A simple, least-time, and energy-efficient routing protocol with one-level data aggregation for wireless sensor networks

The area of wireless sensor networks (WSN) is currently attractive in the research community area due to its applications in diverse fields such as defense security, civilian applications and medical research. Routing is a serious issue in WSN due to the use of computationally-constrained and resource-constrained micro-sensors. These constraints prohibit the deployment of traditional routing protocols designed for other ad hoc wireless networks. Any routing protocol designed for use in WSN should be reliable, energy-efficient and should increase the lifetime of the network. We propose a simple, least-time, energy-efficient routing protocol with one-level data aggregation that ensures increased life time for the network. The proposed protocol was compared with popular ad hoc and sensor network routing protocols, viz., AODV ( [35] and [12]), DSR (Johnson et al., 2001), DSDV (Perkins and Bhagwat, 1994), DD (Intanagonwiwat et al., 2000) and MCF (Ye et al., 2001). It was observed that the proposed protocol outperformed them in throughput, latency, average energy consumption and average network lifetime. The proposed protocol uses absolute time and node energy as the criteria for routing, this ensures reliability and congestion avoidance.     

SEEM: Secure and energy-efficient multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a collection of wireless sensor nodes forming a temporary network without the aid of any established infrastructure or centralized administration. In such an environment, due to the limited range of each node’s wireless transmissions, it may be necessary for one sensor node to ask for the aid of other sensor nodes in forwarding a packet to its destination, usually the base station. One important issue when designing wireless sensor network is the routing protocol that makes the best use of the severely limited resource presented by WSN, especially the energy limitation. Another import factor required attention from researchers is providing as much security to the application as possible. The proposed routing protocols in the literature focus either only on increasing lifetime of network or only on addressing security issues while consuming much power. None of them combine solutions to the two challenges. In this paper, we propose a new routing protocol called SEEM: Secure and Energy-Efficient multipath Routing protocol. SEEM uses multipath alternately as the path for communicating between two nodes thus prolongs the lifetime of the network. On the other hand, SEEM is effectively resistive to some specific attacks that have the character of pulling all traffic through the malicious nodes by advertising an attractive route to the destination. The performance of our protocol is compared to the Directed Diffusion protocol. Simulation results show that our protocol surpasses the Directed Diffusion protocol in terms of throughput, control overhead and network lifetime.     

能量高效的无线传感器网络路由协议

针对目前无线传感器网络分簇路由协议存在的节点能耗不均衡的问题,提出一种基于分簇思想的能量高效的多跳路由协议(EEMR)。该协议首先基于节点临近度将网络划分成簇,采用簇首自适应轮转模式优化簇内节点通信的能量消耗,以高剩余能量短路径向心角的适应度路由算法均衡簇间通信负载和能量消耗,有效避免多跳路由中出现的能量消耗不均衡问题。仿真结果表明,EEMR协议能有效均衡网络内节点的能量消耗,显著延长无线传感器网络的生命期并提高网络能量利用率。     

Energy-aware routing for delay-sensitive underwater wireless sensor networks

The energy reduction is a challenging problem in the applications of underwater wireless sensor networks （UWSNs）. The embedded battery is difficult to be replaced and it has an upper bound on its lifetime. Multihop relay is a popular method to reduce energy consumption in data transmission. The energy minimum path from source to destination in the sensor networks can be obtained through the shortest path algorithm. However, because of the node mobility, the global path planning approach is not suitable for the routing in UWSNs. It calls for an energy-efficient routing protocol for the high dynamic UWSNs. In this paper, we propose the modified energy weight routing （MEWR） protocol to deal with the energy-efficient routing of delay- sensitive UWSNs. MEWR is a low flooding routing protocol. It can tolerate the node mobility in UWSNs and achieve a low end-to-end packet delay. MEWR can provide lower energy consumption than the existing low delay routing protocols through the dynamic sending power adjustment. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of MEWR.     

