改进的斜坡降雨入渗与坡面径流耦合算法研究

大气降雨时坡面径流与非饱和入渗的耦合计算,是降雨诱发滑坡及水土流失等研究中的重大问题之一。从坡面径流和降雨入渗控制方程着手,建立了基于有限元方法的耦合方程求解模型,实现了耦合问题的直接求解。该耦合计算模型与求解方法避免了坡面径流和降雨入渗间的迭代计算,也不需计算两者间的流量交换,较大程度地提高了计算效率和计算精度。算例表明,该方法正确可行,计算效率高,稳定性好。     

降雨条件下滑坡排水沟排水数值模拟

地表排水沟是滑坡治理常见措施之一。在降雨入渗与坡面径流有限元耦合模型中,通过调整径流方程中的坡度参数,实现地表排水沟排水模型。模型具有易于理解、实现简单的优点。以地表排水模型为基础,对5种典型滑坡在设与不设排水沟情况下坡体渗流场、坡面径流场、坡体入渗量和入渗过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明,当降雨强度相对土体渗透性较小时,排水沟设置在坡体渗透性由小变大的位置,才能有效地截断上游径流,减小入渗量;而当降雨强度相对土体渗透性较大时,排水沟排水效果并不明显。     

边坡降雨入渗与坡面径流耦合数学模型及有限元模拟

降雨,特别是强降雨时边坡渗流和坡面径流过程是研究许多工程问题的基础。本文采用Richards方程描述非饱和渗流过程;运动波方程描述坡面径流。先推导了Richards方程的积分弱解格式;然后将坡面水深作为运动波方程的控制变量,并用运动波方程表示入渗率;再将这一表达式融入Richards方程的积分弱解格式,从而构建同时描述边坡渗流和径流的积分弱解格式的数学方程。该方程不再包含入渗率这一未知量。采用Galerkin有限元法实现方程的有限元模拟。算例表明,所建有限元模拟方法可以用于模拟边坡渗流和坡面径流过程。     

降雨条件下滴水崖Ⅰ号滑坡瞬态稳定性分析

根据选定的实测月降雨资料,利用径流渗流耦合理论,对滴水崖Ⅰ号滑坡进行了降雨入渗坡体渗流场数值计算。利用非饱和土强度理论,基于GLE通用条分法,分别利用天然状态强度参数和饱和状态强度参数计算了其安全系数,并对其稳定性进行了评价,为瞬态稳定性分析提供了基准。然后调用不同降雨时段的径流渗流计算结果对滑坡瞬态稳定性进行了计算和分析,研究了水分在坡体内的运移对滑坡稳定性的时间空间影响,同时分析了降雨入渗对坡体岩土渗透特性造成的影响和对坡面径流的影响。     

基于扩散波近似方程的降雨边界处理的改进EI北大核心

在降雨入渗模拟中,传统的降雨边界不能准确地反映坡面积水深度变化对坡面实际入渗率的影响。基于扩散波近似方程改进了传统的降雨边界,使得在强降雨条件下坡面积水深度动态变化可以和实际入渗率进行耦合计算,并且通过两个经典试验验证了改进边界的准确性。后将该改进边界用于工程实例计算,结果表明:(1)改进的降雨边界可以实现集中型降雨条件下流量边界与压力水头边界的实时动态转换;(2)当降雨边界为压力水头边界时,改进边界计算出的理论上坡面积水深度最深的位置出现在坡趾处;在降雨后期坡面退水阶段,积水深度可忽略不计,理论上积水深度最深的位置出现在平坦坡面与陡峭坡面的交汇处。     

考虑地表径流与地下渗流耦合的斜坡降雨入渗研究

为简化分析，在模拟斜坡降雨入渗暂态渗流时，通常没有考虑入渗和产流的耦合过程。笔者提出了一种新的考虑地表径流与地下渗流耦合的斜坡降雨入渗分析方法，它较好地模拟了入渗和产流的过程，并通过算例，研究了考虑与不考虑该耦合作用对斜坡孔隙水压力分布的影响。     

斜坡降雨入渗在Flac中模拟

为了简化分析,在模拟斜坡降雨入渗暂态渗流时,通常没有考虑入渗和产流的耦合过程,通过施加流量边界或零水头边界进行地下水渗流计算,通过在FALC中利用内嵌的fish语言,考虑地表径流和地下渗流的耦合以及雨向影响下斜坡降雨入渗过程,并通过算例分析了考虑和不考虑耦合、对斜坡孔隙水压力分布以及考虑各种雨向作用下对坡面积水深度的影响。     

坡地氮磷流失过程模拟

根据农田坡面氮、磷流失的主要过程,建立了基于次降雨事件的坡面氮、磷迁移模型。模型采用改进的Green-Ampt方程和运动波方程计算下渗与坡面流,土壤侵蚀采用修改的欧洲土壤侵蚀模型计算,用考虑了侵蚀影响与扩散作用的迁移模型计算坡面氮、磷迁移过程,采用一维对流扩散方程计算氮、磷在土壤中的迁移过程。利用室内人工降雨资料对模型进行了率定及验证。结果表明,模型可以较好地模拟地表径流中氮、磷浓度,率定期与验证期模型效率系数均在0.89以上。根据坡地氮、磷流失机理,分析了降雨强度与地表坡度对坡面径流中氮、磷浓度的影响。     

