手术方式对乳腺癌患者不同阶段生活质量的影响

背景与目的：随着医学模式的转变,肿瘤患者术后生活质量(quality of life)已成为评价整体治疗的重要标准之一。本研究旨在探讨不同手术方式对乳腺癌患者治疗和康复各阶段的生活质量的影响。方法：对2012年4月—2013年4月在北京同仁医院肿瘤中心手术后复查以及首次接受手术的乳腺癌患者共207例进行生活质量评定,其中保留乳房的乳腺癌切除术61例,全乳切除即刻乳房重建术60例,乳腺癌改良根治术86例,通过配对设计方法,使用量表进行调查,并进行统计学分析。结果：围手术期时,接受保乳手术或全乳切除即刻乳房重建手术的患者与接受改良根治术的患者主要在生理、情感和焦虑、抑郁等不良情绪水平方面差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而在生活质量方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后2年和术后5年,接受保乳手术或全乳切除即刻乳房重建手术的患者与接受改良根治术的患者在生活质量方面差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而在生理、情感和焦虑、抑郁等不良情绪水平方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论：保留乳房的乳腺癌切除术和全乳切除即刻乳房重建手术较乳腺癌改良根治术可明显降低乳腺癌患者在围手术期焦虑、抑郁等不良情绪,并可不同程度提高患者的远期生活质量。     

横行腹直肌肌皮瓣应用于乳腺癌术后即时乳房再造的临床研究

目的探讨横行腹直肌肌皮瓣(TRAM)应用于乳腺癌术后即时乳房再造的临床研究。方法选取2016年4月至2018年4月间广东省高州市人民医院收治的行TRAM乳房重建术治疗的20例乳腺癌患者为TRAM组,另同期选取采用背阔肌肌皮瓣再造术(LDM)治疗的20例乳腺癌患者为LDM组。比较两组患者乳房再造术后外观、乳房体积变化和术后并发症。结果两组患者术中出血量、手术时间、住院时间和住院总费用比较,差异无统计学意义(P <0. 05)。TRAM组患者乳房重造后外观评价优良率为95. 0%,LDM组为90. 0%,两组组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P> 0. 05)。重复测量方差分析显示,两组患者不同时点乳房重建后乳房体积比较,差异有统计学意义(P <0. 05)。且术后1、3、6、12个月,两组患者的乳房体积比较,差异无统计学意义(P> 0. 05)。两组患者术后伴有局部积液和血肿等并发症,两组患者乳房重造后并发症总发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0. 05)。结论乳腺癌术后即时TRAM乳房再造方法术中出血少,再造乳房外观较佳,且术后并发症少,对乳腺癌根治术后患者生活质量的提高具有积极意义。     

自体组织即刻乳房重建和延迟乳房重建术后生活质量评价

目的评价自体组织即刻乳房重建和延迟乳房重建术后患者的生活质量。方法通过问卷和电话随访两种形式调查自体组织即刻乳房重建和延迟乳房重建的乳腺癌患者术后生活质量。生活质量问卷是欧洲癌症研究治疗组织制定的调查条例(EORTC QLQ-C30)及专用于乳腺癌的特异模块乳腺癌患者生命质量测定量表QLQ-BR23中文版。2005年1月-2009年10月,共随访到72例,即刻组31例,延迟组41例。结果即刻乳房重建对患者术后生活质量的影响在多方面优于延迟乳房重建。重建乳房对称性、角色功能、社会功能、情绪功能及上肢功能的评价即刻组显著高于延迟组（P<0.001和P<0.05）。结论自体组织即刻乳房重建患者术后生活质量优于延迟乳房重建患者,乳腺癌患者如果有乳房重建的要求,自体组织即刻乳房重建可以作为首选方法。     

不同手术方式对早期乳腺癌患者生存质量的影响

[目的]比较保乳术与非保乳术对早期乳腺癌患者生存质量的影响。[方法]选取早期乳腺癌患者190例（保留乳房手术102例,改良根治术或根治术88例）,用FACT-B（4．0）中文版收集资料,采用f检验比较不同术式对两组患者生存质量的影响。[结果1保乳组与非保乳组患者的总体生存质量无统计学差异（拄1．12,P=0．265）。各领域得分的比较中,保乳组社会／家庭状况领域得分高于非保乳组（t=2．34,P=0．021）。[结论]保乳组与非保乳组患者总体生存质量无显著差异,但保乳组在社会,家庭状况和体像方面优于非保乳组。     

