积累指数法对公路旁土壤中重金属污染的评价

目的评价公路旁土壤中重金属污染.方法以319国道龙岩市新罗区路段为例,应用积累指数法对公路环境土壤介质中重金属(Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、As、Cr、Ni、Fe、Mn)污染叠加进行评价. 结果研究区土壤中Cd、Pb、Cr和Cu元素含量高于福建省土壤背景值,其平均含量分别是福建省土壤背景值的23.6倍、4.6倍、1.7倍和1.5倍.已形成强污染的元素为Cd,中等污染的元素为Pb,轻污染的元素为Cr.土壤对重金属元素的吸附及污染程度Cd＞Pb＞Cr＞Cu＞As＞Zn＞Ni＞Mn＞Fe.结论公路旁土壤中Cd、Pb污染严重,重金属污染物质主要来源于机动车辆燃料和轮胎中所含微量重金属成分.     

某市蔬菜基地土壤重金属污染状况研究

目的了解某市蔬菜基地土壤中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)含量及污染程度。方法分别在某市5个蔬菜基地采集84份土壤样品,采用原子吸收光谱法测定Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni、Cu和Zn的含量,原子荧光光谱法测定As和Hg的含量,并根据《农产品安全质量无公害蔬菜产地环境要求》和《土壤环境质量标准》,采用变化程度等级、单项污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法进行评价。结果某市蔬菜基地土壤8种重金属平均含量除Cd高于标准外,其他7种均符合国家标准。蔬菜基地土壤重金属含量变化程度Pb、Ni、Cu、As为1级,属基本无变化、清洁;Cd、Cr、Zn、Hg为2级,属轻度变化、低累积。采用内梅罗综合污染指数法进行评价,综合污染指数为0.86,为2级,属警戒限。结论某市蔬菜基地土壤重金属含量基本符合国家标准要求,总体质量较好,但镉超标情况相对较严重,应引起注意。     

电子废弃物拆解场地土壤重金属健康风险评价

为了解电子废弃物拆解场地重金属污染情况,于2010年对台州某拆解场地土壤中Cd、Ni、Cr、Cu、Pb、As、Hg含量进行调查,利用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法、USEPA提供的健康风险评价模型,评价研究区生态、健康风险.结果显示,研究区土壤中的主要污染物为Cd和Hg,其余重金属对研究区污染较小或者没有超过标准;除了Cd和Hg外,研究区土壤其他重金属处于轻度-中等污染,土壤中7种重金属根据各自地累积指数确定的污染程度依次为Cd＞Hg＞Ni＞Cr＞Cu＞Pb＞As;7种重金属的生态风险为D级,生态危害程度很强;人群的非致癌和致癌风险在可接受范围内.     

公路旁土壤中重金属污染分布及潜在生态危害的研究

[目的]研究公路旁土壤中重金属污染的分布及潜在生态危害。[方法]以319国道龙岩市新罗区路段为研究区,对耕作土采样,用原子吸收光谱法和分光光度法分析土壤中重金属Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn和Cr含量,并与对照区比较,同时采用Lars Hakanson指数法评价重金属的潜在生态危害。[结果]研究区表层土壤cd[(1.48±0.60)mg/kg]、Pb[(160.17±55.99)mg/kg]、cu[(38.44±12.16)mg/kg]、Zn[(80.35±6.60)mg/kg]、Cr[(79.50±23.58)mg/kg]含量显著高于对照区(P<0.001),Cd和Pb为重度污染(100％),Cu和Cr为轻微污染(分别占监测点位的55.8％和35.3％);土壤对重金属元素的吸收及污染程度:Pb>Cd>Cu>Cr>zn。潜在生态危害综合指数为253.0,主要污染为Cd,达到很强的生态危害,其次是Pb、Cu、Cr和Zn,均为轻微生态危害;潜在生态危害地带自公路起向其两侧扩散范围约为150 m。[结论]公路旁土壤中重金属以Cd、Pb污染为主,属于中等生态危害,污染物主要来源于机动车辆燃料和轮胎中所含微量重金属成分。     