基于蚁群的无线传感器网络能量均衡非均匀分簇路由算法

无线传感器网络(WSN)路由中,节点未充分考虑路径剩余能量及链路状况进行的路由会造成网络中部分节点网络寿命减少,严重影响网络的生存时间。为此,将蚁群优化算法与非均匀分簇路由算法相结合,提出一种基于蚁群优化算法的无线传感器非均匀分簇路由算法。该算法首先利用考虑节点能量的优化非均匀分簇方法对节点进行分簇,然后以需要传输数据的节点为源节点,汇聚节点为目标节点,利用蚁群优化算法进行多路径搜索,搜索过程充分考虑了路径传输能耗、路径最小剩余能量、传输距离和跳数、所选链路的时延和带宽等因素,最后选出满足条件的多条最优路径,完成源目的节点间的信息传输。实验表明,该算法充分考虑路径传输能耗和路径最小剩余能量、传输跳数及传输距离,能有效延长无线传感器网络的生存期。     

基于智能算法的层次型多链WSN路由协议

路由协议设计是无线传感器网络的一个重要领域,可靠性、低开销、易于维护是无线传感器网络路由协议的设计目标。本文基于层次型拓扑控制思想,并在成链算法PEGASIS基础上引入智能成链策略,提出新的路由协议——HMCRP（Hierarchical Multi-Chain Routing Protocol）。HMCRP基于虚拟网格方式将网络划分为两层自治区域,简化拓扑复杂度;区域内节点按照蚁群算法成链,保证形成全局最优或较优的传输路径;提出链头选取公式,综合考虑节点性能、区域链的数据传输代价。通过matlab与omnet++相结合的仿真实验,与PEGASIS协议及其改进协议相比较,验证了HMCRP在延长网络生命周期、降低数据传输平均能耗以及提高数据接收率等方面的优势。     

CRPD: a novel clustering routing protocol for dynamic wireless sensor networks

A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of a large number of static or mobile, low-cost, and low-power sensor nodes. And energy is one of the most important factors that should be considered. In this paper, we propose clustering-based routing protocol for dynamic networks (CRPD) to reduce energy consumption and improve energy efficiency through clustering and routing algorithms. The basic idea is to periodically update the network topology and select the node with larger degree and high residual energy as the cluster head to be responsible for data aggregation and transmission. With the nodes moving, joining, and choosing the optimal clustering radius, the energy load of the whole network can be evenly distributed to each sensor node, which can significantly prolong the network lifetime. Extensive simulations show that CRPD is more energy-efficient than the existing protocols.     

认知无线Ad Hoc网络干扰约束和能量高效路由算法

为了减少认知无线Ad Hoc网络的传输中断概率,实现频谱和能量高效,提出一种干扰约束和能量高效（Interference Constraints and Energy-Efficient,ICEE）的路由算法。信道检测除了基于认知节点（Cognitive Radio,CR）对主用户（Primary Users,PU）的干扰约束外,还增加了CR节点的数据传输所需持续时间约束,以保证CR节点在有效利用空闲信道的同时减少传输中断事件的发生,减少故障重传所损耗的能量。在设计路由算法时采用了链路能耗和节点寿命作为度量,通过联合最优的链路选择方程实现网络能量高效,并延长网络的生命周期。实验仿真结果表明,相比较认知Ad hoc网络的自适应路由协议,基于联合信道分配和自适应功率控制的路由协议,ICEE算法在数据包平均能耗上分别减少了41.2%和24.5%,并且有效地延长了网络生命周期。     

基于活动区域的移动无线传感器网络路由协议

为了解决移动无线传感器网络中能量效率问题,提出了一种基于活动区域的移动无线传感器网络（WSN）路由协议。本方法使用源和sink节点相对位置来形成路由的活动区域,网络中的移动节点使用睡眠唤醒模式来节约能源。移动向量信息（如当前位置、方向和速度）以及节点的剩余能量,用于选择能够提供最大连接保留时间的邻居,移动向量信息也被用来唤醒活动区域中的移动节点。实验表明,与其他路由协议进行比较,该方法在分组传输过程中具有更高的可靠性。     