即刻乳房再造在乳腺癌手术中的应用与探讨

目的探讨即刻乳房再造在乳腺癌手术中的应用价值。方法自2005年10月至2009年2月共完成了26例乳腺癌改良根治即刻乳房再造手术,其中10例为局部晚期乳腺癌。即刻腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造术12例,背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造术8例,保留乳头乳晕复合体皮下乳腺全切假体植入乳房再造术5例,保留乳头乳晕复合体皮下乳腺全切背阔肌肌皮瓣结合假体植入乳房再造术1例。结果全组手术切缘病理均达到阴性,皮瓣全部成活,无假体相关并发症,亦无腹壁疝发生。再造乳房形态满意,肌皮瓣再造乳房可以安全地耐受术后放疗,随访1～40个月无局部复发病例。结论即刻乳房再造手术从根本上改善了乳腺癌患者术后的生活质量,在局部晚期乳腺癌手术中,肌皮瓣乳房再造还可以为足够的切除范围提供安全保障,颇具临床应用价值。     

乳腺癌新辅助化疗后局部病灶的外科处理原则

新辅助化疗是局部晚期乳腺癌标准治疗方案中的重要组成部分之一.可提高肿瘤切除率与保乳率.对于早期乳腺癌,新辅助化疗可使原发肿瘤降期以提高局部切除的可行性,并可早期评价化疗敏感性从而指导个体化治疗.一些研究已经证实新辅助化疗的反应与患者生存率相关,许多患者将得益于其对远处器官内微小转移灶的控制.本文将就新辅助化疗后保乳的选择、乳房再造术的时机以及区域淋巴结治疗等局部病灶外科处理的研究进展作一综述.1)新辅助化疗后的保乳手术不应为追求保乳而以降低生存率或增加局部复发为代价,且选择标准应与直接手术相一致,存在局部晚期病变但对化疗反应好的患者也考虑保乳手术.2)新辅助化疗后的晚期乳腺癌患者行即刻乳房再造术,其并发症发生率并无增加;但放疗可导致假体再造乳房的包膜挛缩或反复感染,对自体乳房再造的影响尚无定论.因此局部晚期乳腺癌患者应考虑行延迟乳房再造术;Kronowitz等人提出的"延迟一即刻"乳房再造是一种具有实用价值的方法.3)对新辅助化疗敏感的患者可考虑通过前哨淋巴结活检进行腋窝淋巴结分期;在新辅助化疗前后行活检各有利弊.一些研究中将超声和前哨淋巴结活检相结合来判断腋窝淋巴结状态的方法值得借鉴,但尚需更多的研究加以证实.     

延迟放疗对乳腺癌保乳术后患者生存状况影响的研究

目的 探讨延迟放疗对乳腺癌保乳手术后患者生存状况的影响.方法 选取乳腺癌保乳手术患者150例,按随机数表法将患者分为对照组和观察组,每组75例.两组患者行乳房保留术后,对照组行常规放疗后辅助化疗;观察组根据患者具体情况,先行辅助化疗,再行放疗,延迟＞8周.观察并统计两组患者的术后局部复发(LR)、总生存(OS)、不良反应情况.结果 术后3年,观察组及对照组LR率分别为20.00％ (15/75)和36.00％ (27/75),差异有统计学意义(x2 =4.631,P=0.031);观察组及对照组OS率分别为94.67％和86.67％,差异无统计学差异(x2=2.953,P=0.134).观察组并发症1例,为皮下积液,转移2例;对照组并发症6例,其中皮下积液6例.转移8例,两组比较具显著差异(P＜0.05);治疗后观察组和对照组角色功能、情绪功能、社会功能和躯体功能等各项生活质量评分分别为(81.3±3.4)、(69.1±4.8)、(80.5±5.1)、(79.5±6.1)和(70.3±2.6)、(55.9±3.3)、(60.2±4.1)、(65.1±5.8)分,两组各项比较差异显著,具统计学意义(P＜0.05);观察组美容效果优良率为97.33％,高于对照组86.67％,差异具有统计学意义(x2 =8.631,P=0.003).结论 延迟放疗能对乳腺癌保乳手术患者患者生存状况产生积极影响,预后效果较好,患者生活质量明显提高,值得临床推广.     

