术前液体治疗对成人烟雾病患者麻醉诱导后血压波动的效果分析

目的 探讨术前液体治疗对成人烟雾病患者麻醉诱导后血压波动的效果.方法 前瞻性连续纳入2020年1月1日至2021年6月30日在首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院神经外科行颅内外血运重建术的烟雾病患者,纳入患者的年龄为18～60岁,体质量为50～80 kg,术前头部CT灌注成像显示患侧有明确的低灌注表现,且均为上午第一台手术....     

灌注成像在烟雾病中的应用

烟雾病是一种少见的慢性进行性脑血管闭塞性疾病,主要累及颈内动脉末段以及大脑前动脉和大脑中动脉起始段.传统血管造影结果与烟雾病的临床表现及转归常存在差异,而灌注成像则可提供重要的血流动力学信息.目前,CT灌注成像和磁共振灌注成像已广泛应用于临床.文章对这两种影像学技术在烟雾病中的应用进行了综述.     

成人烟雾病血管重建后对认知功能的影响

<正>治疗烟雾病广泛采用颅内外血管旁路移植术,但手术对认知功能的影响并不明确。斯坦福大学医学中心的Zeifert等对接受颅内外血管旁路移植术成人烟雾病患者进行了术前、术后神经认知功能评价的比较研究。他们对84例烟雾病患者颅内外血管旁路移植术前、术后6个月分别进行了13项认知功能评价,结果通过变化指     

成人烟雾病患者的心理和认知功能评估及认知功能的影响因素分析

目的 评估成人烟雾病患者的总体心理和认知功能状态,以及不同影像学表现对患者认知功能的影响.方法 前瞻性连续纳入2018年12月至2021年12月解放军总医院第五医学中心神经外科收治的成人烟雾病患者392例(年龄、受教育程度及性别相匹配的82名同期健康体检者作为对照组).收集患者临床信息和影像学信息,对病例组(成人烟雾病...     

烟雾病合并Graves病的血管重建术疗效分析

目的探讨烟雾病合并Graves病的临床特征和颅内外血管重建术的效果。方法回顾性分析4例成人烟雾病合并Graves病患者的临床资料,女3例,男1例,平均年龄(32±7)岁。对4例患者在经药物治疗甲状腺功能正常后,均行颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉旁路移植术,观察手术疗效及随访结果。结果 (1)3例表现为脑梗死,1例表现为频繁短暂性脑缺血发作。DSA证实2例为单侧烟雾病,2例为双侧烟雾病;头部MRI均可见脑梗死灶。(2)药物治疗甲状腺功能正常后,3例烟雾病症状稳定,1例在术后1周内有高热、心率快等高代谢症状;血管重建术后随访6~18个月症状改善,1例良好,3例优秀,Graves病均无复发。复查头部MRI提示4例患者均无新发脑梗死灶,MR血管成像可见缺血灶区域脑沟内动脉充盈较术前明显改善,有2例可见患侧大脑中动脉M2~M3段逆行充盈。术后单光子发射计算机体层扫描脑灌注成像提示,手术侧缺血灶灌注较手术前明显改善。结论合并Graves病时烟雾病症状加重,表现为急性或慢性脑缺血症状。控制甲状腺功能亢进症状后,脑缺血症状多数能缓解。颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉旁路移植术能够建立有效的侧支循环,改善临床症状。     

颅外-颅内联合脑血运重建术治疗出血型烟雾病的远期临床预后及脑灌注状态研究

目的 研究颅外-颅内联合脑血运重建术对出血型烟雾病的远期作用。方法 回顾性连续纳入2018年1月至2019年1月就诊于南京鼓楼医院神经外科行颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉旁路移植术+脑硬膜动脉贴敷术的成人出血型烟雾病患者。收集患者的一般资料及临床资料,包括性别、年龄、高血压病史、糖尿病史、吸烟史、出血位置(蛛网膜下腔、单纯脑室、脑实质)、出血半球、术前是否反复出血、改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分、头部CT灌注(CTP)检查数据及DSA资料等。术后近期(3～6个月)随访时收集MR血管成像(MRA)资料,评价旁路移植血管通畅性;新近一次远期(术后>12个月)随访时收集是否存在新发卒中事件(短暂性脑缺血发作、脑梗死、脑出血等)、mRS评分、头部CTP数据及DSA资料等。通过头部DSA评价手术侧半球改良铃木分期,铃木分期Ⅰ、Ⅱ期为早期,Ⅲ、Ⅳ期为中期,Ⅴ、Ⅵ期为晚期。根据手术侧的大脑半球DSA对烟雾血管浓集程度分级,大脑半球底部未见烟雾血管定义为无,虽在脑底形成了烟雾血管,但比较稀疏定义为稀疏,脑底部可见大量的烟雾血管在颈内动脉末端吻合,形成烟雾网络,并在脑底向各个方向扩展定义为浓集。通过远期...     

