成分建模的基础上,提出基于最小二乘法的瞬态成分参数辨识方法,并将其应用于轴承局部故障时振动信号中瞬态成分特征迭代提取。基于Morlet小波参数化表达式建立双边不对称的瞬态成分模型,应用Levenbery-Marquardt方法辨识模型参数,迭代提取信号中的瞬态成分,并通过Wigner-Ville分布获得瞬态成分高聚集性且瞬态成分之间无交叉项的故障特征时频表示。将基于最小二乘法的瞬态成分参数辨识方法应用于轴承局部故障特征提取,结果表明:该方法能通过参数辨识提取各瞬态成分,瞬态成分时频分布将故障的时频特征以高聚集性且瞬态成分之间无交叉项的形式表示出来,从而有效提取轴承故障特征。     

Source separation of diesel engine vibration based on the empirical mode decomposition and independent component analysis

Vibration signals from diesel engine contain many different components mainly caused by combustion and mechanism operations,several blind source separation techniques are available for decomposing the signal into its components in the case of multichannel measurements,such as independent component analysis(ICA).However,the source separation of vibration signal from single-channel is impossible.In order to study the source separation from single-channel signal for the purpose of source extraction,the combination method of empirical mode decomposition(EMD) and ICA is proposed in diesel engine signal processing.The performance of the described methods of EMD-wavelet and EMD-ICA in vibration signal application is compared,and the results show that EMD-ICA method outperforms the other,and overcomes the drawback of ICA in the case of single-channel measurement.The independent source signal components can be separated and identified effectively from one-channel measurement by EMD-ICA.Hence,EMD-ICA improves the extraction and identification abilities of source signals from diesel engine vibration measurements.     

基于短时傅里叶变换和独立分量分析的滚动轴承包络分析

滚动轴承的早期故障信号能量小,频带分布广泛;而传统包络谱分析技术直接在强干扰影响下对滚动轴承的故障特征提取经常失效.提出一种基于短时傅里叶变换(short time Fourier transform,STFT)的能量谱和独立分量分析( independent component analysis,ICA)的抗干扰滚动轴承包络分析新方法.该方法首先对获取的滚动轴承振动信号进行STFT能量谱分析,获取信号采样频带下的能量分布,采用带通滤波器获得高频带能量信号,并提取该包络波形,再通过ICA实现包络波形按源分离去噪,最后通过比较各独立分量的包络频谱与滚动轴承理论计算故障特征频率的匹配性,实现滚动轴承故障的精确诊断.仿真数据和试验验证该方法的可行性.     

基于多稳态随机共振的轴承微弱故障信号检测

针对双稳态随机共振模型无法有效处理调制信号的缺点,提出了一种以包络信号为输入信号的自适应多稳态级联随机共振(adaptive multi-stable cascaded stochastic resonance,简称AMCSR)信号强化方法。首先,对振动信号进行包络解调,依据包络信号分布特点,选用与信号分布相匹配的多稳态随机共振模型;然后,以故障特征频率的频谱幅值为指标,采用蚁群算法自适应地优化随机共振模型参数;最后,以噪声为强化源和驱动信号,通过级联随机共振方法对包络信号中的故障特征频率进行逐级强化,获得故障特征成分的强化信号。对实测轴承振动信号的验证结果表明,该方法能够增强故障特征频率成分,有效地提取被其他频率成分淹没的微弱故障信号。     

Sparsity-based signal extraction using dual Q-factors for gearbox fault detection

Early detection of faults developed in gearboxes is of great importance to prevent catastrophic accidents. In this paper, a sparsity-based feature extraction method using the tunable Q-factor wavelet transform with dual Q-factors is proposed for gearbox fault detection. Specifically, the proposed method addresses the problem of simultaneously extracting periodic transients and high-resonance component from noisy data for the gearboxes fault detection purpose. Firstly, a sparse optimization problem is formulated to jointly estimate the useful components from the noisy observation. In order to promote wavelet sparsity, non-convex regularizations are employed in the cost function of the optimization problem. Then, a fast converging, computationally efficient iterative algorithm which termed SpaEdualQA (the sparsity-based signal extraction algorithm using dual Q-factors) is developed to solve the formulated optimization problem. The derivation of the proposed fast algorithm combines the split augmented Lagrangian shrinkage algorithm (SALSA) with majorization–minimization (MM). Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed SpaEdualQA is validated by analyzing numerical signals and real data collected from engineering fields. The results demonstrated that the proposed SpaEdualQA can effectively extract periodic transients and high-resonance component from noisy vibration signals.     

