结合像素模式和特征点模式的实时表情识别

目的 目前2D表情识别方法对于一些混淆性较高的表情识别率不高并且容易受到人脸姿态、光照变化的影响,利用RGBD摄像头Kinect获取人脸3D特征点数据,提出了一种结合像素2D特征和特征点3D特征的实时表情识别方法。方法 首先,利用3种经典的LBP（局部二值模式）、Gabor滤波器、HOG（方向梯度直方图）提取了人脸表情2D像素特征,由于2D像素特征对于人脸表情描述能力的局限性,进一步提取了人脸特征点之间的角度、距离、法向量3种3D表情特征,以对不同表情的变化情况进行更加细致地描述。为了提高算法对混淆性高的表情识别能力并增加鲁棒性,将2D像素特征和3D特征点特征分别训练了3组随机森林模型,通过对6组随机森林分类器的分类结果加权组合,得到最终的表情类别。结果 在3D表情数据集Face3D上验证算法对9种不同表情的识别效果,结果表明结合2D像素特征和3D特征点特征的方法有利于表情的识别,平均识别率达到了84.7%,高出近几年提出的最优方法4.5%,而且相比单独地2D、3D融合特征,平均识别率分别提高了3.0%和5.8%,同时对于混淆性较强的愤怒、悲伤、害怕等表情识别率均高于80%,实时性也达到了10~15帧/s。结论 该方法结合表情图像的2D像素特征和3D特征点特征,提高了算法对于人脸表情变化的描述能力,而且针对混淆性较强的表情分类,对多组随机森林分类器的分类结果加权平均,有效地降低了混淆性表情之间的干扰,提高了算法的鲁棒性。实验结果表明了该方法相比普通的2D特征、3D特征等对于表情的识别不仅具有一定的优越性,同时还能保证算法的实时性。     

一种基于局部Gabor滤波器组及PCA＋LDA的人脸表情识别方法

针对传统的Gabor滤波器组存在特征提取时间较长以及特征数据存在冗余性的缺点,提出了一种新颖的局部Gabor滤波器组。为了评估该方法的识别性能,提出了一个基于Gabor特征的人脸表情识别系统。该系统首先对经过预处理之后的纯表情图像提取Gabor特征,然后用PCA LDA方法对采样后的特征进行特征选择,最后采用K近邻分类方法识别人脸表情。实验结果表明,这种方法无论在计算量还是识别性能上都比传统的Gabor滤波器组更具有优势。该方法的创新之处在于选取局部Gabor滤波器,最高平均识别率达到了97.33%,表明其适合于人脸表情图像的分析。     

Recognition of facial expressions based on salient geometric features and support vector machines

Facial expressions convey nonverbal cues which play an important role in interpersonal relations, and are widely used in behavior interpretation of emotions, cognitive science, and social interactions. In this paper we analyze different ways of representing geometric feature and present a fully automatic facial expression recognition (FER) system using salient geometric features. In geometric feature-based FER approach, the first important step is to initialize and track dense set of facial points as the expression evolves over time in consecutive frames. In the proposed system, facial points are initialized using elastic bunch graph matching (EBGM) algorithm and tracking is performed using Kanade-Lucas-Tomaci (KLT) tracker. We extract geometric features from point, line and triangle composed of tracking results of facial points. The most discriminative line and triangle features are extracted using feature selective multi-class AdaBoost with the help of extreme learning machine (ELM) classification. Finally the geometric features for FER are extracted from the boosted line, and triangles composed of facial points. The recognition accuracy using features from point, line and triangle are analyzed independently. The performance of the proposed FER system is evaluated on three different data sets: namely CK+, MMI and MUG facial expression data sets.     

基于多尺度分层双线性池化网络的细粒度表情识别模型

人脸表情细微的类间差异和显著的类内变化增加了人脸表情识别难度。构建一个基于多尺度双线性池化神经网络的识别模型。设计3种不同尺度网络提取人脸表情全局特征,并引入分层双线性池化层,集成多个同一网络及不同网络的多尺度跨层双线性特征以捕获不同层级间的部分特征关系,从而增强模型对面部表情细微特征的表征及判别能力。同时,使用逐层反卷积融合多层特征信息,解决神经网络通过多层卷积层、池化层提取特征时丢失部分关键特征的问题。实验结果表明,该模型在FER2013和CK+公开数据集上的识别率分别为73.725%、98.28%,优于SLPM、CL、JNS等人脸表情识别模型。     

