肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的外科治疗

目的探索肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘(BPF)的外科治疗措施和效果。 方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2013年12月上海市胸科医院收治的27例肺切除术后BPF患者的临床资料,分析其发生时间、原因和治疗措施,并总结治疗效果。 结果行肺切除术患者5010例,共发生27例BPF,发生率为0.5%。其中男性21例,女性6例;年龄31～67岁,平均年龄55岁。9例全肺切除后的BPF患者均首先采用了引流加胸腔内冲洗的方法,其中4例治愈,4例改开放引流,1例行心包胸膜修补瘘口,瘘口愈合,但脓胸一直存在。18例肺叶切除后的BPF患者中,手术后早期发生的BPF有12例,直接用大网膜消灭残腔,瘘口修补6例,完全康复;用肋间肌瓣和前锯肌瓣填塞胸腔、堵塞瘘口6例,其中4例完全一期愈合,2例引流时间较长;另6例BPF患者发生时间晚,且伴有营养缺乏,除局部引流外,改善营养后大网膜消灭残腔后4例均自愈,余2例用肋间肌瓣和前锯肌瓣填塞胸腔,术后胸管引流时间较长后痊愈。 结论BPF能够早期诊断,积极引流和冲洗胸腔是治疗BPF的有效措施,一部分可以自行愈合,而自体组织包括心包胸膜、自体肌瓣和带蒂大网膜等填塞胸内残腔、堵塞瘘口是治疗BPF的最有效办法,其中带蒂大网膜效果最佳。     

再次开胸瘘修补术治疗肺切除术后早期支气管胸膜瘘

目的 总结采用再次手术瘘修补结合自体带蒂肌瓣组织包盖残端的方法治疗23例肺切除术后早期支气管胸膜瘘(BPF)(9例伴有胸腔感染)的经验,并对治疗选择进行探讨.方法 23例中第一次手术方式全肺切除13例,肺叶切除10例.BPF发生时间为术后5～40天,平均21天.BPF确诊后,立即行胸腔闭式引流术并考虑行二次开胸瘘修补术.4例采用直接缝合修补瘘口,10例重新切除残端至正常组织后再次缝合,7例切除残端后行支气管成形或隆凸成形术,2例将带蒂肌瓣缝合到瘘口边缘达到封闭;瘘修补后残端后包埋的肌瓣包括肋间肌瓣5例,肋背阔肌瓣10例、前锯肌瓣6例、骶棘肌2例.瘘修补术后常规给予胸腔冲冼.结果无术中及术后近期死亡.术后并发严重并发症4例,均对症治疗后痊愈.21例瘘口修补成功,失败2例,成功率为91.3％.1例修补后2年因残端复发致BPF伴脓胸,其余均无BPF复发.结论 肺切除术后早期BPF,即使有胸腔感染,如果预期可耐受手术,应尽早积极手术修补瘘口并以带蒂胸壁肌瓣包盖,结合术后胸腔持续冲洗,可获得良好效果.     

经气管置管冲洗治疗肺切除后支气管胸膜瘘

目的探讨经气管置管冲洗治疗肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的疗效. 方法对发生支气管胸膜瘘患者先行胸腔闭式引流,然后在纤维支气管镜下将一直径2mm导管通过鼻腔经支气管残端瘘口置入胸腔,导管超过瘘口1～1.5 cm,经导管向胸腔滴注生理盐水,并从患侧胸腔引流管充分引流.冲洗至引流液清亮,细菌培养阴性,引流管无明显气泡溢出时,停止冲洗. 结果 5例患者均获得治愈,治愈时间为42～60天. 结论经气管置管冲洗治疗肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘可以取得满意的疗效,与单纯胸腔冲洗的保守治疗方法比较,治愈率明显提高.     

肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的治疗进展

支气管胸膜瘘(bronchopulmonary fistula,BPF)是肺切除术后的难治性并发症.早期发现的BPF,不伴有胸腔感染者,治疗效果较好.伴有胸腔感染的BPF,若胸腔感染引流不畅势必影响瘘口周围肉芽形成,影响瘘口的愈合,需联合脓腔引流、胸腔冲洗、负压封闭引流、全身抗感染及营养支持等治疗.现将近年来肺切除术后BPF的手术修补与内镜治疗进展综述如下.     

肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的外科治疗

目的探讨肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的外科治疗。方法26例患者分别采取胸腔引流、支气管残端修补、胸膜余肺切除、胸廓成形术等治疗方式。结果23例（88．5％）患者经各种治疗最终获得治愈，手术死亡1例，瘘口未愈失访2例。结论充分胸腔引流能控制感染，彻底消除残腔，妥善封闭支气管瘘口是外科治疗肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的关键环节。     

全肺切除术后支气管残端瘘的原因与治疗

目的 探讨肺癌全肺切除术后支气管残端瘘的因素,并寻找其预防与治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析1987年5月至2007年5月965例因肺癌行全肺切除术患者中32例术后发生支气管残端瘘患者的临床资料.对全肺切除术后支气管残端瘘的风险因素进行分析.结果 全肺切除术后支气管残端瘘的发生率为3.3%(32/965),左侧12.5%(4/32),右侧87.5%(28/32).单因素分析显示,全肺切除术后支气管残端瘘的风险因素包括右全肺切除、术前接受放疗、延长机械通气、支气管残端长度>2 cm和血清白蛋白<30 g/L.Logistic回归证实右全肺切除、术前接受放疗和血清白蛋白<30 g/L是全肺切除术后支气管残端瘘的危险因素.对直径≤3 mm的瘘口行生物胶粘堵,治愈率为83.3%(5/6).对直径＞3 mm的瘘口行大网膜加固残端,治愈率为83.3%(5/6).结论 右全肺切除、术前接受放疗和血清白蛋白水平低于3 g/L是全肺切除术后支气管残端瘘的危险因素.对直径≤3 mm的瘘口,可应用生物胶粘堵;对直径>3 mm的瘘口,可利用转移大网膜加固残端.     

支气管器械闭合和结扎缝合法在肺癌术中的对比研究

目的比较支气管器械闭合和结扎缝合法在肺癌肺切除术中支气管闭合上的临床效果.方法2000年3月至2003年12月351例行肺切除手术的肺癌患者随机分为支气管器械闭合组(n=186例,A组)和结扎缝合组(n=165例,B组).分别比较两组术后支气管胸膜瘘、支气管残端癌残留和胸膜腔感染发生率.结果支气管机械闭合组术后支气管胸膜瘘、支气管残端癌残留、胸腔感染发生率分别为0.54%、4.36%、3.76%;而支气管结扎缝合组则分别为4.24%、10.91%、9.09%.两组比较有差异.(P＜0.05).结论对于降低肺癌手术后支气管胸膜瘘和胸膜腔感染,减少支气管残端癌残留,支气管器械闭合优于结扎缝合法.     

经纤维支气管镜治疗支气管胸膜瘘6例

支气管胸膜瘘（BPF）是指肺泡、各级支气管与胸膜腔交通的窦道。2004年以来我们采用经纤维支气管镜注射医用吻合胶（0B胶）加持续胸腔闭式引流或间断残腔冲洗治疗BPF6例，现总结报道如下。     

《中华创伤杂志》征订启事

支气管胸膜瘘（BPF）是指肺泡、各级支气管与胸膜腔交通的窦道。2004年以来我们采用经纤维支气管镜注射医用吻合胶（0B胶）加持续胸腔闭式引流或间断残腔冲洗治疗BPF6例，现总结报道如下。     

全肺切除术后早期支气管胸膜瘘的手术治疗效果观察

目的 探讨手术治疗全肺切除术后早期支气管胸膜瘘(BPF)的效果。方法 给予全肺切除术后确诊为BPF的36例患者早期手术治疗,观察手术效果及安全性。术后随访6个月,比较手术前及术后6个月患者的生活质量评分。结果 本组术后发生并发症3例(8.33%),其中肺栓塞1例、呼吸衰竭2例,给予抗感染、抗凝、气管切开及呼吸机辅助等治疗后均顺利康复出院。再次开胸术后住院时间19~51 d,平均32.21 d。末次随访,患者的生活质量评分较手术前显著提高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 对全肺切除术后BPF患者行早期手术联合胸腔冲洗治疗,效果显著,有利于改善预后及患者生活质量。     

MRSA pyothorax due to bronchopleural fistula after grafting and pneumonectomy for traumatic aneurysm of the thoracic aorta--a successful treatment by open drainage and omentopexy]

Treatment of postpneumonectomy pyothorax due to bronchopleural fistula (BPF) is troublesome, especially with methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. Moreover, in a bypass-grafting case, the management becomes more complicated. We reported a successful treated case of MRSA pyothorax due to BPF after grafting and pneumonectomy. In a 48-year-old woman performed grafting and pneumonectomy for traumatic aneurysm of the thoracic aorta, MRSA pyothorax due to BPF occurred. BPF was successfully closed by fibrin-glueing under bronchofiberscopy. However pyothorax was not improved by thoracic irrigation for a month. Therefore, open pleural drainage underwent. At the same time, bronchial stump and graft surface was covered with the omental pedicle flap. The open wound had become sterile in two months, and the thoracic window was closed three months after the open drainage.     