基于小波熵的微弱信号检测方法研究

在科学技术研究领域中,经常会遇到非平稳、低能量、瞬时变化的微弱信号检测问题,然而,微弱的有用信号往往被环境噪声所湮没,最大程度地提取有用信息一直是弱信号检测中的一个难题。尤其对短时低能量的瞬变信号,采用传统信号处理方法提取其位置信息难以奏效。小波分析的方法为弱信号检测技术开辟了一条新途径,但小波变换对弱信号进行特征提取的关键在于确定小波系数的阈值。为此,在软阈值基础上引入反映信号能量分布特性的小波熵概念,利用信号在不同分解尺度上具有不同的小波熵,能够自适应地确定高频系数分量的阈值。仿真分析表明,基于小波熵分析的方法能够在强噪声环境中对微弱信号准确定位,实现低能量的瞬变信号有效提取。     

FEATURE EXTRACTION OF VIBRATION SIGNALS BASED ON WAVELET PACKET TRANSFORM

A method is proposed for the analysis of vibration signals from components of rotating machines, based on the wavelet packet transformation (WPT) and the underlying physical concepts of modulation mechanism. The method provides a finer analysis and better time-frequency localization capabilities than any other analysis methods. Both details and approximations are split into finer components and result in better-localized frequency ranges corresponding to each node of a wavelet packet tree. For the purpose of feature extraction, a hard threshold is given and the energy of the coefficients above the threshold is used, as a criterion for the selection of the best vector. The feature extraction of a vibration signal is accomplished by computing the reconstruction signal and its spectrum. When applied to a rolling bear vibration signal feature extraction, the proposed method can lead to be very effective.     

独立分量分析在信号处理中的应用

独立分量分析(ICA)是近期发展起来的一种统计学方法,旨在寻求对非高斯分布数据进行有效的表示,使得各个分量在统计学上独立,或者尽最大可能地独立。文章介绍了独立分量分析的发展过程,基本理论等。许多应用中,这种表示意在获取数据的基本结构,包括特征提取和信号分离,目前主要应用在盲源分离,特征提取,盲反卷积等方面。     

独立分量分析基网络应用于旋转机械故障特征抽取与分类

提出了一种新颖的、基于独立分量分析(ICA)的多层神经网络,用于旋转机械不同模式(如正常及轴承故障等)的特征抽取,随后利用多层感知器(MLP)实施最终的模式分类。借助独立分量分析方法,隐藏于多通道振动观测中的不变特征得到有效提取,从而建立起稳定的MLP分类器。试验所获得的成功分类结果表明,所建议的新的旋转机械健康状况监测方法具有较大的应用潜力。     

基于EEMD奇异熵的高速道岔裂纹伤损检测

针对高速道岔裂纹伤损特征提取及状态监测问题,提出一种基于集合经验模态分解(ensemble empirical mode decomposition,简称EEMD)奇异熵和最小二乘支持向量机(least square support vector machine,简称LSSVM)的高速道岔裂纹伤损检测方法。首先,通过EEMD方法将非平稳的道岔振动信号自适应地分解为有限个基本模态分量(intrinsic mode function,简称IMF),每个IMF包含了原信号不同的特征尺度;然后,利用相关性分析筛选出与原始信号相关性最大的若干个IMF,计算所筛选IMF分量的奇异熵构成特征向量;最后,将多测点数据融合后的奇异熵特征向量输入LSSVM进行训练与测试,从而判断道岔的工作状态和伤损类型。模拟道岔裂纹伤损实验平台的振动信号分析及实验结果表明,在信噪比高于20dB时,该方法受噪声影响小,算法稳定性好,能有效地用于道岔裂纹伤损检测。     

A multi-order FRFT self-adaptive filter based on segmental frequency fitting and early fault diagnosis in gears

