28例前庭阵发症的MRI表现分析

目的探讨前庭阵发症的磁共振表现。方法应用三维-磁共振血管成像技术对28例前庭阵发症(vestibular paroxysmia,VP)患者(VP组)及28例其他眩晕病患者(对照组)进行扫描,评判所见前庭蜗神经周围有无神经血管交互压迫(neurovascular cross-compression,NVCC)现象,并记录责任血管和责任血管压迫神经部位至脑干的距离。分别进行卡方检验和t检验以明确两组差异之间有无统计学意义。结果 VP组56耳中存在NVCC现象有35耳,其中血管接触关系28耳,推移关系7耳,对照组56耳中存在NVCC现象有16耳,均为接触关系,未发现前庭蜗神经受血管推移现象,两组比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=16.191,P<0.001)。VP组中责任血管为小脑前下动脉25耳(71.4%),小脑后下动脉7耳(20%),椎动脉3耳(8.6%),对照组中责任血管为小脑前下动脉9耳(56.3%),小脑后下动脉6耳(37.5%),椎动脉1耳(6.3%),VP组与对照组压迫责任血管来源差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.774,P>0.05)。NVCC距脑干距离VP组为8.57±5.08 mm,对照组为8.93±4.64 mm,两组差异无统计学意义(t=-0.237,P>0.05)。VP组NVCC压迫位置距脑干距离<15 mm者为29耳(82.9%),对照组NVCC压迫位置距脑干距离<15 mm者为12耳(75%),两组差异无统计学意义(P=0.705,P>0.05)。结论 NVCC在VP患者中发生率高,压迫血管以小脑前下动脉多见,NVCC多发生在前庭蜗神经中枢髓鞘部。     

前庭阵发症血管神经压迫的MRI特点分析

目的探讨前庭阵发症血管神经压迫的MRI特点。方法应用三维-磁共振血管成像技术对36例前庭阵发症(vestibular paroxysmia,VP)患者(VP组)及36例其他眩晕病患者(对照组)进行扫描,进一步比较分析血管神经压迫(Neurovascular cross-compression,NVCC)的发生率、压迫类型及血管来源。结果 VP组45耳(62.5%)存在NVCC现象,其中39耳(50.0%)存在血管接触,9耳(12.5%)推移关系;对照组21耳(29.1%)存在NVCC现象,均为接触关系。2组比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=16.112,P0.001)。VP组中Ⅰ型22耳(48.9%),Ⅱ型5耳(11.1%),Ⅲ型16耳(35.6%),Ⅳ型2耳(4.4%);对照组Ⅰ型10耳(47.6%),Ⅱ型3耳(14.3%),Ⅲ型8耳(38.1%),无Ⅳ型。VP组与对照组分型差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.083,P=0.781)。VP组中34耳(72.3%)责任血管为小脑前下动脉,9耳(19.1%)为小脑后下动脉,4耳(8.5%)为椎动脉。对照组中12耳(57.1%)责任血管为小脑前下动脉,8耳(38.1%)为小脑后下动脉,1耳(4.7%)为椎动脉。VP组与对照组压迫责任血管来源差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.561,P=0.278)。结论 NVCC在VP患者中发生率高,常见于Ⅰ、Ⅲ型,以小脑前下动脉为压迫血管多见。     

前庭阵发症的影像学特点

目的 探讨前庭阵发症(VP)的影像学特点.方法 应用MRI三维稳态进动快速成像序列(3D-FIESTA)对51例VP患者(VP组)及51例其他眩晕病患者(对照组)的桥小脑角区进行轴位扫描,并比较其结果.结果 VP组42例(82.4％)患者存在神经血管交互压迫(NVCC),其中单侧37例(88.1％),双侧5例(1 1.9％);对照组8例(15.7％)患者有NVCC,均为单侧.VP组NVCC阳性率显著高于对照组(x2=45.351,P＜0.001).VP组NVCC Ⅰ型23耳(48.9％),Ⅱ型5耳(10.6％),Ⅲ型17耳(36.2％),Ⅳ型2耳(4.3％);压迫小脑前下动脉45耳(95.7％).对照组Ⅰ型4耳(50.0％),Ⅱ型1耳(12.5％),Ⅲ型3耳(37.5％),无Ⅳ型;压迫血管均为小脑前下动脉.VP组与对照组分型构成差异无统计学意义(x2=0.367,P =0.947).结论 VP患者NVCC的发生率较高,最常见的为单侧NVCC Ⅰ、Ⅲ型的前庭蜗神经与小脑前下动脉交互压迫.     