A case of postpneumonectomy empyema cured by open drainage thoracotomy and thoracoplasty with pectoral myoplasty]

The patient was a 57-year-old male with lung adenocarcinoma arising in right upper lobe. Because the tumor invaded to the trunchus intermedius and B6, right upper lobe, middle lobe and S6 was resected with bronchial plasty which was performed between the main bronchus and basal bronchus. Because the bronchial fistula appeared after 12 days of operation, completion pneumonectomy was performed, and the stump of the main bronchus was covered with intercostal muscle. Although fistula of the bronchial stump did not appear, open drainage thoracotomy was performed because of deterioration of empyema due to methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). After 10 weeks of open drainage, although MRSA did not disappear, the thoracoplasty with interthoracic transposition of the major and minor pectoral muscles was performed. Empyema was cured, and the patient left the hospital 2 weeks after thoracoplasty. Thoracoplasty with pectoral myoplasty was useful for single-staged closure of post-pneumonectomy empyema.     

Bronchopleural fistula after pneumonectomy: a major challenge.

OBJECTIVE: Bronchopleural fistula (BPF) is a life-threatening complication of pneumonectomy. Its treatment still challenges the thoracic surgeon. We present our 10-year experience in the management of this entity. MATERIAL: From 1986 to 1997, 8 patients with BPF, representing 2.5% of the 315 pneumonectomies performed in the same period, were treated in our Department. All were male, aged 52-74 (mean: 62.5) years. Pneumonectomy (right: 5, left: 3) was undertaken due to lung cancer. BPF occurred within one month postoperatively. RESULTS: No difference in BPF incidence was observed comparing hand suturing and stapling of the bronchial stump. BPF was associated with empyema thoracis (ET) in 5 patients. Methods of management included prolonged chest tube drainage (n = 5), open thoracostomy (n = 3), bronchoscopical injection of fibrin sealant (n = 2), BPF closure through the previous thoracotomy with autologous tissue buttress (n = 2), transternal transpericardial closure of the BPF (n = 1). Two patients died (mortality 25%): one patient treated with chest tube drainage due to myocardial infarction, and the other undergone transternal BPF closure due to sepsis. In the rest 6 patients closure of the BPF was achieved. CONCLUSION: BPF after pneumonectomy continues to be a problem without definite solution at present. Prevention has not been achieved with the use of staples for bronchial stump closure. Small leaks may be scaled endoscopically with fibrin glue. Otherwise, early surgical closure is mandatory, especially when empyema thoracis coexists.     

Anterior transpericardial closure of a main bronchus fistula after pneumonectomy

A young woman sustained a penetrating wound to the right anterior chest during a vehicular accident. Septic complications led to emergency pneumonectomy followed by infection of the pleural space and disruption of the right bronchus closure. Her condition improved after creation of a pleural window for dependent drainage and gauze packing of the pleural space. Subsequently, the open bronchial stump was closed utilizing a transpericardial approach through a median sternotomy incision which permitted eventual closure of the pneumonectomy space without thoracoplasty. When the length of the bronchial stump permits its application, the transpericardial approach to postpneumonectomy bronchial fistula closure offers important advantages over conventional transpleural techniques.     

Prediction of early bronchopleural fistula after pneumonectomy: a multivariate analysis.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine independent risk factors for early bronchopleural fistula (BPF) after pneumonectomy and to assess the efficacy of bronchial coverage in preventing this complication. METHODS: We reviewed 242 consecutive patients undergoing pneumonectomy for lung cancer. The bronchial stump was covered with autologous tissue in 178 patients (74%). Perioperative data were recorded to identify risk factors of BPF by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Overall morbidity and mortality rates were 59% and 5.4%, respectively. The incidence of BPF was 5.4%. By univariate analysis, patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; p = 0.017), hyperglycemia (p = 0.003), hypoalbuminemia (p = 0.017), previous steroid therapy (p < 0.001), poor predicted postpneumonectomy forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1; p = 0.012), long bronchial stumps (p < 0.001), and mechanical ventilation (p = 0.015), were related with higher risk of BPF. In the multiple logistic regression model, the independent risk factors of BPF were the bronchial stump coverage and length, side of pneumonectomy, predicted postpneumonectomy FEV1, COPD, and mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSIONS: Bronchial stump coverage is highly recommended in all cases to minimize the risks of BPF. A shorter length of the bronchial stump and early extubation may prevent the development of BPF. Careful attention must be paid to those patients with COPD and poor predicted postpneumonectomy FEV1.     

