用"热力学熵振荡原理"指导政府选择经济宏观调控的最佳程度

热力学是研究一个体系的热、能量等量的科学,整个社会的劳动人员、物资、生产设备等一起构成了一个经济整体。从热力学的角度,这个整体是一个体系。在这个体系中不可避免地涉及有关能量之类的问题,比如劳动人员的劳动付出,实质就是一个做功和能量转移的过程,因此有理由认为热力学的一些基本定律也适用于经济体系。本文的主要思想是用热力学原理来分析和解决经济管理问题。作者从思考马克思的科学社会主义的热力学依据出发,得出“社会生产力不断进步的热力学本质是经济体系的熵（即无序程度）在减小”,运用“熵振荡原理”探讨了政府对经济进行宏观调控的最佳程度的选择这一问题。     

热力学第二定律的再研讨

阐明了热力学从诞生起就沿着能与势两条线平行发展，确认了第二定律(熵定律)在热力学中的核心地位。指出由于熵定律的复杂性，片面地扩大“从有序到无序”的发展规律(包括对Rifkin所谓“熵世界观”)，可能会出现误导。并指出进化是熵增过程的逆过程，是使事物复杂性增大的量化问题。通过对用信息熵计算、描述复杂性等问题的思考得出了几点结论性的看法。     

热力学分析与经济理论结合的新探讨--从热力学定律中揭示其内含的经济理论

阐明从物理学诸定律中寻求其暗含的经济理论可成为热力学分析与经济学分析相结合的一条新路,具体分析了从热力学第一和第二定律中揭示其内含的经济理论,为此必先澄清这两条定律所存在的误导,特别是热力学第二定律,其误导很深。对Georgescu Roegen关于“熵定律本身本质上是诸定律中最经济的经济过程”的道理有深一步理解。     

熵与yong及yong分析与yong传递

能量与能质寓于同一的客观属体——能，又分别表征能的不同的客观属性。热力学可划分为基础热力学和应用热力学两大类，相应地形成了分别以熵和yong为核心的两个热力学参数框架体系。yong理论的直接应用是，用分析法；其扩展应用是与经济学结合产生的热经济学，与传输学结合产生炯传递理论。     

熵与(火用)及(火用)分析与(火用)传递

能量与能质寓于同一的客观属体--能,又分别表征能的不同的客观属性.热力学可划分为基础热力学和应用热力学两大类,相应地形成了分别以熵和(火用)为核心的两个热力学参数框架体系.(火用)理论的直接应用是(火用)分析法;其扩展应用是与经济学结合产生的热经济学,与传输学结合产生(火用)传递理论.     

辐射与导热复合换热熵产率传统公式质疑

以冬季太阳照射下建筑物窗户玻璃内部辐射与导热复合换热过程为例,对传统的辐射换热局部熵产率计算公式进行了质疑.通过对窗户玻璃内部复合换热过程局部熵产率的分析,结果表明传统的辐射换热局部熵产率公式与热力学第二定律相矛盾,因而是错误的.其根源在于传统的辐射换热局部熵产率公式认为辐射热流密度由局部温度梯度所驱动.事实上,由于辐射传递过程的容积效应,辐射热流与所考虑的半透明介质系统整体温度分布有关.     

平行热源下二维热隐身斗篷熵产特性研究

热隐身斗篷结构具有良好的热保护和精确控温的效果,在科学、工业及军事等方面具有重要价值。根据扩散方程在几何变换中的形式不变性,建立了平行热源下的二维隐身斗篷模型,从热力学角度出发以熵产率为指标对体系的不可逆损失分布进行了研究。结果表明,斗篷结构有效减少了保护区外边界处能量的不可逆损失,提高了隐身效率。此外,以总熵产率为指标对斗篷内材料层排布方式进行了比较,为热隐身斗篷结构的优化提供了理论依据。     

含有可燃性物质的烟气余能利用

<正> 根据热力学第二定律,能量在转换,输送,传递中必然有损失,也就是各种能量之间存在着不等价性。对于一个用能体系必然有能量排出到环境中,也就是必然有余能存在。所谓余能就是用能设备在满足工艺条件的前提下,必须排出设备之外的能量。由于当前     

基于热力学效应的迷宫密封封严机理数值研究

热力学效应的研究是揭示迷宫密封封严机理的关键。建立了三维迷宫密封热力学求解模型,推导了考虑热力学效应的密封泄漏量公式,研究了压比、偏心率、密封间隙对迷宫密封熵增与泄漏量的影响规律,从热力学效应角度分析了迷宫密封的流场特性与泄漏特性。研究结果表明:所建立的密封泄漏量公式能够反映热力学效应与泄漏量之间的关系;熵增反映了迷宫密封气体动能转换成热能的程度,热力学效应越充分,熵增的幅度就越小,密封性能越好。压比、偏心率和密封间隙是通过影响气体热力学效应来影响密封泄漏量的;泄漏量随压比和密封间隙的增大而增大,二者近似呈线性关系。随着偏心率的增大,密封封严性能降低,相比于转子同心工况,偏心率为0.9时泄漏量增大了6%。转子高速旋转下与气体摩擦产热所产生的功率耗散会引起气体温度升高。通过研究迷宫密封流场特性和能量耗散,从热力学效应角度进一步揭示了迷宫密封的封严机理。     

蒸馏系统有效能分析

蒸馏是一种特别消耗大量能量的分离操作,因此在蒸馏系统的设计和操作中对有效能的利用给予适当考虑极为重要。如同其他单元操作,由蒸馏塔及其有关热交换器网络组成的蒸馏系统的热分析,向来是根据以热力学第一定律为基础的能量平衡考虑能量的利能来完成的;然而,鉴于必须同时从能量观点定性的分析这些系统,也考虑了以熵及有效能平衡和热力学第二定律为基础的分析。     

Entropy flow,entropy generation,exergy flux,and optimal absorbing temperature in radiative transfer between parallel plates

Taking nonequilibrium radiative heat transfer between two surfaces as an example, the nonequilibrium thermodynamics of radiation is studied and discussed. The formulas of entropy flow, entropy generation, exergy flux, and optimal temperature of absorbing surface for maximum exergy output are derived. The result is a contribution to the thermodynamic analysis and optimization of solar energy utilization and can be applied in more complex radiative heat transfer cases.     