早期乳腺癌根治术与保乳手术的临床疗效观察

目的探讨早期乳腺癌根治术与保乳手术的临床治疗效果。方法选择2014年5月至2015年5月间海南省临高县人民医院收治的68例早期乳腺癌患者,采用随机数字表法分为保乳组和根治组,每组34例。根治组患者采用早期乳腺癌根治术,保乳组患者采用早期保乳手术治疗。结果保乳组患者手术时间(165.5±2.6)min、出血量(260.5±20.5)ml、切口长度(4.5士1.2)cm、住院时间(9.3±2.2)d,均低于根治组患者的(185.6士4.5)min、(284.6±30.5)ml、(15.3±2.8)cm和(13.4±2.5)d,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。保乳组患者术后美容的优良率88.2%高于根治组患者的67.7%,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。保乳组患者的情感状况(17.5±1.5)分、生理状况(18.8±1.5)分、功能状况(18.6士1.5)分、附加条目(21.6±1.3)分和生活质量总分(96.5±4.6)分,均高于根治组患者的(14.0±1.5)分、(14.5±1.6)分、(12.4±1.6)分、(17.5±1.2)分和(77.8±6.5)分,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。保乳组患者术后1年局部复发率为5.9%,根治组患者为2.9%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论与早期乳腺癌根治术相比,保乳手术治疗早期乳腺癌具有更理想的手术指标和恢复速度,提高了美观度与生活质量,且近期复发率相当,适于临床应用。     

乳腺癌术后即刻乳房重建的相关问题探讨

 乳腺癌术后乳房重建显著提高了患者的生活质量,已成为乳腺癌综合治疗的一个重要部分,但也暴露出一些盲目重建的问题。乳腺癌术后乳房重建的选择应综合考虑,即刻重建与保乳手术相比选保乳,即刻重建与延期重建相比尽量即刻再造乳房,假体重建与自体重建的选择也因人而异。总之,乳房重建应遵循根治基础上兼顾美容的原则。     

乳腺切除术后即刻乳房再造术式的选择

乳腺切除术后即刻乳房再造与二期再造相比在术后效果、患者心理、住院时间以及所需费用等方面均具有明显优势.为乳腺癌术后患者选择一个合适的即刻乳房再造方式十分必要.本文对TRAM皮瓣、双蒂TRAM皮瓣、DIEP皮瓣、背阔肌肌皮瓣、扩张器/假体置入以及背阔肌肌皮瓣联合假体置入等各种即刻乳房再造术式的适应证与禁忌症进行综述.并从肿瘤学角度针对各种乳腺癌根治术如改良根治术、保留乳头、乳晕的乳腺切除术，以及保留皮肤的乳腺切除术、保乳手术后即刻乳房再造等术式的选择策略进行讨论.     

Preoperative breast MRI in early-stage breast cancer

Rapid uptake of new imaging technology is a major contributor to rising healthcare costs. Preoperative breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for patients with early-stage breast cancer has dramatically increased in use without the evidence of improved outcomes compared to standard assessment and is associated with higher rates of mastectomy. A decision analytic model was developed to evaluate the impact of adding breast MRI to the preoperative evaluation of women with early-stage breast cancer who were candidates for breast-conserving therapy on patient outcomes measured in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Model inputs, including survival, recurrence rates, and health utilities, were obtained from a comprehensive literature review. One-way sensitivity analyses were performed to estimate threshold values for key parameters at which adding MRI would become the optimal imaging strategy over standard assessment. Preoperative MRI resulted in 17.77 QALYs compared to 17.86 QALYs with standard assessment, a decrease of 0.09 QALYs or 34?days. In sensitivity analyses, standard assessment was associated with better patient outcomes than preoperative breast MRI across all plausible probabilities for mastectomy, local recurrence, and health utilities. For routine preoperative breast MRI to become the optimal strategy, the conversion rate to mastectomy after preoperative MRI would need to be <1?% (versus the range of 3.6-33?% reported in the literature). Routine preoperative breast MRI appears to confer no advantage over the standard diagnostic evaluations for early-stage breast cancer and may lead to worse patient outcomes.     

Glycolytic enzymes in breast cancer, benign breast disease and normal breast tissue