Deep peak-neutral difference feature for facial expression recognition

Facial expression recognition (FER) is important in vision-related applications. Deep neural networks demonstrate impressive performance for face recognition; however, it should be noted that this method relies heavily on a great deal of manually labeled training data, which is not available for facial expressions in real-world applications. Hence, we propose a powerful facial feature called deep peak–neutral difference (DPND) for FER. DPND is defined as the difference between two deep representations of the fully expressive (peak) and neutral facial expression frames. The difference tends to emphasize the facial parts that are changed in the transition from the neutral to the expressive face and to eliminate the face identity information retained in the fine-tuned deep neural network for facial expression, the network has been trained on large-scale face recognition dataset. Furthermore, unsupervised clustering and semi-supervised classification methods are presented to automatically acquire the neutral and peak frames from the expression sequence. The proposed facial expression feature achieved encouraging results on public databases, which suggests that it has strong potential to recognize facial expressions in real-world applications.

     

基于纹理特征融合的人脸表情识别

局部二值模式(LBP)和韦伯局部描述算子(WLD)是两种图像的纹理描述算子,在图像的特征提取方面有较强的能力。为了更加准确地对人脸表情进行识别与分类,针对LBP在特征提取的过程中只考虑了中心像素点与周围的其他像素点的灰度值之差,WLD仅考虑中心像素点与周围像素点灰度值之间的激励强度与梯度方向关系的问题,提出一种新的特征提取算法—局部二值韦伯模式(LBWP)。首先对图像进行预处理,检验人脸和裁剪有效的表情区域,接着对图像进行LBWP特征提取,在特征提取之后采用SVM的分类器对表情进行识别和分类。该算法在CK+数据集和JAFFE数据集上进行实验仿真,识别率分别达到了97.14%和95.77%。实验结果验证了LBWP算法在表情识别方面的有效性,且丰富了人脸图像特征提取方法。     

Feature representation for facial expression recognition based on FACS and LBP

In expression recognition, feature representation is critical for successful recognition since it contains distinctive information of expressions. In this paper, a new approach for representing facial expression features is proposed with its objective to describe features in an effective and efficient way in order to improve the recognition performance. The method combines the facial action coding system(FACS) and "uniform" local binary patterns(LBP) to represent facial expression features from coarse to fine. The facial feature regions are extracted by active shape models(ASM) based on FACS to obtain the gray-level texture. Then, LBP is used to represent expression features for enhancing the discriminant. A facial expression recognition system is developed based on this feature extraction method by using K nearest neighborhood(K-NN) classifier to recognize facial expressions. Finally, experiments are carried out to evaluate this feature extraction method. The significance of removing the unrelated facial regions and enhancing the discrimination ability of expression features in the recognition process is indicated by the results, in addition to its convenience.     

基于局部二元模式的人脸表情识别

提出了一种基于局部二元模式（LBP）和局部保全投影（LPP）相结合的面部表情识别方法。使用LBP算子对图像分块处理,综合人脸局部和整体的特征;再使用LPP对表情特征降维,最后采用支持向量机对面部表情分类。在日本女性人脸表情库上实验表明,本文提出的方法有更好的识别率和更快的识别速度。     

构建并行卷积神经网络的表情识别算法

目的 表情识别在商业、安全、医学等领域有着广泛的应用前景,能够快速准确地识别出面部表情对其研究与应用具有重要意义。传统的机器学习方法需要手工提取特征且准确率难以保证。近年来,卷积神经网络因其良好的自学习和泛化能力得到广泛应用,但还存在表情特征提取困难、网络训练时间过长等问题,针对以上问题,提出一种基于并行卷积神经网络的表情识别方法。方法 首先对面部表情图像进行人脸定位、灰度统一以及角度调整等预处理,去除了复杂的背景、光照、角度等影响,得到了精确的人脸部分。然后针对表情图像设计一个具有两个并行卷积池化单元的卷积神经网络,可以提取细微的表情部分。该并行结构具有3个不同的通道,分别提取不同的图像特征并进行融合,最后送入SoftMax层进行分类。结果 实验使用提出的并行卷积神经网络在CK+、FER2013两个表情数据集上进行了10倍交叉验证,最终的结果取10次验证的平均值,在CK+及FER2013上取得了94.03%与65.6%的准确率。迭代一次的时间分别为0.185 s和0.101 s。结论 为卷积神经网络的设计提供了一种新思路,可以在控制深度的同时扩展广度,提取更多的表情特征。实验结果表明,针对数量、分辨率、大小等差异较大的表情数据集,该网络模型均能够获得较高的识别率并缩短训练时间。     

