隧道掘进周边孔间隔装药结构选取及优化

在隧道掘进施工过程中采用水间隔装药爆破时,炮孔中同时存在空气和水两种间隔介质,其形成的爆炸应力相比单一空气间隔要复杂.为了选取合适的装药结构并确定合理的爆破参数指导现场施工,以温泉隧道为工程背景采用数值模拟的方法对周边孔水间隔和空气间隔装药爆炸应力进行模拟分析,然后选取合适的装药结构进行参数优化,最后通过现场试验进行验证.研究结果表明:在药量相同的情况下,周边孔采用水间隔爆破能够将爆炸能量比较均匀的传递到孔壁,对孔壁周围和炮孔上部围岩的破碎情况要好于空气间隔爆破,意味着达到相同的爆破效果,采用水间隔装药结构能够降低炸药单耗;当周边孔采用水间隔装药结构时,装药量为三段药卷0.9 kg,孔底水介质长度0.5 m,孔口水介质长度0.8 m,药卷间隔0.3 m较为合适,通过现场试验是合理可行的.     

金堆城露天矿空气间隔装药减震控制爆破试验研究

为确保金堆城露天矿东川河隧洞的安全,采用空气间隔装药爆破方式来控制爆破震动.采用连续装药爆破和空气间隔装药爆破两种方式进行现场试验,分别选取离隧洞60m、80 m、100 m、120 m、140 m的爆心距下爆破振动速度进行对比分析,得出空气间隔装药爆破试验具有明显的减震效果,减震率分别为22.76％、33.94％、27.59％、29.85％和31.91％.采用块度分析软件对爆破后的破碎效果进行分析比较,结果表明采用空气间隔装药比连续装药爆破产生的岩石块度分布均匀、平均块度和最大块度小、大块率低、破碎度高.     

基于空气间隔优化的骨料用灰岩爆破粉矿率控制

针对某矿山爆破粉矿率偏高的问题，采用传统连续装药爆破方法易在孔壁粉碎圈附近产生粉矿，造成矿石级配不达标和资源的永久浪费。因此为改善爆破后矿石级配并提高骨料成品率，借鉴中部空气间隔装药爆破技术，依据现场工况参数，分别在0 m、1 m、1.2 m、1.5 m中部空气间隔装药条件开展爆破试验研究。首先采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件进行数值模拟试验，建立了采用HJC本构关系的石灰岩模型，模拟该矿实际地质条件。随后获取不同间隔距离条件下岩体损伤分布特点，初步获取相对较优的空气间隔装药长度。由于ANSYS/LS-DYNA并未将爆生气体的作用考虑在内，因此为了得到更准确的实验结论，同时考虑到不宜使爆破大块率过度增加，结合项目实际情况，选用1.2 m、1.5 m中部空气间隔装药长度进行现场爆破试验，对比不同爆破试验条件下的岩块级配。试验结果表明，采用中部空气间隔装药的措施降低爆破粉矿率是有效的。采用空气间隔长度为1.5 m时，可以降低不均匀系数Cu与爆破粉矿率。技改前平均粉矿率约为15.94%,技改后4.75 mm以下的粉矿率可降低至9.37%左右，使得爆堆级配达到良好水平。     

轴向不耦合装药结构形式优化仿真研究

为了改变某隧道平导爆破效果差、爆炸能量利用率低的现状,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA模拟不同轴向不耦合装药结构形式对爆破效果的影响,优化装药结构,以期达到增强爆破效果,降低粉尘量和岩石大块率的目的。合理的选择数值模拟中的材料模型和算法,是高效模拟分析轴向不耦合装药结构爆破的关键,因此采用ALE算法对孔口空气填塞不耦合,孔口炮泥填塞、上部空气间隔不耦合,孔口水介质填塞、底部水介质间隔不耦合,孔口炮泥填塞、上部水介质间隔不耦合,孔口水介质填塞、中部水介质间隔不耦合和孔口炮泥填塞与中、上部水介质间隔不耦合的装药结构进行数值模拟,并以爆炸应力波云图和最大拉应力来评价炸药爆破效果。数值模拟结果表明:水介质可以降低炮孔壁附近岩石的压力。装药长度1.25m时,孔口炮泥填塞、上部空气间隔不耦合装药结构较孔口空气填塞不耦合装药结构,能提高爆炸能量的利用率;孔口水介质填塞、底部水介质间隔不耦合装药结构和孔口炮泥填塞、上部水介质间隔不耦合装药结构,爆炸能量利用率基本相同;孔口水介质填塞、中部水介质间隔不耦合装药结构的炸药爆炸能量利用率较其余5种装药结构都大,能提高爆炸应力波对岩石的作用,使得爆炸应力波更加均匀作用于岩体,降低大块率产生。此数值模拟结果可为现场爆破方案设计与实施提供依据。     