The activities of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, enolase and pyruvate kinase were studied in breast cancer tissues, in comparison to benign breast disease and normal breast tissues. The enzyme activities in breast cancer were significantly increased compared to normal and benign breast tissues (p less than 0.001). Also the increase in activity in benign disease compared to normal was statistically significant (p less than 0.001). Within the group of benign diseases, fibroadenomas could be distinguished from fibrocystic disease, the former generally showing higher activities compared to the latter (p less than or equal to 0.05). Carcinoma subgroups, classified according to their histology, could not be recognized enzymologically. In addition, isozyme composition of pyruvate kinase and enolase was studied. We did not find a significant shift towards K type pyruvate kinase expression in benign disease compared to normal breast tissues. Also fibroadenomas did not differ from fibrocystic disease. However, the amount of K type pyruvate kinase in carcinomas proved to be significantly higher in comparison to benign disease and normal breast tissues (p less than 0.001). Expression of alpha gamma-enolase in normal breast tissue was virtually absent. In benign disease only a minority of specimens did show the hybrid alpha gamma-enolase. Nearly all carcinomas had alpha gamma-enolase expression and in 20% of the carcinomas gamma gamma-enolase could be detected (so-called neuron-specific enolase). By discriminant analysis, the function giving the best discrimination compared to the histological data was based on natural logarithm aldolase and the total of gamma-enolase subunits. Contrary to expectation, the regulator enzymes of glycolysis; i.e., hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase were not included in this discriminant function. The best fit produced a 90% correct classification in both benign and malignant disease. If these findings are confirmed to a larger series, the discrimination is sufficiently strong to form the basis of a clinically useful tool.     

倒T形切口缩乳术在乳房肥大或合并乳腺癌患者中的应用

目的探讨倒T形切口缩乳术在乳房肥大患者，特别是合并乳腺癌的患者手术中的应用及其临床意义。 方法本回顾性研究共纳入2007年10月到2017年10月分别在同济大学附属东方医院及附属同济医院乳腺外科行缩乳术的39例乳房肥大女性患者，均采用倒T形切口(内侧蒂25例，垂直蒂5例，外侧蒂9例)。其中，包括18例符合保留乳房手术指征的乳腺癌患者(内侧蒂10例，垂直蒂4例，外侧蒂4例)。术后6、12个月评价美容效果(乳腺癌患者待放射治疗结束后进行评价)。评估患者的术后并发症、满意度以及复发转移情况。 结果39例患者术后乳房外形自然、对称，明显缩小上提，乳头、乳晕血供和感觉良好，瘢痕不明显，患者满意度高。1例术后2周出现一侧乳房的乳头乳晕区坏死，经过清创换药后愈合。5例术后双侧乳头乳晕感觉减退，其中4例在术后6个月左右恢复正常感觉，1例在术后12个月恢复。5例出现术后局部乳房组织硬结，其中3例为接受过放射治疗的乳腺癌患者，二次手术切除硬结后无再次发生。3例出现瘢痕处猫耳畸形，再次局部麻醉手术修整后效果良好，3例瘢痕增粗，其余患者瘢痕正常。乳腺癌患者中有3例出现放射治疗后患侧乳房皮肤水肿，术后12个月消退。术后6个月进行了美容效果评价，极好25例，良好10例，中等4例，差0例(18例乳腺癌患者中，极好9例，良好6例，中等3例，差0例)。术后12个月的美容效果评价显示：极好25例，良好13例，中等1例，差0例(18例乳腺癌患者中，极好9例，良好8例，中等1例，差0例)。随访时间最长的1例患者(双侧乳房单纯性重度肥大)术后观察了10年，乳房外形无明显变化。全部患者术后随访15～120个月，中位随访61个月，18例乳腺癌患者均无局部复发转移。 结论对于乳房肥大，特别是合并乳腺癌的患者，采用倒T形切口缩乳术，既可切除病变，又可缩小并悬吊乳房。     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术后加速部分乳腺照射与全乳照射剂量学的比较

目的比较早期乳腺癌患者保乳手术后加速部分乳腺照射(APBI)与全乳照射(WBI)剂量学的差异。方法选取2013年1月至2013年12月间收治的26例保乳术后采用APBI治疗的乳腺癌患者作为观察组,另选取同期保乳术后采用WBI治疗的28例乳腺癌患者作为对照组。采用剂量体积直方图(DVH)比较两组患者剂量学差异,总结两组患者的短期疗效;比较观察组患者在有无图像指导下的位移差异。结果观察组患者的平均剂量(Dmean)、照射体积百分比(V103、V105、V110)和靶区剂量不均匀指数(IHI)均显著低于对照组,各项危及器官(OARS)照射剂量均显著低于对照组,且心脏和肺的照射体积也显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。观察组患者美容满意率为96.2%(25/26),对照组患者为67.9%(19/28),两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者在有无图像引导下的位移差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论早期乳腺癌患者保乳手术后APBI照射剂量低于WBI,改善靶区剂量分布,降低心肺等组织高剂量受照体积,结合图像引导,可以增加准确性。     

Controversies in breast conservation treatment for breast cancer

Breast conservation treatment has become the standard treatment for early breast cancer patients, after the equivalence of mastectomy and breast conservation treatment was demonstrated in prospective, randomized trials and large retrospective studies. New questions, such as the feasibility of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in improving breast conserving rate, the appropriateness of breast conservation treatment in ductal carcinoma in situ, the effectiveness of radiation therapy in patients treated by breast conservation, and patient selection for breast conservation without radiation, are now being raised. Future work that needs to be done to answer these questions is discussed in this review.     