To effectively diagnose gear failure at an early stage, a multi-order Fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) self-adaptive filter based on segmental frequency fitting (MFSFF) is proposed to separate the feature components with curved frequency from the gearbox’s transient conditions. First, a linear multi-scale segmentation method (LMSS) is developed to divide the signal with curved frequency into segments with nearly linear frequency; then, a method for determining the FRFT filter parameters by fitting the frequency curve (DFFPFF) is developed to calculate the FRFT filter parameters for each signal segment, and the signal in each segment is filtered by an FRFT filter using these parameters to determine the MFSFF. The vibration of the gearbox’s acceleration and deceleration process is analyzed using an MFSFF and the filtered signal is demodulated. The experimental results show that LMSS is able to divide any signal with curved frequency into minimal segments with nearly linear frequency; DFFPFF is exact, fast, not influenced by the vibration source or the number of components, and able to determine the FRFT filter parameters for each signal segment accurately; the feature component of the gearbox’s transient condition is accurately extracted by an MFSFF, and the other components and noise are removed simultaneously. Early gear failure is diagnosed exactly by demodulation of the extracted feature component, which is difficult to identify using the traditional method.     

基于SVD-高斯小波的振动信号非平稳特征提取方法

分析了高斯小波及其滤波特性,结合小波变换技术和奇异值分解技术,提出了基于奇异值分解和高斯小波的滤波消噪方法,解决了传统小波去噪方法的不足。该方法可以很好的降低噪声信号,有效提取信号中周期成分,具有较好的瞬态信息提取能力,并通过齿轮箱振动信号降噪实验说明该方法在故障特征提取中的重要性,以及本降噪方法的有效性。     

变转速下滚动轴承阶比峭度图法故障特征提取

结合传统阶比分析和峭度图算法的优势,利用计算阶比跟踪方法将时域非平稳信号转换为角域平稳信号,并利用峭度指标准确表征滚动轴承振动信号中的故障瞬态冲击大小,提出了阶比峭度图算法。仿真故障信号及实测滚动轴承外圈故障信号分析结果表明,阶比峭度图算法能够有效识别阶比域内的最优包络解调频带参数,显著提高了变转速工况下滚动轴承故障特征提取的准确性。     

基于听觉分流机制的瞬态信号提取方法

以听觉分流机制为基础,提出一种瞬态信号自动提取方法。首先,对信号进行带通滤波和相位调整;其次,获得各滤波信号二次包络的极大、极小值及其对应时间,基于两种极值幅值和时间,计算得到同步性和瞬态性线索;最后,综合这两类线索信息,在时频平面中筛选出与瞬态成分相对应的时频段,并最终完成瞬态成分的波形生成与修整。通过数值仿真和实测信号检验,所提方法能够在较强的背景信号下有效提取出瞬态信号,对瞬态信号的初始时间具有较高的识别精度,具有一定的实际应用潜力。     

平稳小波变换在轴承振动信号去噪中的应用

为有效提取振动信号中的故障特征,提出了一种基于平稳小波变换的降噪方法,阈值大小取决于不同尺度上故障信号的小波分解系数的峭度。实例分析表明,该方法具有良好的去噪性能,并能很好地提取振动信号中的故障特征。     

基于包络分析的滚动轴承故障诊断研究

在研究滚动轴承振动机理的基础上,提出了利用对振动信号进行包络分析,以及特征提取的方法来进行故障类型的判断。在QPZZ-Ⅱ型故障模拟实验台上进行了滚动轴承实验,对振动信号进行包络分析和特征提取,准确地判断出了滚动轴承的故障类型,证明了该方法是有效的。     

Application of cepstrum and neural network to bearing fault detection

This paper proposes an integrated system for motor bearing diagnosis that combines the cepstrum coefficient method for feature extraction from motor vibration signals and artificial neural network (ANN) models. We divide the motor vibration signal, obtain the corresponding cepstrum coefficients, and classify the motor systems through ANN models. Utilizing the proposed method, one can identify the characteristics hiding inside a vibration signal and classify the signal, as well as diagnose the abnormalities. To evaluate this method, several tests for the normal and abnormal conditions were performed in the laboratory. The results show the effectiveness of cepstrum and ANN in detecting the bearing condition. The proposed method successfully extracted the corresponding feature vectors, distinguished the difference, and classified bearing faults correctly.