猪粪、底泥和土壤中6种重金属测定与污染情况分析

目的 了解猪粪、底泥和土壤中的重金属污染情况。方法 采集某县2个不同规模生猪养殖场的猪粪、附近水源水底淤泥和农田土壤样品，参照GB/T 17141—1997,采用酸消化法对样品进行消化处理，通过测定标准物质确定和优化测定方法后，采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(GF-AAS)测定重金属Cd,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定重金属元素Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni等，绘制标准曲线，计算方法的检出限和定量限，测定30份样品含量后对其重金属含量进行评估。结果 Pb在0～500μg/L,Cd在0～10μg/L,Cu、Ni、Cr、Zn在0～1 000μg/L质量浓度范围内线性良好，相关系数均>0.999;相对标准偏差(RSD):Cd为1.50%～5.12%,Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni为1.25%～3.52%;方法检出限：Cd为0.042 mg/kg, Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni分别为0.038、0.048、0.162、0.044、0.384 mg/kg。与底泥和土壤样品相比，猪粪样品中Cu、Zn、Cd的含量较高，Pb、Cr、Ni含量较低，差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为6.78～36.12,P值均&...     

广州市不同功能区土壤重金属污染特征及评价

目的分析广州市不同功能区土壤重金属的含量水平。方法于2008年4月选择广州居民区、商业区、汽车站、文教区、医疗区和公园为研究对象,共采集55份土样。采用原子吸收光谱法测定Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni,采用原子荧光光谱法测定As、Hg;采用相关性分析探讨土壤重金属相互关系,采用单因子污染指数、内梅罗综合污染指数评价重金属污染程度。结果广州市不同功能区8种土壤重金属平均含量均超过广东省土壤背景值,其中Hg、Cd重金属含量分别高达背景值的16.28、14.64倍;Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni和As含量以商业区最高,Mn以汽车站最高,Hg以公园最高。Cu、Zn、Pb、Hg在不同功能区的分布差异存在统计学意义(P0.05);Mn-Cu-Zn-Pb-Ni之间、Cu-Zn-Pb-Cd-Ni之间、Cu-Pb-Hg之间均存在相关性(P0.05);各功能区中土壤重金属的污染程度表现为Zn、Cd、Hg呈重度污染,Cu、Pb、As呈中度污染(除商业区Cu、Pb和汽车站Cu为重度污染外),Mn、Ni呈无污染或轻度污染(除商业区Ni为中度污染外);不同功能区的土壤重金属内梅罗综合污染指数为:公园(18.13)商业区(15.85)居民区(13.34)汽车站(10.75)医疗区(9.61)文教区(8.98),均达到重度污染。结论广州市不同功能区土壤重金属不同程度受到污染。     

某港口工业区建设和部分投产期间土壤重金属污染状况调查和评价

[目的]对某港口工业区建设和部分投产期间的土壤重金属污染状况进行监测,对工业区土壤环境状况进行综合评价。[方法]采用功能分区法,将首钢京唐钢铁厂(简称首钢钢厂)、华润电厂、矿石码头、煤炭码头,原油码头视为污染区,发展备用地作为对照区,采用梅花布点法采集各区土样。对各采样点土样中砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)、汞(Hg)、镍(Ni)、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)8种重金属用等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定,按照国家土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-1995)计算各采样点重金属污染超标倍数和超标率、分级污染指数及内梅罗污染指数。[结果]某港口工业区各采样点土壤中As、Cr、Pb和Zn含量均未超过国家土壤环境质量一级标准;首钢京唐钢铁厂、华润电厂、煤炭码头和原油码头土壤中的Cd、Cu、Hg和Ni的含量均超过国家土壤环境质量一级标准;而矿石码头只有Cd的含量超过了国家一级标准。首钢钢厂、华润电厂、煤炭码头、原油码头、矿石码头和对照区土壤污染内梅罗指数分别为2.091、1.917、1.828、1.710、0.819和0.677。[结论]某港口工业区建设和部分投产期间土壤重金属Cd、Cu、Hg和Ni含量超标。各采样点土壤重金属污染综合评价为首钢钢厂为中度污染;华润电厂、煤炭码头、原油码头为轻度污染、矿石码头尚清洁;对照区土壤清洁。     

