DSMAC:一种适于无线多媒体传感器网络的信道接入协议

多媒体传感器网络作为一种多媒体信息获取和处理方式,已在军事、民用及商业领域中显示出广阔的应用前景.信道接入协议能否高效地使用无线信道是保证无线多媒体传感器网络通信的最关键的因素之一.分析支持多媒体业务传输的无线传感器网络信道接入协议的要求,提出适于多媒体传感器网络提供区分服务的信道接入协议--DSMAC(different service medium access control),对实时业务与非实时业务实现了区分服务,在信道接入帧内的随机竞争期实现突发业务及时接入,支持突发多媒体业务实时传输,并提出了多信道簇间传输方式,避免了隐终端冲突.最后,对协议的服务区分、实时性、吞吐量以及能量有效性等性能进行了仿真实验,验证了其优良性能.     

Link-level traffic scheduling for providing predictive QoS in wireless multimedia networks

A set of centralized burst-level cell scheduling schemes, namely, First Come First Served with Frame Reservation (FCFS-FR), FCFR-FR+, Earliest Deadline First with Frame Reservation (EDF-FR), EDF-FR+, and Multitraffic Dynamic Reservation (MTDR), are investigated for transmission of multiservice traffic over time division multiple access (TDMA)/time division duplex (TDD) channels in wireless ATM (WATM) networks. In these schemes, the number of time slots allocated to a virtual circuit (VC) during a frame-time is changed dynamically depending on the traffic type, system traffic load, the time of arrival (TOA)/time of expiry (TOE) value of the data burst and data burst length. The performances of these schemes are evaluated by computer simulation for realistic voice, video and data traffic models and their quality-of-service (QoS) requirements in a wireless mobile multimedia network. Both the error-free and the correlated fading channel conditions are considered. Simulation results show that the EDF-FR+ and MTDR schemes outperform the other schemes and can provide high channel utilization with predictive QoS guarantee in a multiservice traffic environment even in the presence of bursty channel errors. The EDF-FR+ scheme is found to provide better cell multiplexing performance than the MTDR scheme, Such a scheme would be easy to implement and would also result in a power conservative TDMA/TDD medium access control (MAC) protocol for broadband wireless access. Burst-level cell scheduling schemes such as EDF-FR+ can be easily adapted as MAC protocols in the emerging differentiated services (DS) enhanced wireless Internet protocol (IP) networks.     

Scheduling multimedia services in a low-power MAC for wireless andmobile ATM networks

This paper describes the design and analysis of the scheduling algorithm for energy conserving medium access control (EC-MAC), which is a low-power medium access control (MAC) protocol for wireless and mobile ATM networks. We evaluate the scheduling algorithms that have been proposed for traditional ATM networks. Based on the structure of EC-MAC and the characteristics of wireless channel, we propose a new algorithm that can deal with the burst errors and the location-dependent errors. Most scheduling algorithms proposed for either wired or wireless networks were analyzed with homogeneous traffic or multimedia services with simplified traffic models. We analyze our scheduling algorithm with more realistic multimedia traffic models based on H.263 video traces and self-similar data traffic. One of the key goals of the scheduling algorithms is simplicity and fast implementation. Unlike the time-stamped based algorithms, our algorithm does not need to sort the virtual time, and thus, the complexity of the algorithm is reduced significantly     

Implementation of the wireless ATM access terminal

Multimedia applications with audio and video connections have created totally new bandwidth and Quality of Service (QoS) requirements for the computer data networks. In order to meet the new customer requirements also the wireless access networks have to be enhanced to support the increased demand for broadband services. Wireless ATM (WATM) technology has emerged as one of the most promising alternatives for implementing multimedia capable mobile networks. The Magic WAND (Wireless ATM Network Demonstrator) is an international research project designing a WATM network that provides indoor radio coverage and user mobility. The system is mainly targeted for customer premises networks and hot spots with a large number of people within a restricted area, such as airports. This paper describes the architecture of the wireless ATM terminal developed for the Magic WAND demonstrator. The focus is on the terminal software which supports the user mobility and the native ATM access on the Windows NT operating system environment. The first part of the paper presents the generic reference model for the broadband radio networks and describes the Magic WAND system architecture. The latter part of the document focuses on the terminal implementation presenting the structural breakdown of the terminal, the Windows NT operating system and the actual implementation. Finally, the paper depicts briefly the development process and applied design methods.     