一种新的基于能量消耗速率模型的分簇路由协议

无线传感器网络中通常采用分簇路由协议来减少能耗,但仍然存在节点能量消耗快且不均匀的问题。鉴于经典的低功耗自适应集簇分层型协议LEACH的簇头选举过程中,没有考虑节点能量消耗速率和普通节点到sink节点距离的局限性,提出了一种新的分簇路由协议。仿真实验表明,新协议能够使节点能量均匀分布,降低节点能量消耗,延长传感器网络的生存周期。     

Ergodic secrecy rate of two-user MISO interference channels with statistical CSI

This paper considers a two-user multiple-input single-output （MISO） interference channel with confidential messages （IFC-CM）, where the beamforming vectors at the two transmitters are jointly optimized using the closed-form Pareto-optimal parameterization. We prove that artificial noise cannot improve the secrecy rate performance, and coordinated beamforming is secrecy-rate optimal which is achieved by agreeing on the parameters between the two transmitters. We analyze the feasible set of the beamforming parameters that guarantees positiveness of the secrecy rates when the transmitters know only statistical CSI, and then analysis in the ergodic secrecy rate region is discussed. More importantly, we derive the closed form of the ergodic secrecy rates and illustrate the Pareto-optimal structure of the beamforming vectors.     

煤矿采空区无线传感器网络路由协议研究

针对现有的基于能量均衡的无线传感器网络路由协议不适应煤矿采空区应用的问题,提出了一种非均匀分簇能量均衡路由协议,即UCEB-CMF协议。该协议原理如下:优化候选簇首的选择机制,有效保证剩余能量大的传感器节点优先成为候选簇首;改进非均匀竞争半径的计算公式和候选簇首的竞争方法,在考虑剩余能量的基础上,增加了对簇首节点到Sink节点距离的考量,从而实现能耗均衡;针对煤矿采空区传感器节点易消亡的特点,提出了一种多路径路由算法,从而实现数据传输的持续性。仿真结果表明,该协议能有效均衡传感器节点能耗,延长无线传感器网络的生存期,适用于煤矿采空区。     

基于带状区域路由的无线传感器网络QoS协议

提出了一种基于带状区域路由的无线传感器网络QoS协议。根据网络传输路径的能耗模型分析,将路由的转发节点控制在以源节点与Sink节点连线的带状区域,有效降低了路径上的传输能耗。另外,在改进型QoS协议中,转发节点根据当前QoS约束动态重新建立新的带状区域宽度,使传输路径最大程度拟合源节点和Sink节点的连线,达到路径传输能耗最优。仿真实验表明,无线传感器网络QoS协议在满足网络QoS约束下,节省了网络能耗,延长了网络生存时间。     

无线传感器网络能量有效性的研究

无线传感器网络是一种全新的技术,能够广泛应用于恶劣环境和军事领域中。如何延长传感器网络寿命是关键问题。分析和介绍了传感器网络基本结构和两种典型的路由协议的能量有效性特点,提出一种能量优化的路由解决方案,能够大大降低系统的能耗,延长传感器网络寿命。最后,给出实验测试结果,验证了这一结论。     

一种WSN分簇路由协议研究和实现

近年来,我国兴建了众多基础设施,基础设施的健康监测直接关系着人们的生命和财产安全,也关系着基础设施的正常运行,因此研究面向基础设施健康监测的无线传感器网络分簇路由协议至关重要.目前已经有多个成熟平面路由协议和分层路由协议,但它们都存在传感器节点能量有限、结构简单等缺陷.为了延长网络寿命、提高信息传榆的可靠性,就需要对现有的路由协议做一些改进,以适应大规模的无线传感器网络.首先分析了设计无线传感器网络路由协议时面临的挑战,分类总结了典型的无线传感器网络路由协议及其优缺点;然后在详细分析LEACH协议的基础上,对LEACH协议在簇头节点选择和簇间路由方面进行改进,提出了面向基础设施健康监测的无线传感器网络分簇路由协议.将分簇优化算法和簇间多跳路由算法相结合,组成面向基础设施健康监测的无线传感器网络分簇路由协议.实验仿真表明,该路由协议有效地均衡了网络的能耗,推迟了多数节点的死亡,延长了网络的有效寿命.     