萍乡市郊区表层土壤环境质量分析与评价

为了解萍乡市郊区土壤环境质量和污染状况,于2016年5月,采用单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对该地区采样区企业周边、基本农田、蔬菜基地、畜禽养殖场周边及闲置地块土壤中Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni的含量进行环境质量评价。结果表明,除Hg(超标率为6.67%)外,Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni均达到GB15618-1995《土壤环境质量标准》的二级标准,土壤的综合污染指数和潜在生态危害指数都较低。5类采样单元中,闲置地块和畜禽养殖场周边土壤中各重金属元素的单因子污染指数相对最高,蔬菜基地和农田土壤次之,企业周边土壤相对最低。整体而言,萍乡城郊土壤环境质量处于清洁和安全范围内,生态风险较低。     

云浮硫铁矿区冲积土壤重金属垂直分布特征的研究

为了解粤西云浮硫铁矿山典型冲积土壤剖面样品中重金属(Tl、Pb、Ba、Mo、Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Ni、Co、Mn)的含量和垂直分布特征,采用电感耦合等离子质谱法(ICP-MS)研究了土壤剖面不同深度(0～36 cm)的重金属含量,并采用富集因子法对污染程度进行了评价.结果表明:Tl、Pb、As和Zn在冲积土壤剖面的不同深度均有蓄积,冲积平原土壤基本未受Cr的污染,受到Cu和Ni的弱污染,受Ba、Co和Mo的中度污染,以及Tl、Pb、As、Zn和Mn的显著污染;且Tl在整个剖面都呈现显著污染状况,Pb、As和Zn除1～2个深度外,其余深度均显现出显著污染,Ba、Co、Mo总体上呈中度污染.由此提示应进一步关注该地区土壤中重金属的蓄积现象.     

三峡库区典型支流沉积物重金属污染特征及评价

目的了解三峡库区典型支流沉积物中重金属含量及形态特征。方法于2016年4月采集澎溪河流域沉积物,测定Pb、Cu、Cd、Cr、Zn和Ni的总量及各形态组分的含量,并采用地质累积指数进行评价。结果澎溪河流域沉积物中Pb、Cu、Cd、Cr、Zn和Ni的平均含量分别为77.56、47.85、0.82、56.33、115.98、36.10 mg/kg。地质累积指数分析表明,Cd和Pb为中等污染,Cu和Zn为无污染至中等污染,Cr和Ni为无污染级别;污染程度依次为CdPbCuZnNiCr。形态测试结果表明,Cd,Pb,Cu和Zn非残渣态含量较高,对水环境潜在生态风险较大,而Cr和Ni主要以残渣态为主,形态稳定性最好。结论澎溪河流域沉积物中Cd和Pb含量较高,且形态稳定性较差,具有较高的生态风险。     

公路旁土壤中重金属和类金属污染评价

目的 评价公路旁土训重金属和类金属污染。方法 选择３１９国道龙岩市新罗区路段进行土壤４ 采样,用原子吸收光谱法和分光光度法分析封保重金属和类金属（Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｒ、Ａｓ）的含量。结果 土壤综合污染指数为１．６３,ｄ、ｂ,轻度污染的元素为Ｃｕ、Ｃｒ,污染晕带自公路起向其两侧扩散范围约为２５０ｍ,土壤对重金属元素的吸附及污染程度：Ｃｄ〉Ｐｂ〉Ｃｕ〉Ｃｒ〉Ｚｎ〉Ｎｉ〉Ａｓ。结论 公路旁     