热质进出热力系统经济性诊断研究

利用矩阵法和偏微分理论,结合热力学第一和第二定律分析方法对热力系统进行一般性演绎分析,给出了热量进出热力系统对系统影响的严格数学表达式,建立起了热量特性参数能质与热力系统固有参数的联系,完善了热力系统节能诊断理论。     

Optimization method for metal-forming processes

The paper presents a general-purpose optimization method for metal-forming processes by plastic deformation based on their modelling as thermodynamic processes with entropy generation minimization. To this purpose, equations have been formulated describing a thermodynamic system consisting of two subsystems: a tool and a workpiece which is a basic feature of each metal-forming process. A mathematical model of the thermodynamic system has been derived based on fundamental equations in continuum mechanics related to a deformable solid and the basic laws of thermodynamics. The mathematical model describes the phenomena related to the thermomechanical strength of the tool; the energy balance of the system; displacements and deformation in the tool–workpiece system due to mechanical and temperature factors, etc. On the basis of the second law of thermodynamics, entropy generation has been defined as a generalized optimization criterion and its functional has been synthesized containing the tensor functions of stresses and of strain velocities, the scalar functions of temperatures and the relative velocities of the two media. A summarized algorithm for entropy generation minimization has been proposed and illustrated by a numerical example.     

Entropy production,efficiency, and economics in the thermochemical generation of synthetic fuels: I. The hybrid sulfuric acid process

This paper describes the fundamental thermodynamic principles underlying processes which are meant to produce synthetic fuels from thermal energy. Process irreversibilities are determined in a stagewise fashion in terms of entropy production and a “heat penalty” which contributes to the total primary energy requirement. The heat penalties directly effect the overall process efficiency. The process equipment, which is required to accomplish a stage of the process and which induces the heat penalty, contributes directly to the overall costs. The technique presented here is based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics and clearly displays the interrelationship among the thermodynamics, the process efficiency, and the process cost. Application is made to the hybrid sulfuric acid process for the production of hydrogen from water being developed by Westinghouse. A preliminary design for this process focusing on efficiency and economics has recently become available and was used in the work reported here.     

Equipartition of entropy production as an approximation to the state of minimum entropy production in diabatic distillation

We show that the theorem of equipartition of entropy production is important for the understanding of the state of minimum entropy production in diabatic distillation. The theorem is not valid in a strictly mathematical sense. We explain why, when and in what sense this theorem is a good approximation to the optimal state in diabatic distillation. In order to make these predictions, we use a hypothesis for the state of minimum entropy production of an optimally controlled system, which was formulated on the basis of results of entropy production minimisation in chemical reactors. The hypothesis says that the state of minimum entropy production is characterised by approximately constant local entropy production and thermodynamic forces, given that there is sufficient freedom in the system. We present numerical results which are in agreement with the predictions. The results show that a column with constant tray entropy production in the stripping section and in the rectifying section is a good approximation to the optimal column, except when the total heat transfer area is low. The agreement between the two columns becomes better and better as the total heat transfer area and the number of trays increase. The fact that the predictions and the numerical results agree very well gives support to the validity of the hypothesis.     

能源效率标准对社会可持续发展的贡献

以集中空调机组的能源效率标准为具体例子，建立了描述能源效率标准作用于社会的数学模型(熵方程)，分析讨论了能效标准对社会可持续发展的贡献。社会发展意味着信息熵的增加，而付出的代价则是物质和能源的消耗，即熵增；能效标准体现了信息对物质和能量的调控，它对社会可持续发展的贡献可概括为以最小的熵增为代价来满足我们发展的需要。     

热虹吸管传热过程中的熵增分析

以热力学理论为基础，对稳定操作条件下的热虹吸管的重要操作参数、工作特点及其内部工质循环过程进行详细分析，导出了由于存在温度差、工质流动摩擦损失、蒸气温度／压力降等因素而引起的熵增的表达式，并由此得到相应的最小熵增优化准则。所得到的热虹吸管重要操作条件，即蒸发段和冷凝段温度匹配关系以及其它重要影响参数的关系，可以为热管实际设计和应用提供重要的理论参考。     

热力循环的特性函数

在热力循环理论中引入了"热流体"。热流体由温度、焓和熵等核心热力学参数来描述,证明了热力循环新函数-工质实际作功能力函数的存在性和回路作功能力原理的正确性,在热力学基本定律和不可逆多能级热力循环理论之间建立了新的联系。给出了新的热力循环特性函数的解析式,并对公式中各项的物理意义进行了详细阐述。将跨能级独立蒸汽冷却器当作辅助循环来处理,无需另外推导公式。工质实际作功能力等同于机械功,其价格恒等于功的价格,用工质实际作功能力概念来建立新的总能系统统一性评价体系,可避开方法中的定价难题。