基于Mein-Larson入渗模型的凹形边坡稳定性分析

坡面形态对边坡表面应力状态影响显著,而应力状态与边坡稳定性密切相关。以往的降雨入渗模型仅考虑直线形态的边坡,并没有考虑边坡为曲线形态的情况。将Mein-Larson入渗模型与坡形函数相结合,推导降雨作用下凹形边坡的入渗函数,结合极限平衡分析方法,提出一种凹形边坡稳定性计算模型。同时根据坡形拟合与坡形简化的思路,将实际边坡分别当作成凹形边坡和直线边坡进行研究。研究结果表明:湿润锋入渗深度与降雨时间呈线性关系,湿润锋面在不同降雨时刻下均与坡面平行。将实际边坡当作凹形边坡进行分析时,其降雨入渗规律更符合实际情况;当降雨时间为10天时,浅层斜坡模型得到的计算结果为0.95,而本文计算模型与数值模拟得到的稳定性系数分别为1.004和1.003,相对误差不超过1%。因此与以往提出的计算模型相比,该模型不仅考虑了实际边坡的坡面形态,而且具有计算简便、可靠度较高等特点。     

上方来水对坡面降雨入渗及土壤水分再分布的影响

在防止土壤侵蚀和雨后抑制蒸发的条件下,利用室内模拟降雨试验,研究了上方来水对坡面降雨入渗、湿润锋运移以及土壤水分再分布的影响。结果表明:对于初始含水量很低的土壤,与上方无来水相比,上方来水时降雨入渗过程中入渗率有一个上升的阶段,但平均入渗率反而降低;在降雨入渗初期,由于上方来水的沿程入渗,上方来水对坡面湿润锋运移的影响较大,但随后几乎没有影响,湿润锋的运移主要与基质势梯度有关;土壤水分沿坡面呈"波浪形"分布是坡面径流的波动性、上方来水(径流)的沿程入渗以及侧向沿坡向下流等综合作用的结果。     

陆面水文过程与大气模式的耦合及其在黑河流域的应用

陆面过程模式对陆面水文过程有比较详尽的描述，然而，目前的陆面水文过程只考虑了垂直方向的水分运移，比较适合平坦地区的模拟，而在地形坡度较大的山区只考虑垂直方向的水分移动是不够的，尤其是目前随着计算机条件提高，分辨率越来越高，地表水以及土壤水的侧向流动成为山区水文过程必须考虑的部分。同时，目前的陆面过程模式中的径流量是作为诊断量处理，不参与运算。针对以上问题，对Noah陆面过程模式进行了改进，增加了地表积水和积水蒸发、坡面汇流方案、次表面流方案，并且将Routing模块通过次网格过程与大气中尺度模式MM5耦合，发展了高分辨率大气—水文耦合模式。运用发展的高分辨率大气—水文耦合模式，对黑河流域中上游2003年6月23~25日降水过程进行了模拟，研究了陆面水循环过程对大气场的影响。结果表明陆面水循环过程对近地层大气影响很大，首先影响了土壤的湿度与蒸发，进而对边界层稳定性，云结构、云水、雨水含量产生影响，对区域降水也有一定影响。     

A continuous/discontinuous Galerkin framework for modeling coupled subsurface and surface water flow

We consider conjunctive surface-subsurface flow modeling, where surface water flow is described by the shallow water equations and ground water flow by Richards’ equation for the vadose zone. Coupling between the models is based on the continuity of flux and water pressure. Numerical approximation of the coupled model using the framework of discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods is formulated. In the subsurface, the local discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) method is used to approximate ground water velocity and hydraulic head; a DG method is also used to approximate surface water velocity and elevation. This approach allows for a weak coupling of the models and the use of different approximating spaces and/or meshes within each regime. A simplified LDG method based on continuous approximations to water head is also described. Numerical results that investigate physical and numerical aspects of surface–subsurface flow modeling are presented. This work was supported by National Science Foundation grant DMS-0411413.     

Precise integration method for solving the seepage-stress coupling problem in rock mass with singular possibilities of the coupling matrix

Seepage-stress coupling is a key problem in the field of geotechnical engineering, and the finite element method is one of the main methods to study seepage-stress coupling in rock masses. However, the finite element method has issues of poor stability, low efficiency, and low accuracy in the simulation of the seepage-stress coupling problem. In this paper, the homogeneous saturated rock mass is taken as the object to deduce the control equation based on the Biot's theory. Considering the singularity of the coupling matrix, the discrete equation is converted into a precise integral format, and the equation is solved by the precise integration method to avoid instability and low precision. The precise integration method in this paper has good numerical stability, fast convergence speed, and high simulation accuracy, which effectively facilitates the rapid and stable numerical simulation of the seepage-stress coupling problem using the equivalent continuum medium model. The validity and accuracy of the precise integration method for seepage-stress coupling problems are verified by numerical examples.     