Pollution Characteristics,Sources, and Health Risk Assessments of Potentially Toxic Elements in Community Garden Soil of Lin’an,Zhejiang, China

The characteristics, sources and risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in community garden soil of Lin’an District were evaluated. The 28 soil samples from community garden were collected for determination of 7 heavy metal elements. The Geostatistical analysis, Spearman correlation coefficient, Principal component analysis and PMF model have explored sources of heavy metal pollution. The health risk assessment model has assessed ecological risk of heavy metals. The results revealed that average concentration of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were 16.0, 0.158, 76.1, 34.6, 45.8, 20.9 and 166 mg kg^-1, respectively. Whereas As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn were higher than background values. The spatial distribution of heavy metal pollution in the southwest of the study area was higher than northeast. The pollution sources of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn in the study area were due to agricultural activities (42.9%), Cr and Pb were from traffic sources (36.2%), and As was domestic pollution (20.9%) according to Spearman correlation coefficient, Principal component analysis and PMF model. The non-carcinogenic risks of As (5.39), Cr (3.53) and Ni (2.07) have a value of 1, which indicated significant risk. The potentially toxic elements have not exceeded maximum threshold of USEPA, with regard to carcinogenic risk, while As (3.37E?05) and Cr (5.74E?05) have exceeded the safety range. It is concluded that soils of community gardens are facing pollution problem due to potentially toxic elements which require environmental monitoring of the soil to reduce risk of human health.

     

An Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables Grown in Wastewater-Irrigated Areas of Titagarh,West Bengal,India

The effects of municipal wastewater irrigation on the accumulation of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Cu and Ni) in soil and vegetables were investigated by monitoring wastewater-irrigated agricultural field of Titagarh, 24-Parganas (North), West Bengal, India. The mean concentrations of Pb, Ni, Cu in the irrigation water and the mean Cd content in soil were much above the recommended level. The concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr and Ni in all the examined vegetables were beyond the safe limits. The study reveals that heavy metal-contaminated vegetables grown in wastewater-irrigated areas may pose public health hazards.     

Heavy metal concentrations in water and soil along the Hun River,Liaoning, China

Water and soil samples were collected along the Hun River to study the concentrations of Cr, Cu and Zn during the dry season, medium season and wet season in 2013. The concentrations of Cr, Cu, and Zn in Hun River were 0.0010 to 0.1298, 0.0057 to 0.1533 and 0.0162 to 0.5004 mg/L, respectively. The concentrations of Cr, Cu, and Zn in soil from around the Dahuofang reservoir were 0.0033 to 0.2149, 0.0054 to 0.2218 and 0.0135 to 0.3544 mg/g, respectively. The results indicated that the concentrations of Cr, Cu and Zn in water from the Hun River and soil from around the Dahuofang reservoir were significantly different at different sample stations and seasons. The pollution indexes of Cr, Cu and Zn in water and soil along the Hun River were calculated using principal component analysis in order to enact future measures against heavy metal pollution. According to the pollution characteristics of heavy metals along the Hun River, a treatment strategy was formulated to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution along the Hun River.     

Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Roadside Surface Soil and Vegetation from the West Bank

Concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Cr) were investigated in roadside surface soil and the common perennial herb inula (Inula viscosa L., Compositae). Samples were collected at different distances (0–200 m) perpendicular to a main road that connects two main cities in the West Bank. Average concentrations of metals in soil samples were: Pb, 87.4; Cd, 0.27; Cu, 60.4; Zn, 82.2; Fe, 15,700; Mn, 224; Ni, 18.9; and Cr, 42.4 g · g^–1. In plant leaves, concentrations were: Pb, 7.25; Cd, 0.10; Cu, 10.6; Zn, 47.6; Fe, 730; Mn, 140; Ni, 4.87; and Cr, 7.03 g · g^–1. Roadside contamination was obvious by the significant negative correlations between concentrations of metals in soil and plant samples and distance from road edge. Only cadmium concentrations in soil and plant samples were not associated with roadside pollution. Roadside contamination in plants and soil did not extend much beyond a 20 m distance from road. I. viscosa reflected roadside contamination better than soil and their metal concentrations showed much less fluctuations than those in soil samples. Washing plant leaves decreased Pb and Fe concentrations significantly, indicating a significant aerial deposition of both. I. viscosa can be considered as a good biomonitor for roadside metal pollution.     