A new QoS-aware TDMA/FDD MAC protocol with multi-beam directional antennas

With the ever-increasing demand for wireless real-time services and continuing emergence of new multimedia applications especially for mobile users, it is necessary for the network to support various levels of quality of service (QoS) while maximizing the utilization of scarce and expensive wireless channel resources. Considering this fact, a new TDMA/FDD MAC protocol integrating a novel QoS management algorithm and multi-beam Directional Antennas (DAs) to efficiently exploit wireless resources has been developed and presented in this paper. It supports all ATM CBR, VBR, ABR and UBR service classes by adopting a well-managed dynamic guarantee-based QoS scheduling algorithm. The work mainly aims at increasing the wireless system throughput as well as improving the call-blocking ratios and end-to-end delays for real-time applications. This seamless communication enables both handling real-time multimedia traffics in a fair manner and granting call requests on the basis of the connection types. The system has been developed, modeled and simulated using OPNET Modeler. The simulation results show that the QoS-aware TDMA/FDD MAC with multi-beam DAs has substantially increased the system throughput and that the call-blocking ratio has been reduced from 86% to 18%, when the proposed MAC with 8-Beam antennas is employed instead of the regular MAC.     

Dynamic duty cycle and adaptive contention window based QoS-MAC protocol for wireless multimedia sensor networks

Rapid penetration of small, customized wireless devices and enormous growth of wireless communication technologies has already set the stage for large-scale deployment of wireless sensor networks. While the need to minimize the energy consumption has driven significant researches in wireless sensor networks, offering some precise quality of service (QoS) for multimedia transmission over sensor networks has not received significant attention. However, the emerging new applications like video surveillance, telemedicine and traffic monitoring needs transmission of wireless multimedia over sensor networks. Naturally, offering some better QoS for wireless multimedia over sensor networks raises significant challenges. The network needs to cope up with battery-constraints, while providing improved QoS (end-to-end delay and bandwidth requirement). This calls for a suitable sensory MAC protocol capable of achieving application-specific QoS. In this paper, we have proposed a new QoS-based sensory MAC protocol, which not only adapts to application-oriented QoS, but also attempts to conserve energy without violating QoS-constraints. Performance modeling, analysis and simulation results demonstrate that the proposed protocol is capable of providing lower delay and better throughput, at the cost of reasonable energy consumption, in comparison to other existing sensory MAC protocols.     

Stream traffic management over an ATM passive optical network

Several alternatives based either on wired or wireless infrastructures are considered for the provision of broadband services in the local loop. In the field of wired solutions, Passive Optical Networks (PON) look very promising due to their bandwidth capacity. Also called APONs (ATM over PON), PON systems are designed in order to satisfy end-to-end ATM connections. Because it is based on a point-to-multipoint optical tree configuration, a PON access system requires a MAC protocol for the upstream traffic. Two approaches may be adopted for the design of an APON MAC protocol. The first approach considers a MAC protocol based on a work-conserving discipline combined with a stand-alone traffic shaper between the head of the optical tree and an ATM switch. The second approach consists in an integrated mechanism able to reduce Cell Delay Variation (CDV) of CBR/VBR connections by means of non-work conserving disciplines at the MAC layer. After having described the main characteristics of APON systems, we propose a new APON MAC protocol with integrated shaping well suited to real time traffic management. The performances of our protocol are investigated by means of both computer simulations and analytical modeling. By extension of our analytical study, a Call Admission Control procedure is proposed for real time VBR connections.     