保留乳房天然结构的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻乳房成形术的临床应用

目的探讨保留乳房天然结构的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻自体组织乳房成形术在临床中的运用价值。方法乳腺癌患者12例,其中DCIS 6例,浸润性导管癌3例,小管癌1例,髓样癌1例,黏液癌1例;保留乳房皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术9例,保留乳头乳晕复合体的乳腺癌改良根治术3例。全组均保留或重建乳房下皱襞,切除乳腺组织和腋窝淋巴结,应用下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣或背阔肌肌皮瓣即刻乳房成形。结果横行腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房成形术3例,背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房成形术9例,术后皮瓣均存活,皮瓣血管通畅,成形乳房外观良好。结论对早期乳腺癌患者行保留乳房天然结构的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻自体组织乳房成形,切口隐蔽,成形乳房形态效果良好,可以获得较好的美容效果。     

Delayed breast cellulitis following breast conserving operation.

A complication of breast conservation, which has been increasingly reported in the literature, is 'delayed cellulitis' in the treated breast. This is to be distinguished from wound infection in the breast following lumpectomy. This study reports 16 cases diagnosed with delayed cellulitis following breast conserving surgery, unresponsive to antibiotic therapy. Diagnostic criteria included: pain, erythema and edema in the operated breast. Symptoms appeared up to 10 months after surgery and time to resolution was seven and a half months. No patients had positive cytology and bacteriology tests were negative. Thirteen patients were observed, and three patients were treated with antibiotics with no apparent immediate effect. The appearance of breast cellulitis after surgery poses a problematic diagnostic and management dilemma. It is important to distinguish between this entity and infection, or inflammatory carcinoma. The picture may be attributed to impairment or occlusion of the lymphatic circulation in the breast. This seems to be a newly defined complication with an incidence of 3-5%.     

Prostate specific antigen in breast cancer,benign breast disease and normal breast tissue

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a tumor marker used widely for the diagnosis and monitoring of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Recently, we provided evidence that PSA may also be produced by breast tumors. In this report we examined quantitatively the PSA levels in 199 breast tumors, 48 tissues with benign breast disease (BBD, 34 fibroadenomas), and 36 normal breast tissues. Significant amounts of PSA (≥ 0.030 ng of PSA per mg of total protein) were found in 28% of breast tumors, 65% of BBD tissues, and 33% of normal breast tissues. PSA positivity in breast tumors was highest in stage I disease (34%) and decreased with disease stage (24% in stage II and 18% in stage III–IV). Using polymerase chain reaction amplification we have shown PSA mRNA presence in patients with PSA protein-positive tissues (benign and malignant) but not in patients with PSA protein-negative tissues. Our data suggest that PSA is expressed frequently by normal breast tissue, by tissue of benign breast diseases, and by breast cancer tissue. Highest expression is seen in benign breast disease and lowest expression in advanced stage cancerous tissue. As PSA production is mediated by steroid hormones and their receptors, we propose that PSA may be a new marker of steroid hormone action in the normal or diseased female breast. The role of this enzyme in the development of breast diseases including breast cancer is currently unknown.     

乳腺癌术后一期乳房再造

背景与目的：乳房再造使乳腺癌全乳切除患者重获完整的乳房外形。本文介绍乳腺癌术后应用带蒂背阔肌肌皮瓣联合或不联合假体和带蒂横向腹直肌肌皮瓣（TRAM）行一期乳房再造的经验，并探讨适合中国乳腺癌患者的乳房再造方式。方法：2000年1月-2005年7月，74例乳腺癌患者乳房切除后，应用背阔肌肌皮瓣或带蒂TRAM行一期乳房再造。结果：再造手术均取得成功，背阔肌肌皮瓣再造62例（83．8％），其中联合假体13例、带蒂TRAM再造12例、联合假体1例。经过2～66个月随访，局部区域复发率4．1％。患者满意度高，可接受度96％。而且这两种自体再造方式在是否需要联合假体上没有差别（P=0．440）。结论：乳腺癌术后一期乳房再造能同时满足肿瘤治疗和形体美容的要求，提高患者生活质量，背阔肌肌皮瓣再造对中国女性适用性好，值得推广。