前庭阵发症血管神经压迫角度影像学分析

目的分析前庭阵发症血管神经压迫的影像学特点,并对血管走行在发病中的影响进行探讨。方法应用磁共振血管成像技术3D-TOF-MRA序列对30例前庭阵发症症(vestibular paroxysmia,VP)患者及30例其他眩晕患者的桥小脑角区进行扫描,对两组前庭蜗神经周围有无血管神经交互压迫(neurovascular cross-compression,NVCC)、压迫类型、神经血管之间的角度(α)进行回顾性分析。结果 VP组NVCC阳性率为93.3%(28/30),显著高于眩晕组56.7%(17/30,χ2=6.296,P=0.012,P<0.05)。VP组最常见的NVCC类型为血管袢压迫(15/28,53.6%)。两组间NVCC分型差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.813,P=0.421,P>0.05)。VP组血管神经之间角度45°<α<135°的患者24例(24/30,80.0%),显著高于眩晕组(12/30,40.0%,χ2=10.000,P=0.002,P<0.05)。结论VP组NVCC阳性率高,压迫类型以袢压迫多见,血管神经之间的角度在45°至135°之间与VP发病的可能性大。     

脑微出血与椎-基底动脉形态在脑干梗死中的相关性研究

目的研究脑干梗死患者脑微出血(CMBs)与椎-基底动脉形态的关系。方法对204例脑干梗死患者行头颅MRI+磁敏感加权成像(SWI)及头颈MRA检查,根据CMBs情况将患者分为脑干CMBs阳性组与阴性组。比较两组椎-基底动脉形态特点,分析脑干梗死患者CMBs与椎-基底动脉形态独立相关因素。结果头颅SWI检查结果显示,112例患者有脑干CMBs(阳性组),92例脑干无CMBs(阴性组)。阳性组椎-基底动脉异常发生率(78.6%)显著高于阴性组(58.7%)(χ~2=9.432,P=0.002)。与阴性组比较,阳性组椎动脉狭窄、椎动脉发育不良及基底动脉迂曲、延长的比率显著增高(均P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,椎动脉发育不良、基底动脉迂曲延长是脑干脑CMBs的独立危险因素(OR=1.859,95CI%:1.056~3.270,P=0.032;OR=1.745,95CI%:1.010~3.018,P=0.046)。结论伴有椎-基底动脉形态异常脑干梗死患者脑干CMBs发生率高。脑干CMBs与椎动脉发育不良、基底动脉迂曲延长独立相关。     

前庭阵发症患者高分辨MR和前庭神经功能检查的临床研究

目的评估高分辨磁共振影像技术诊断前庭阵发症的敏感性和特异性,进一步分析前庭阵发症血管压迫侧和前庭功能受累侧一致和矛盾特点。方法连续收集20例前庭阵发症患者和20例良性阵发性位置性眩晕患者,运用磁共振三维稳态进动快速成像序列和三维时间飞跃血管成像序列技术,分析第Ⅷ脑神经和血管压迫情况,所有患者进行详细的前庭功能检查。结果高分辨磁共振诊断前庭阵发症敏感度100%,特异度70%,血管压迫距离脑干0~10mm,20例患者中14例(70%)为小脑前下动脉,2例(10%)为小脑后下动脉,2例(10%)为静脉,2例(10%)为椎动脉。5例(25%)前庭神经功能检查无明显异常,9例(45%)表现神经血管压迫侧同前庭神经功能下降或缺失侧一致,6例(30%)神经血管压迫侧同前庭神经功能下降或缺失侧不一致。结论前庭阵发症患者神经血管压迫侧和前庭功能受累侧存在一致和矛盾,联合详细的前庭神经功能检查和高分辨MR可进一步明确前庭阵发症受累侧。     

椎动脉优势与后循环缺血性眩晕的关系

目的 探讨椎动脉优势在后循环缺血性眩晕(VAIV)中的临床意义.方法 前瞻性收集经头颅MRA检查发现的椎动脉优势的VAIV患者41例为研究对象,以非椎动脉优势的患者36例为对照,比较两组患者的基底动脉情况及眩晕严重程度.将椎动脉优势组患者根据椎动脉直径差异分为轻度变异组(0.04～0.70mm)、中度变异组(0.70～1.17 mm)、重度变异组(≥1.17 mm)3组,比较3组患者的眩晕严重程度差异.所有患者均随访1年,观察椎动脉优势与阳性事件发生(眩晕反复发作或发生后循环脑梗死)的关系.结果 (1)椎动脉优势组基底动脉形状异常率为70.73％(29/41),明显高于非椎动脉优势组33.33％(12/36)(x2=10.77,P＜0.01);(2)椎动脉优势组眩晕严重程度(3.3±1.2)高于非椎动脉优势组(2.3±0.6)(t=1.99,P＜0.01);不同变异3组间两两比较,椎动脉优势重度变异组眩晕严重程度(4.0±1.1)大于轻度变异组(2.9±0.9)(t=2.07,P＜0.05);(3)随访1年后,椎动脉优势组阳性事件发生率(65.85％)高于非优势组(30.56％)(x2=9.56,P＜0.01).结论 椎动脉优势的VAIV患者基底动脉异常率高,眩晕程度更严重,更容易反复发作眩晕或发生后循环脑梗死.     