轴向不耦合装药结构形式优化仿真研究

为了改变某隧道平导爆破效果差、爆炸能量利用率低的现状,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA模拟不同轴向不耦合装药结构形式对爆破效果的影响,优化装药结构,以期达到增强爆破效果,降低粉尘量和岩石大块率的目的。合理的选择数值模拟中的材料模型和算法,是高效模拟分析轴向不耦合装药结构爆破的关键,因此采用ALE算法对孔口空气填塞不耦合,孔口炮泥填塞、上部空气间隔不耦合,孔口水介质填塞、底部水介质间隔不耦合,孔口炮泥填塞、上部水介质间隔不耦合,孔口水介质填塞、中部水介质间隔不耦合和孔口炮泥填塞与中、上部水介质间隔不耦合的装药结构进行数值模拟,并以爆炸应力波云图和最大拉应力来评价炸药爆破效果。数值模拟结果表明:水介质可以降低炮孔壁附近岩石的压力。装药长度1.25m时,孔口炮泥填塞、上部空气间隔不耦合装药结构较孔口空气填塞不耦合装药结构,能提高爆炸能量的利用率;孔口水介质填塞、底部水介质间隔不耦合装药结构和孔口炮泥填塞、上部水介质间隔不耦合装药结构,爆炸能量利用率基本相同;孔口水介质填塞、中部水介质间隔不耦合装药结构的炸药爆炸能量利用率较其余5种装药结构都大,能提高爆炸应力波对岩石的作用,使得爆炸应力波更加均匀作用于岩体,降低大块率产生。此数值模拟结果可为现场爆破方案设计与实施提供依据。     

地铁区间隧道不同装药结构光面爆破应用研究

为了提高光面爆破效果,以青岛地铁为工程背景,进行了周边孔不同装药结构的光面爆破试验研究.理论分析了连续装药和间隔装药2种装药结构爆破对孔壁的压力情况,从切缝药包爆破裂纹的成缝机理上,解释了切缝药包定向断裂控制爆破技术改善光面爆破效果的原因.通过现场应用得出:当进尺为1 m且岩性较好时,采用连续装药结构,岩性较差时,采用切缝药包连续装药结构;当进尺在1～2m且岩性较好时,采用轴向空气间隔装药结构,岩性较差时,采用切缝药包轴向空气间隔装药.施工中取得了理想的爆破效果,施工经验被青岛其它2条地铁线及相关隧道所吸纳.     

基于JKSimBlast的露天台阶爆破空气间隔装药结构优化研究

黑沟矿区露天台阶爆破采用连续装药结构,爆破后大块率高,二次破碎工作量大,严重影响矿山后续铲装作业效率。基于爆破模拟软件JKSimBlast中露天开采2DBench模块,开展露天爆破装药结构优化研究。选择常用空气间隔器作为间隔材料,保持炮孔深度17.5 m和装药长度10 m不变,以空气间隔器长度、中间间隔位置为研究对象,以大块率为评价指标,设计两因素五水平共计25组全因素组合实验。模拟结果表明空气间隔长度相同时随着间隔位置下移,爆破大块率先减小后又增大,存在一个最佳间隔位置。间隔位置相同时随间隔长度增大大块率先减小后增大,进而确定最佳间隔长度2 m与最佳间隔位置距离孔口11.5 m。最后,基于优化结构在5个不同爆破区域开展现场工业试验,选取区域3优化前后爆堆照片作为参考组,利用Split-Desktop爆破分析软件进行数据处理,得到5个区域优化前后大块率并进行比对,结果显示优化后的装药结构爆破后大块率平均降低9.24%,优化后的间隔装药结构有效改善爆破效果,为露天矿装药结构选择和优化提供有益借鉴。     

孔底空气间隔装药增强破碎作用研究

为研究孔底空气间隔装药增强破碎作用，基于激波管原理以及应力波在不同介质的反射与透射理论，对孔底空气间隔装药结构对应5个反射与透射面上应力波的传播作用过程进行了详细分析。采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元分析软件，对连续装药结构以及不同空气层比例的孔底空气间隔装药结构进行数值模拟分析，数值模拟结果与理论分析相符。以孔底岩石能够出现明显的多个加载卸载过程以及岩体损伤范围能够覆盖整个空气间隔段作为判断依据，孔底空气间隔装药结构的最佳空气层比例为20%～30%。对不同空气层比例的现场钢管模拟试验结果表明：空气层比例为20%～30%的孔底空气间隔装药结构爆破效果最佳，出现明显钢管鼓包现象、爆后钢管残留率小、0～20 cm深度的岩体爆破损伤最大。     

不同位置空气间隔装药爆破减振和破碎效果试验

为探究空气间隔装药爆破技术中最优的空气间隔位置,在金堆城南露天矿爆破施工中,分别选取药包上部、中部、底部3种不同空气间隔位置进行爆破试验。利用TC-4850动态测振仪对爆破振动进行监测,通过Split-Desktop 3.0软件对爆破块度进行统计分析,结果表明:药包中部间隔装药爆破的减振和破碎效果优于上部和底部位置。并采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA对三种不同空气间隔位置的爆破进行数值模拟,模拟结果与现场试验结果相符。     

不同位置空气间隔装药爆破减振和破碎效果试验

为探究空气间隔装药爆破技术中最优的空气间隔位置,在金堆城南露天矿爆破施工中,分别选取药包上部、中部、底部3种不同空气间隔位置进行爆破试验。利用TC-4850动态测振仪对爆破振动进行监测,通过Split-Desktop 3.0软件对爆破块度进行统计分析,结果表明:药包中部间隔装药爆破的减振和破碎效果优于上部和底部位置。并采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA对三种不同空气间隔位置的爆破进行数值模拟,模拟结果与现场试验结果相符。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.