WSN中基于FEC的自适应多径路由

在无线传感器网络中,节点失效和环境影响等因素会降低数据传输的可靠性。为此,提出一种基于前向纠错的自适应多径路由协议。根据当前的网络状况,利用RS纠删码自适应调整编码冗余,在选出的可用多路径上根据每条路径的剩余能量权重分配流量,Sink节点根据收到的数据片段进行数据包重构。仿真结果表明,该协议能达到较好的负载均衡,具有较高的成功传输率和吞吐率。     

Energy efficient and QoS based routing protocol for wireless sensor networks

The increasing demand for real-time applications in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has made the Quality of Service (QoS) based communication protocols an interesting and hot research topic. Satisfying Quality of Service (QoS) requirements (e.g. bandwidth and delay constraints) for the different QoS based applications of WSNs raises significant challenges. More precisely, the networking protocols need to cope up with energy constraints, while providing precise QoS guarantee. Therefore, enabling QoS applications in sensor networks requires energy and QoS awareness in different layers of the protocol stack. In many of these applications (such as multimedia applications, or real-time and mission critical applications), the network traffic is mixed of delay sensitive and delay tolerant traffic. Hence, QoS routing becomes an important issue. In this paper, we propose an Energy Efficient and QoS aware multipath routing protocol (abbreviated shortly as EQSR) that maximizes the network lifetime through balancing energy consumption across multiple nodes, uses the concept of service differentiation to allow delay sensitive traffic to reach the sink node within an acceptable delay, reduces the end to end delay through spreading out the traffic across multiple paths, and increases the throughput through introducing data redundancy. EQSR uses the residual energy, node available buffer size, and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) to predict the best next hop through the paths construction phase. Based on the concept of service differentiation, EQSR protocol employs a queuing model to handle both real-time and non-real-time traffic.     

一种节能的基于定位的传感器路由算法

基于定位的无线传感器路由算法普遍存在节点能耗过快及能耗不均衡的问题。借鉴SELAR算法的思想,提出一种节能的定位路由算法EELAR。该算法通过选取转发代价最小节点作为中继节点实现数据转发,而转发代价由节点位置和能耗综合计算得出。针对能耗问题,该算法还引入了睡眠机制,节点根据自身能耗随机睡眠。实验证明,该算法使无线传感器网络能耗更均衡,能有效延长整个网络的生存时间。     

节能高效的无线传感器网络非均匀分簇路由协议

为了有效均衡无线传感器网络能耗、缓解能量洞问题、延长网络生命周期,提出了一种节能高效的非均匀分簇路由协议,其核心思想是采用结合计时广播和簇头轮换机制的非均匀分簇（BR—EEUC）算法对网络分簇,并根据代价函数选择代价较低的簇头作为中继节点,形成以汇聚节点为根节点的多跳路由,从而大大降低了能量开销。通过在OMNet＋＋平台上的仿真实验结果表明：与LEACH和EEUC等路由协议相比,该协议有效地均衡了网络能量消耗,延长了网络寿命。     

无线传感器网络能耗均衡路由技术研究

无线传感器网络的路由技术提供了从源节点到目的节点的优化路径,因关系到网络的能耗和生命周期而成为当今的技术研究热点。文章介绍了无线传感器网络特点及其经典的路由协议,简要分析了这些路由技术的特点,并针对这些技术存在的不足提出了一种新的兼顾无线传感器网络局部和全局的分类多路径能耗均衡路由方法,阐述了该方法的设计思路。