Al含量对镍基单晶高温合金组织 和持久性能的影响

采用选晶法在定向凝固炉中制备了5.6 % Al和6.0 % Al的2种单晶高温合金,保持其它合金元素含量相同,热处理后在1 040 ℃长期时效800 h,采用扫描电镜研究了Al含量对合金共晶含量、热处理组织、长期时效组织和持久性能的影响.结果表明,随着Al含量增加,合金铸态组织中的共晶含量稍有增加,热处理组织中枝晶干γ′相无明显变化,枝晶间的γ′相稍有增大.随着Al含量增加,合金时效组织中TCP相析出量增加,枝晶间γ′相筏排化倾向增加,合金的组织稳定性变差.随着Al含量增加,合金的持久寿命增加,延伸率和断面收缩率减小.      

热处理对定向凝固CMSX-6合金组织及拉伸性能的影响

采用高速凝固法制备了CMSX-6镍基高温合金定向凝固试样。研究了热处理前后不同部位的显微组织和拉伸性能。结果表明,铸态试样先凝固部分比后凝固部分的枝晶组织更为细密,一次枝晶间距较小,共晶组织含量较少,而抗拉强度高,延伸率较小。热处理后初生相充分固溶形成了成分均一的组织,γ′相得到了明显的细化与均匀化,γ/γ′共晶也发生了溶解并存在固溶微孔。热处理略微提高合金的抗拉强度,但明显提高了合金的延伸率。试样断裂为脆性断裂,铸态为正断型断裂,热处理态为切断型断裂。     

Co含量对一种新型高温合金铸态及热处理组织的影响

利用高温度梯度真空定向凝固方法,在保持其他元素不变的情况下,制备3种不同Co含量(质量分数,下同)的新型第四代镍基单晶高温合金,研究了Co含量对合金定向铸造凝固过程、热处理过程中偏析行为及显微组织演化的影响规律.研究结果表明：不同Co含量合金的初熔温度变化不大;随着Co含量的增加,合金的固、液相线温度升高,3种铸态合金中,质量分数为9%的Co合金(以下简称9%Co)的一次枝晶干与二次枝晶干间距最小,(γ+γ′)共晶组织含量最多;9%Co合金铸态组织偏析最为明显,Co含量的变化对Re和W等典型负偏析元素的偏析系数影响较大,而对Al和Ta等典型正偏析元素的偏析系数未见明显影响.合金经固溶处理后共晶回溶、枝晶偏析得以消除,二次时效处理后,随着Co含量的增加,γ′相平均尺寸及立方度的变化趋势均为先增大再略微减小.标准热处理后,Co含量对γ′相体积分数未见明显影响,且9%Co合金具有最佳的γ′相平均尺寸和立方度.     

1070℃热暴露对一种单晶高温合金组织的影响

研究了一种镍基单晶高温合金在1 070℃热暴露不同时间后的组织变化。结果表明:合金的热处理组织由立方化较好γ'相和基体γ相组成。经过1 070℃热暴露处理后,γ相基体通道宽度增加,γ'强化相合并长大;热暴露200 h后,合金没有析出不稳定相(TCP相)。热暴露400 h后,少量TCP相开始在枝晶干区域以细针状的形态析出。经过800 h处理后,显微组织呈现出明显的筏排结构。随热暴露时间增加TCP相析出量明显增多,并由枝晶干范围向枝晶间区域生长。TCP相含有Re、W、Mo和Co等合金元素,衍射分析为σ相,与合金基体取向关系为(110)_σ∥(220)_γ,[012]_σ∥[001]_γ。     

Re含量对单晶高温合金组织和拉伸性能的影响

为优化一种单晶高温合金中的Re含量,在真空定向凝固炉中制备了3%Re和5%Re的镍基单晶高温合金,热处理后分别在980 ℃长期时效400、800、2 000 h,测试合金热处理后1 100 ℃拉伸性能,采用JMatPro软件计算了合金相图,通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱仪研究Re含量对合金枝晶组织,热处理组织和980 ℃时效400、800、2 000 h的组织和1 100 ℃拉伸性能的影响。结果表明,随着单晶高温合金中Re含量增加,一次枝晶间距轻微减小,共晶的体积分数升高;γ′相尺寸下降,立方化程度增加;不同Re含量合金时效800 h后无TCP相析出,时效2 000 h后有TCP相析出,随着Re含量增加,TCP相析出量增加。合金组织稳定性随着Re含量增加而降低。随着Re含量增加,合金的高温拉伸性能显著提高。      

铼对定向合金组织和性能的影响

以一种定向合金为基础成分，加入不同含量的Re，采用定向凝固工艺浇注性能试棒，通过SEM研究了含Re合金的微观组织特征及Re在不同相中的分布情况，比较了不同Re含量的室温拉伸和高温持久性能。研究结果表明：通过加入Re可以有效提高合金的室温拉伸屈服强度和高温持久寿命，但室温和高温塑性有所降低。加入Re后合金的铸态组织变化不大：γ γ′共晶相数量随Re含量的增加而略有增多，并且尺寸变小。Re主要分布于γ基体中，在强化相γ′中的分布很少，并通过在γ基体中阻碍位错运动有效提高合金的高温强度。     