SPECT与CT影像融合在烟雾病血管重建术中的应用价值

目的探讨烟雾病直接血管重建术前应用SPECT脑灌注成像与同机CT影像融合确定脑缺血灶体表位置并以此设计手术入路的应用价值。方法回顾性分析13例成年缺血型烟雾病颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉旁路移植术患者的临床资料,术前将单光子发射体层摄影(SPECT)脑灌注成像与同机CT影像融合,将皮质缺血灶在体表定位,以缺血灶为中心设计手术入路。术后随访6~12个月,观察术后临床症状的改善以及术后脑灌注改善情况。结果围手术期有1例脑高灌注综合征,其余无其他围手术期并发症发生。随访1个月时症状改善优秀者4例,良好者5例,一般者为4例,差者为0;随访6~12个月时症状改善优秀者9例,良好者4例,一般者为0,差者为0。术后SPECT脑灌注成像视觉分析提示全部患者脑灌注较术前明显改善;定量分析:目标缺血灶术前术后试验前各病灶/全脑计数比值(Fb)值差异有统计学意义[(2.13±1.06)%比(4.13±2.09)%,P0.05],术前Fb与试验后各病灶/全脑计数比值(Fe)差异有统计学意义[(2.46±1.97)%比(2.13±1.06)%,P0.05]。术后两者差比百分率(BFCR)为(67.57±3.78)%,50%,提示手术疗效显著。患者术后头部CT血管成像均可见颞浅动脉向颅内供血,术后半年复查头部MRI无新增梗死灶。结论 SPECT脑灌注成像与同机CT影像融合的方法用于颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉旁路移植术的手术入路设计,有助于提高手术疗效,降低手术风险。     

烟雾病的血流灌注特点:从解剖和临床表现角度的分析和比较

<正>烟雾病在血管造影上具有独特的血管侧支吻合特征,但目前临床尚缺乏详细的定量数据,也缺乏与脑动脉粥样硬化性疾病(CAD)及健康人群的血管情况的比较分析。有研究者分析了67例经氙CT灌注扫描的烟雾病患者,并与108例CAD患者和5名健康志愿者进行比较。比较区域包括大脑皮质、中心、幕下等感兴趣区,重点关注烟雾病典型血     

颈动脉狭窄与认知损害

颈动脉狭窄与认知功能的关系日益受到重视.多数研究显示,颈动脉狭窄对认知损害有直接影响.颈动脉内膜切除术或支架置入术,可不同程度改善颈动脉狭窄患者的认知功能.颈动脉疾病患者认知损害的机制可能与低灌注、白质病变、多发性腔隙性梗死以及脑自发栓子形成有关.     

应用CT灌注成像评价脑血管重建术对烟雾病患者短期脑血流的影响

目的应用CT灌注成像(CTP)评价脑血管重建术对烟雾病患者脑血流灌注的影响。方法采用前瞻性研究方法,对2012年6月—2013年1月就诊的14例烟雾病患者在术前和脑血管重建手术后7 d进行头部CT血管成像和CTP。对14例患者分别行联合脑血管重建术(12侧)和间接脑血管重建术(4侧)。在CTP上将术侧大脑中动脉供血皮质区作为感兴趣区(ROI),进行各参数配对t检验。结果 (1)两种血管重建术后7 d,烟雾病患者脑血流量、脑血容量均有减少,联合术式组患者对比剂达峰时间缩短,间接术式组延长,但差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)两组患者手术后7 d对比剂平均通过时间均增加,联合术式组术前为(4.5±0.6)s,术后7 d为(4.7±0.6)s,差异有统计学意义(P=0.045)间接术式组患者对比剂平均通过时间虽增加,但差异无统计学意义。3个月时,CTP随访5例患者,影像学表现为脑血流灌注改善明显。结论 CTP检查显示联合脑血管重建术治疗烟雾病短期内可能改变脑血流灌注,但脑组织缺血状态无明显变化;间接脑血管重建术后脑血流灌注无明显改变。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.