经颅多普勒超声研究我国南方社区人群椎-基底动脉颅内段狭窄的状况

目的 研究我国南方社区健康人群椎-基底动脉颅内段狭窄的患病情况和危险因素.方法 以居委会为单位随机整群抽取社区成年居民.测量身高、体重、腰围、臀围和血压,记录病史资料.空腹静脉采血检测血糖、甘油三酯、总胆固醇等.经颅多普勒超声(TCD)检测双侧椎动脉颅内段(VA)和基底动脉(BA)狭窄情况.用SPSS 11.0软件包进行数据统计分析.结果 1035名有效研究对象中,58例(5.6%)存在椎-基底动脉颅内段狭窄.其中左、右侧VA狭窄分别为17例和23例,BA狭窄30例.单因素分析提示,糖尿病患者中椎-基底动脉颅内段狭窄的患病率(10.3%)显著高于非糖尿病患者(3.2%,χ2=6.221,P=0.013);狭窄组人群平均收缩压水平[(131.1±25.5)mm Hg,1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa]显著高于非狭窄组[(124.1±21.6)mm Hg,t=2.228,P=0.026].Logistic回归分析证实糖尿病史和收缩压是椎-基底动脉颅内段狭窄的独立危险因素(糖尿病史:OR=3.305,P=0.023;收缩压升高1 mm Hg,OR=1.012,P=0.047).结论 椎-基底动脉颅内段狭窄在我国成年人群中均有较高的发生率.收缩压的升高和糖尿病是椎-基底动脉颅内段狭窄的重要危险因素.     

前庭阵发症前庭诱发肌源性电位的特征及应用

目的观察前庭阵发症(vestibular paroxysmia,VP)患者前庭诱发肌源性电位(vestibular evoked myogenic potentials,VEMPs)的引出率和各参数指标,探讨其临床诊断及应用价值。方法将20例伴有神经血管交互压迫(neurovascular cross compression,NVCC)的VP患者作为VP组,并以同期20例年龄、性别分布相仿磁共振检查未见NVCC的健康体检者作为对照组。对所有入组者行眼肌前庭诱发电位(ocular vestibular evoked potential,o VEMP)和颈肌前庭诱发电位(cervical vestibular evoked potential,c VEMP)检查,对其VEMPs的引出率和各参数进行组间和组内比较,进一步对VP的VEMPs特点进行分析。结果 (1) VP组o VEMP引出22耳(55%),其非NVCC侧引出16耳(84. 21%)、NVCC侧6耳(28. 57%),差异具有统计学意义(χ~2=10. 33,P 0. 05),对照组引出35耳(87. 50%); VP组c VEMP引出26耳(65%),其中非NVCC侧引出17耳(89. 47%),NVCC侧9耳(42. 86%),差异具有统计学意义(χ~2=7. 59,P 0. 05),对照组引出35耳(87. 50%); VP组NVCC侧与对照组o VEMP、c VEMP引出率经组间比较,差异均具有统计学意义(χ~2=21. 70,P 0. 05;χ~2=13. 65,P 0. 05); VP组非NVCC侧与对照组o VEMP、c VEMP引出率经组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(χ~2=0. 00,P 0. 05;χ~2=0. 00,P 0. 05)。(2)在VP组,c VEMP与o VEMP引出率比较,差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0. 83,P 0. 05)。(3) VP组NVCC侧潜伏期延长、振幅下降,与非NVCC侧VEMPs各参数值经组内比较,差异均有统计学意义(P值均0. 05); VP组NVCC侧与对照组VEMPs各参数值经组间比较,差异均有统计学意义(P值均0. 05); VP组非NVCC侧与对照组VEMPs各参数值经组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均0. 05)。结论 VP患者NVCC侧VEMPs引出率较低、潜伏期延长、振幅下降,NVCC是VP的发病机制之一且VEMPs有助于鉴别病变侧; VP患者NVCC侧前庭上、下神经传导通路均有一定的异常。     

选择脑微出血与椎-基底动脉形态在脑干梗死中的相关性研究

目的选择脑微出血与椎-基底动脉形态在脑干梗死中的相关性研究。方法从本院选择92例脑干梗死患者采用MRI与SWI进行检查,并根据检查结果分为阴性组与阳性组,对比两组患者的椎-基底动脉形态特点,并就脑微出血与椎-基底动脉形态的相关性进行分析。结果阴性组与阳性组在基底动脉迂曲、椎动脉狭窄、基底动脉狭窄以及椎动脉发育不良方面差异明显(P0.05);阳性组椎-基底动脉异常发生率比阴性组高,P0.05。结论脑干梗死患者大多伴有椎-基底动脉形态异常,从而提高了脑微出血的发生率。此外,基底脑微出血与基底动脉延长、椎动脉发育不良具有极为密切的联系。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。