结合LBP特征和深度学习的人脸表情识别

对于人脸表情识别,传统方法是先提取图像特征,再使用机器学习方法进行识别,这种方法不但特征提取过程复杂且泛化能力也差。为了达到更好的人脸表情识别效果,文中提出一种结合特征提取和卷积神经网络的人脸表情识别方法。首先使用基于Haar-like特征的AdaBoost算法对于数据库原始图片进行人脸区域检测,然后提取人脸区域局部二值模式（Local Binary Patterns,LBP）特征图,将其尺寸归一化后输入到改进的LeNet-5神经网络模型中进行识别。在CK+和JAFFE数据集上采用10折交叉验证方法进行实验,分别为98.19%和96.35%的准确率。实验结果表明该方法与其他主流方法相比在人脸表情识别上有一定的先进性和有效性。     

面部表情分析进展和挑战

面部表情分析是计算机通过分析人脸信息尝试理解人类情感的一种技术,目前已成为计算机视觉领域的热点话题。其挑战在于数据标注困难、多人标签一致性差、自然环境下人脸姿态大以及遮挡等。为了推动面部表情分析发展,本文概述了面部表情分析的相关任务、进展、挑战和未来趋势。首先,简述了面部表情分析的几个常见任务、基本算法框架和数据库;其次,对人脸表情识别方法进行了综述,包括传统的特征设计方法以及深度学习方法;接着,对人脸表情识别存在的问题与挑战进行总结思考;最后,讨论了未来发展趋势。通过全面综述和讨论,总结以下观点：1）针对可靠人脸表情数据库规模小的问题,从人脸识别模型进行迁移学习以及利用无标签数据进行半监督学习是两个重要策略;2）受模糊表情、低质量图像以及标注者的主观性影响,非受控自然场景的人脸表情数据的标签库存在一定的不确定性,抑制这些因素可以使得深度网络学习真正的表情特征;3）针对人脸遮挡和大姿态问题,利用局部块进行融合的策略是一个有效的策略,另一个值得考虑的策略是先在大规模人脸识别数据库中学习一个对遮挡和姿态鲁棒的模型,再进行人脸表情识别迁移学习;4）由于基于深度学习的表情识别方法受很多超参数影响,导致当前人脸表情识别方法的可比性不强,不同的表情识别方法有必要在不同的简单基线方法上进行评测。目前,虽然非受控自然环境下的表情分析得到较快发展,但是上述问题和挑战仍然有待解决。人脸表情分析是一个比较实用的任务,未来发展除了要讨论方法的精度也要关注方法的耗时以及存储消耗,也可以考虑用非受控环境下高精度的人脸运动单元检测结果进行表情类别推断。     

基于局部二元模式的面部表情识别研究

提出了一种基于局部二元模式（Local Binary Pattern,LBP）与支持向量机（SVM）相结合的面部表情识别方法。使用LBP算子对图像进行处理,对图像的模式进行统计形成面部表情特征;使用线性判别分析对表情特征进行降维处理;采用支持向量机对面部表情进行分类。用Matlab实现了上述方法,并在日本女性人脸表情（JAFFE）数据库上测试,取得了70.95%的识别率。     

Facial expression recognition experiments with data from television broadcasts and the World Wide Web

Facial expression recognition (FER) systems must ultimately work on real data in uncontrolled environments although most research studies have been conducted on lab-based data with posed or evoked facial expressions obtained in pre-set laboratory environments. It is very difficult to obtain data in real-world situations because privacy laws prevent unauthorized capture and use of video from events such as funerals, birthday parties, marriages etc. It is a challenge to acquire such data on a scale large enough for benchmarking algorithms. Although video obtained from TV or movies or postings on the World Wide Web may also contain ‘acted’ emotions and facial expressions, they may be more ‘realistic’ than lab-based data currently used by most researchers. Or is it? One way of testing this is to compare feature distributions and FER performance. This paper describes a database that has been collected from television broadcasts and the World Wide Web containing a range of environmental and facial variations expected in real conditions and uses it to answer this question. A fully automatic system that uses a fusion based approach for FER on such data is introduced for performance evaluation. Performance improvements arising from the fusion of point-based texture and geometry features, and the robustness to image scale variations are experimentally evaluated on this image and video dataset. Differences in FER performance between lab-based and realistic data, between different feature sets, and between different train-test data splits are investigated.     