Relating Environmental Availability to Bioavailability: Soil-Type-Dependent Metal Accumulation in the Oligochaete Eisenia andrei

Body residues are often better estimates of the amount of a chemical at the sites of toxic action in an organism than ambient soil concentrations, because bioavailability differences among soils are explicitly taken into account in considerations of body residues. Often, however, insufficient attention is paid to the rate and extent at which tissue concentrations respond to soil concentrations and soil characteristics. In this contribution the impact of soil characteristics on the environmental bioavailability of heavy metals for the oligochaete worm Eisenia andrei is reported. Uptake of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in 20 Dutch field soils and in OECD artificial soil was quantified as a function of time. Internal metal concentrations varied less than the corresponding external levels. Metal uptake and elimination were both metal- and species-dependent. Worms typically attained steady-state concentrations rapidly for Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn. Internal concentrations similar to those in the cultivation medium, linearly increasing body concentrations, or steady-state internal concentrations well above those in the cultivation medium were found for As, Cd, and Pb. Multivariate expressions were derived to describe uptake rate constants, steady-state concentrations, and bioaccumulation factors as a function of soil characteristics. Soil acidity is the most important solid-phase characteristic modulating the availability of As, Cd, and Pb. Although additional semimechanistic calculations yielded evidence of pore-water-related uptake of Cd and Pb modulated by competition between H⁺ and metal ions at the active sites of the membranes, the findings for Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn point to additional influences, among which is probably regulation.     

Levels of Heavy Metals Pollution in Different Types of Soil of Central Greece

This investigation was performed in order to clarify the degree of heavy metals pollution in forest, agricultural and industrial surface soil samples in relation to pre-anthropogenic soils of Almyros region, in Central Greece. In 2004 and 2005 soil samples were collected and analysed for available (DTPA method) and total (Aqua Regia method) Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni concentrations. For each metal the enrichment factor with respect to the levels in pre-anthropogenic soils was calculated. All the types of soils appeared to be less polluted than in other investigations. In agricultural and industrial soils the available Cd concentration was higher than the other metals studied. The enrichment factor of Cu in relation to total concentration has the maximum value of the metals studied. Professor Mitsios is deceased.     

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in mullet (Mugil cephalus) and oyster (Crassostrea madrasensis) from Pulicat lake, south east coast of India

The accumulation of six heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni) in sediment, water and in tissue parts of Mugil cephalus and Crassostrea madrasensis was studied in two locations of Pulicat lake, Southeast coast of India, which receives considerable quantity of effluents from industries located in North Chennai coastal region. The results reveal that the metal concentration in water is decreasing in the following order of Zn > Ni > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd both in lake and barmouth and highest concentration was observed for Zn (32.5 μg L(-1) in lake and 25.2 μg L(-1) in bar mouth). Metals were highly concentrated in sediments when compared to water and biota. Metals abundance in sediments has following sequential order of Cr > Ni > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd and the accumulation pattern in barmouth showed minor variation indicating the following pattern of Zn > Ni > Cr > Cu > Pb > Cd. The geoaccumulation index (I(geo)) for Pulicat lake sediments indicate that the sediments are extremely contaminated with Cd and moderately contaminated with Cu and Ni. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Mugil cephalus and Crassostrea madrasensis showed marked differences in the accumulation patterns. It is observed that Zn, Cu and Pb are accumulated in elevated concentrations in various parts of the fish and oyster when compared with other metals.