一维畦灌施肥地表水流与溶质运移耦合模型——Ⅰ.模型建立

提高畦灌施肥地表水流与溶质运移数值模型的稳定性、收敛性及计算精度,有利于改善地面畦灌施肥系统的设计与评价工作.在利用隐-显混合时间格式对一维畦灌地表水流与溶质运移耦合模型中包含的各矢量项进行时间离散基础上,借助有限差分法、有限体积法和有限单元法分别对由隐时间格式生成的物理矢量线性近似式空间导数、物理矢量空间导数、溶质扩散矢量和地形矢量项进行空间离散,对最终形成的控制方程代数方程组进行数值求解,构建起基于混合数值解法的一维畦灌施肥地表水流与溶质运移耦合模型.     

一维畦灌施肥地表水流与溶质运移耦合模型——Ⅱ.模型验证

基于典型畦灌施肥试验观测结果及其模拟结果,对比分析利用混合数值解法和Roe有限体积法分别求解一维畦灌施肥地表水流与溶质运移过程控制方程在数值稳定性与收敛性、计算精度与效率上的差异,验证混合数值解法的计算性能与模拟效果.结果表明,混合数值解法比Roe有限体积法表现出更佳的数值稳定性和收敛性,产生的水平衡误差和平均相对误差...     

A coupled surface/subsurface flow model accounting for air entrapment and air pressure counterflow

This work introduces the soil air system into integrated hydrology by simulating the flow processes and interactions of surface runoff, soil moisture and air in the shallow subsurface. The numerical model is formulated as a coupled system of partial differential equations for hydrostatic (diffusive wave) shallow flow and two-phase flow in a porous medium. The simultaneous mass transfer between the soil, overland, and atmosphere compartments is achieved by upgrading a fully established leakance concept for overland-soil liquid exchange to an air exchange flux between soil and atmosphere. In a new algorithm, leakances operate as a valve for gas pressure in a liquid-covered porous medium facilitating the simulation of air out-break events through the land surface. General criteria are stated to guarantee stability in a sequential iterative coupling algorithm and, in addition, for leakances to control the mass exchange between compartments. A benchmark test, which is based on a classic experimental data set on infiltration excess (Horton) overland flow, identified a feedback mechanism between surface runoff and soil air pressures. Our study suggests that air compression in soils amplifies surface runoff during high precipitation at specific sites, particularly in near-stream areas.     

Quantifying the effects of subsurface heterogeneity on hillslope runoff using a stochastic approach

The role of heterogeneity and uncertainty in hydraulic conductivity on hillslope runoff production was evaluated using the fully integrated hydrologic model ParFlow. Simulations were generated using idealized high-resolution hillslopes configured both with a deep water table and a water table equal to the outlet to isolate surface and subsurface flow, respectively. Heterogeneous, correlated random fields were used to create spatial variability in the hydraulic conductivity. Ensembles, generated by multiple realizations of hydraulic conductivity, were used to evaluate how this uncertainty propagates to runoff. Ensemble averages were used to determine the effective runoff for a given hillslope as a function of rainfall rate and degree of subsurface heterogeneity. Cases where the water table is initialized at the outlet show runoff behavior with little sensitivity to variance in hydraulic conductivity. A technique is presented that explicitly interrogates individual realizations at every simulation timestep to partition overland and subsurface flow contributions. This hydrograph separation technique shows that the degree of heterogeneity can play a role in determining proportions of surface and subsurface flow, even when effective hillslope outflow is seen. This method is also used to evaluate current hydrograph separation techniques and demonstrates that recursive filters can accurately proportion overland and base-flow for certain cases.     

饱和-非饱和非稳定渗流的数值模拟

介绍了饱和-非饱和渗流的计算程序数值模拟方法,该方法模拟了降雨过程中边坡内孔隙水压力的变化,克服了传统降雨边界处理方法的缺陷,考虑了降雨过程中地表边界的条件转化,为以后的径流渗流耦合的模拟提供了良好的基础,为降雨诱发滑坡研究提供了定量分析手段。     

基于GSFLOW的镜湖湿地地表水与地下水耦合数值模拟

湿地地表径流包括明渠流和片流等多种形式,且存在海绵状土壤层,其地表水-地下水耦合模拟困难。针对湿地片流和海绵层模拟不准确的问题,以绍兴镜湖国家城市湿地公园为研究对象,考虑湿地多年植物生长沉积形成的独特海绵层,基于GSFLOW模型构建湿地地表水与地下水耦合数值模型,通过二维扩散方程模拟湿地片流、一维圣维南方程模拟湿地明渠流,使用竖管法测量湿地海绵层渗透系数,利用模拟区水文站的监测数据率定模型参数并对模拟结果进行验证,应用校正后模型模拟湿地地表水与地下水的水量交互过程,并对研究区进行水均衡分析。研究结果表明:考虑湿地海绵层的湿地地表水与地下水耦合模型能较为真实地反映湿地水文特性,湿地以地表水补给地下水为主,补给量随降雨量变化。研究建立的湿地地表水与地下水耦合模型合理可靠,对湿地水文分析有良好的应用价值。