Higher order orthogonal moments for invariant facial expression recognition

Automatic facial expression recognition (FER) is a sub-area of face analysis research that is based heavily on methods of computer vision, machine learning, and image processing. This study proposes a rotation and noise invariant FER system using an orthogonal invariant moment, namely, Zernike moments (ZM) as a feature extractor and Naive Bayesian (NB) classifier. The system is fully automatic and can recognize seven different expressions. Illumination condition, pose, rotation, noise and others changing in the image are challenging task in pattern recognition system. Simulation results on different databases indicated that higher order ZM features are robust in images that are affected by noise and rotation, whereas the computational rate for feature extraction is lower than other methods.     

Facial expression recognition based on local binary patterns

In this paper, a novel approach to automatic facial expression recognition from static images is proposed. The face area is first divided automatically into small regions, from which the local binary pattern (LBP) histograms are extracted and concatenated into a single feature histogram, efficiently representing facial expressions—anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise, and neutral. Then, a linear programming (LP) technique is used to classify the seven facial expressions. Experimental results demonstrate an average expression recognition accuracy of 93.8% on the JAFFE database, which outperforms the rate of all other reported methods on the same database.     

深度人脸表情识别研究进展

随着人脸表情识别任务逐渐从实验室受控环境转移至具有挑战性的真实世界环境,在深度学习技术的迅猛发展下,深度神经网络能够学习出具有判别能力的特征,逐渐应用于自动人脸表情识别任务。目前的深度人脸表情识别系统致力于解决以下两个问题：1）由于缺乏足量训练数据导致的过拟合问题;2）真实世界环境下其他与表情无关因素变量（例如光照、头部姿态和身份特征）带来的干扰问题。本文首先对近十年深度人脸表情识别方法的研究现状以及相关人脸表情数据库的发展进行概括。然后,将目前基于深度学习的人脸表情识别方法分为两类：静态人脸表情识别和动态人脸表情识别,并对这两类方法分别进行介绍和综述。针对目前领域内先进的深度表情识别算法,对其在常见表情数据库上的性能进行了对比并详细分析了各类算法的优缺点。最后本文对该领域的未来研究方向和机遇挑战进行了总结和展望：考虑到表情本质上是面部肌肉运动的动态活动,基于动态序列的深度表情识别网络往往能够取得比静态表情识别网络更好的识别效果。此外,结合其他表情模型如面部动作单元模型以及其他多媒体模态,如音频模态和人体生理信息能够将表情识别拓展到更具有实际应用价值的场景。     

人脸表情的LBP特征分析

为了有效提取面部表情特征,提出了一种新的基于LBP（局部二值模式）特征的人脸表情识别特征提取方法。首先用均值方差法对表情图像进行灰度规一化,通过对图像进行积分投影,定位出眉毛、眼睛、鼻和嘴巴这些关键特征点,进而划分出各特征部件所在子区域,然后对子区域进行分块,提取各个子区域的分块LBP直方图特征。为了验证所提出的方法的合理性,最后在JAFFE表情库上进行了实验,结果表明提出的方法能够有效地描述表情的特征。     

A Facial Expression Emotion Recognition Based Human-robot Interaction System

A facial expression emotion recognition based human-robot interaction (FEER-HRI) system is proposed, for which a four-layer system framework is designed. The FEERHRI system enables the robots not only to recognize human emotions, but also to generate facial expression for adapting to human emotions. A facial emotion recognition method based on 2D-Gabor, uniform local binary pattern (LBP) operator, and multiclass extreme learning machine (ELM) classifier is presented, which is applied to real-time facial expression recognition for robots. Facial expressions of robots are represented by simple cartoon symbols and displayed by a LED screen equipped in the robots, which can be easily understood by human. Four scenarios, i.e., guiding, entertainment, home service and scene simulation are performed in the human-robot interaction experiment, in which smooth communication is realized by facial expression recognition of humans and facial expression generation of robots within 2 seconds. As a few prospective applications, the FEERHRI system can be applied in home service, smart home, safe driving, and so on.      

基于小尺度核卷积的人脸表情识别

针对现有表情识别方法中网络泛化能力差以及网络参数多导致计算量大的问题,提出一种利用小尺度核卷积的人脸表情识别方法。采用多层小尺度核卷积块代替大卷积核减少参数量,结合最大池化层提取面部表情图像特征,利用Softmax分类器对不同表情进行分类,并在相同感受野下增加网络深度避免特征丢失。实验结果表明,与FER2013 record、DNNRL等方法相比,该方法的人脸表情识别率更高,能有效实现人脸表情的准确分类。