Re对镍基合金晶格错配度的影响

通过对不同Re含量镍基合金进行室温、高温X射线衍射谱线测定及持久性能测定,研究了Re含量及温度对镍基合金中γ、γ'两相晶格错配度及持久寿命的影响规律.结果表明:随Re含量增加,合金中γ、γ'两相的晶格常数增大,两相界面的晶格错配度及错配应力减小,致使蠕变期间合金中γ'相的筏形化速率降低,并可较大幅度地提高合金在高温区间的持久寿命.与γ'有序相比较,无序的γ相原子结合力较弱,且热容较大,致使其有较大的膨胀系数,故随温度提高,合金中两相的晶格错配度绝对值增大.合金中γ、γ'两相的晶格常数、热膨胀系数随温度变化服从指数规律;在试验的温度范围内,提出的数学表达式在高温区间,可较好地模拟γ、γ'两相的膨胀特性.     

Ru对镍基高温合金组织形貌的影响

设计并制备两种镍基高温合金,通过组织形貌观察和蠕变性能测试,研究了Ru对镍基高温合金组织形貌及高温蠕变性能的影响。结果表明,Ru对铸态合金的一次/二次枝晶间距无明显影响;相较于无Ru合金,含Ru合金在铸态条件下,枝晶间和枝晶干γ'相的形貌差别较小,两区域的立方度均更好,尤其是在枝晶间区域的相形貌更规则;对两种合金进行完全热处理,含Ru合金的γ'相立方度更高,排列更为规则,含Ru合金γ'相的体积分数为68%。在高温条件下对两种合金进行蠕变性能测试,含Ru合金的高温蠕变寿命明显高于无Ru合金。     

一种单晶高温合金的组织和持久性能

研究了一种第二代单晶高温合金的显微组织和不同条件下的持久性能.研究结果表明合金铸态组织由γ相、γ′相和共晶相组成.完全热处理后,无共晶和初熔,γ′相立方化较好.合金不同条件下持久性能良好.在760 ℃/800 MPa条件下持久断裂为类解理断裂,而合金980 ℃/250 MPa、1 100 ℃/140 MPa的高温持久断裂显示出韧窝断裂特征.持久断裂组织分析表明,在760 ℃/800 MPa条件下,γ′相仍保持立方状.在980 ℃/250 MPa条件下,γ′相发生筏排化.在1 100 ℃/140 MPa条件下,γ′相筏排化更严重.      

拉晶速率对单晶高温合金高温持久断裂行为的影响

研究了不同拉晶速率下制得的镍基单晶高温合金高温持久变形行为，结果表明，随拉晶速率增加，单晶合金的凝固界面由平面向胞状，枝状转变，持久延伸率减少，持久寿命有增加的趋势；高温持久断裂形式由典型的韧窝断裂转向混合断裂，二次裂纹增多，持久变形时的γ’筏形完善性增加，位错网间距减小。     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

浅析《野草》的版画特征

鲁迅先生一生热爱美术作品,对版画中木刻兴趣尤甚.<野草>作为其"写心之作",亦呈现出一些与木刻版画一致的审美特征:一是具有木刻版画的色彩特征,多对比、多冷色,有阴郁的美感;二是具有木刻版画的力度特征,环境描写、人物刻画处处刀锋毕现,遒劲有力,有一种"力之美".     

四辊破碎机车刀架的改造

针对四辊破碎机车刀架车削中存在的几个问题,详细介绍了电动车刀架的结构和工作原理,建立主要设计参数的数学表达式,并进行适当的分析。改造后,这种电动车刀架运行平稳、可靠、方便、省力,取得了预期的效果。     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

Comparison of the results of surgical and conservative treatment of fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia

In this paper is treated the fundamental problematic of the fracture of the diaphysis of the tibia and the therapeutic results after the conservative and operative treatment are confronted. Among 518 patients with 433 open fractures and 35 with closed fractures of the diaphysis of the tibia, successful treatment of more 2/3 was obtained in the period from 1968 to 1972. Following our casuistics and literature, whose results are similar, we find out that the average total treatment of the osteosynthesis of the fracture of the diaphysis was shortened for 2,5 months depending upon the type and the localisation of the fracture. Apolied methods of the operative and conservative and conservative treatment in relation to the velocity of the medical cure as well as to the extreme anatomical-functional results are analised. We noticed that osteosynthesis, made by the intermedullary nail and the extension of the canals or by a small AO table, by the achieved stability makes conditions of immediate motions and an early rehabilitation. Because of that it gives the best functional results.