Experience with thoracoscopic surgery for primary bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy

After a left pneumonectomy, thoracoscopic closure with fibrin glue was performed for a fistula on the bronchial stump and the postoperative state progressed favorably thereafter. In this paper, we report on this successful case.Case: A 61 year-old male, who underwent a left pneumonectomy on January 17, 1996 for pulmonary carcinoma (T 3 N 1M 0 stage III A). The bronchial stump was covered with anterior serratus muscle flap. On April 1 (the 76th postoperative day), after two courses of Carboplatin and Vindesine treatment, the patient suddenly developed a fistula on the bronchial stump. Bronchofiberscopic closure with fibrin glue was attempted, but failed to close the fistula. Thoracoscopic surgery was then performed on May 15 (the 45th day after the onset of the fistula). After the intrathoracic opening of the fistula was found with a contrast medium, fibrin glue was injected to fill up to the bronchial stump, and communication with the thoracic cavity was blocked. Owing to coverage with a myocutaneous flap, the patient’s general postoperative state remained relatively stable. Thoracoscopic surgery is useful as a treatment for some cases of bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy.     

Reoperation for left main bronchial stump fistula developing after pneumonectomy

We report the case of a 71-year-old male patient who underwent reoperation for bronchial stump fistula developing after left pneumonectomy for adenocarcinoma of the left lung (clinical stage IIB). After surgery, he developed persistent, severe cough and chest X-ray films taken on the 23rd postoperative day showed a drop in the air-fluid level in the left lung field, which, along with bronchoscopic findings, strongly suggested the bronchial stump fistula and subsequent reoperation was performed. Both superior pulmonary vein and main pulmonary artery were dissected again proximally in pericardium, and the left main bronchus was separated from the surrounding tissue. Bronchial stump was closed with a stapler as close to the carina as possible, and additional resection was performed. After reoperation, the patient had an uneventful course, and was discharged in the second postoperative week. Shorter length of bronchial stump may be the most important factor to prevent the bronchial stump fistula developing after pneumonectomy.     

The posterior membranous flap technique for bronchial closure after pneumonectomy

Bronchopleural fistula after pneumonectomy is a life-threatening complication which is associated with the surgical technique and the experience of the surgeon. We evaluated the incidence of bronchopleural fistula using the posterior membranous flap technique, as originally described by G. Jack in 1965. The surgical technique of bronchial closure proximal to the carina is described and discussed. From 1999 to 2005, 45 consecutive patients underwent pneumonectomy in our hospital using the posterior membranous flap technique for bronchial closure. Twenty-nine patients (64.5%) underwent left pneumonectomy and 16 patients (35.5%) right pneumonectomy. Patients were operated on for non-small cell lung cancer (41 patients - 89%), small cell lung cancer (one patient - 2.2%), mixed and other types of cancer (two patients - 4.4%), and non-neoplastic etiology (one patient - 2.2%). In the follow up of the patients no bronchopleural fistula was identified after pneumonectomy, right or left. Thirty-day mortality was 6.6% (three patients), all because of cardiorespiratory insufficiency. Using the posterior membranous flap technique, we eliminated the two major factors of the occurrence of BPF: (a) the tension in the suture line; and (b) the remaining stump from the resected bronchus. This bronchial closure technique offers a safe method of prevention of bronchopleural fistula.     

Bronchopleural fistulas developing after pulmonary resections for lung cancer predisposing factors, management, and prognosis

During the past 28 years, 55 bronchopleural fistulas (BPFs) have developed after pulmonary resections for 52 primary and 3 recurrent lung cancers at the National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo. During the same period, there were 2446 pulmonary resections for primary lung cancer, the incidence of BPF being 2.1%. As an operative mode of initial resections, pneumonectomy (26 cases) was most common, followed by lobectomy (20 cases), bronchoplasty (8 cases), and stump resection for recurrence (1 case). The following predisposing risk factors for BPF development were identified: resection for locally advanced lung cancer (80.8%); residual carcinomatous tissue at the resected end of bronchus or anastomosis line (29.1%); hypoalbuminemia, diabetes, or steroid administration (20%); pre- and postoperative adjuvant therapy (49.1%). Seven cases received no treatment for BPF because of sudden deaths by massive airway bleeding (5 cases), worsening pneumonia (1 case), and spontaneous recovery (1 case). Remaining 48 cases underwent treatment; tube thoracostomy only in 7 cases and surgical interventions in 41 cases, one case of which was lost during rethoracotomy due to vascular rupture. Initial surgical interventions were composed of combinations of the following procedures; direct re-suture of fistula (16 cases); amputation of the stump and re-closure (3 cases); completion pneumonectomy (6 cases); reinforcement and wrapping of fistula (27 cases); thoracoplasty (29 case). Among these 40 surgical repairs, fistula was successfully closed in 11 cases. In 5 cases, the fistula closure could be achieved after subsequent surgical procedures. Direct re-suture was successful only in 4 cases. In spite of various kinds of treatment, overall prognosis was quite poor; 37 cases died of BPF-related complications (67.3% mortality).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)