无线ATM网络体系结构及MAC层协议研究

无线ATM网络作为宽带多媒体通信的一种解决方案,近年来得到了广泛的研究。基于高速率、高可靠性的光纤信道的ATM网络扩展到无线环境面临着许多问题。本文介绍了无线ATM网络体系结构、协议栈、应用特点和关键技术,并重点讨论了无线ATM网络的MAC层协议。     

Channel time allocation scheme based on feedback information in IEEE 802.11e wireless LANs

The IEEE 802.11e standard defines a set of quality of service (QoS) enhancements for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications such as voice and streaming multimedia traffic. In the standard, a new medium access control (MAC) protocol is called the hybrid coordinator function (HCF), and also a channel access scheme to transmit multimedia traffic is called the HCF controlled channel access (HCCA). In the IEEE 802.11e WLANs, to satisfy the stringent real-time constraints of multimedia services it is very important to provide an efficient method of allocating network resources. In this regard, we propose a feedback-assisted dynamic channel time allocation scheme considering the application layer information in order to achieve better performance of multimedia traffic over IEEE 802.11e HCCA under the constrained QoS requirements. Performance of the proposed scheme is investigated by simulation. Our results show that under typical channel error conditions, the proposed scheme is very effective regardless of the variation of station numbers and service intervals. Also, it yields high performances while guaranteeing the delay bound.     

Enhanced MAC protocol to support multimedia traffic in cognitive wireless mesh networks

With the advanced physical layer techniques such as multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), transmission real-time 2D/3D contents and applications becomes more and more necessary in wireless networks for the amazing growing in demand of customers. However, the low efficiency of medium access control (MAC) protocol degrades the performance of real-time traffic greatly in multihop, wireless and mobile environment. Focusing on supporting real-time multimedia traffic in cognitive wireless mesh networks (WMNs), an enhanced MAC protocol is proposed. And the contribution of this paper is twofold: (1) An efficient carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) compatible time division multiple access (TDMA)-like MAC protocol called T-MAC is proposed, which aims to improve the system performance by allocating more channel access time in centralized manner and decreasing overhead. (2) An optimal adaptive scheduling scheme is proposed to support real-time multimedia applications and guarantee QoS for different priority traffic, which aims to find the optimized schedule among all possible sequences of concurrent transmissions by minimizing the occupied resources. Detailed simulation results and comparison with IEEE 802.11e MAC scheme show that the proposed T-MAC can effectively improve quality of service (QoS) for multimedia traffic in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay and packet loss rate, which also manifests that T-MAC is an efficient multimedia applications transmission scheme for mobile terminals and MAPs in cognitive WMNs.     

Wireless MediaNets: application-driven next-generation wireless IP networks

Thanks to the explosive creation of multimedia contents, the pervasive adoption of multimedia coding standards and the ubiquitous access of multimedia services, multimedia networking is everywhere in our daily lives. Unfortunately, the existing best effort IP network infrastructure, originally designed with little real-time QoS requirement, has started to suffer from performance degradation on emerging multimedia networking applications. This inadequacy problem is further deepened by the prevalence of last/first-mile wireless networking, such as Wi-Fi, mobile WiMAX, and many wireless sensors and ad-hoc networks. This can be evidenced by more and more fragmentation of application-driven IP-based networks, such as for power grid distribution, networked security surveillance, intelligent transportation communication, and many other sensor networks. To overcome the QoS challenges, the next generation wireless IP networks have to be architected in a top-down manner, i.e., application-driven layered protocol design. More specifically, based on the application media data, compression schemes are applied, the subsequent Network, MAC- and PHY-layered protocols need to be accordingly or jointly enhanced to reach the optimal performance. This is the fundamental concept behind the design of Wireless MediaNets. In this survey paper, I will address the QoS challenges specifically encountered in video over heterogeneous wireless broadband networks and address several application-driven Wireless MediaNet solutions based on effective cross-layer integration of APP and MAC/PHY layers. More specifically, the congestion control for achieving airtime fairness of video streaming to maximize the link adaptation performance of Wi-Fi, the minimum latency event-driven data exchange for distributed wireless ad-hoc sensor networks, and the opportunistic multicast of scalable video live streaming over mobile WiMAX.     

无线网状网的QoS研究

作为下一代无线通信网络的关键技术,无线网状网能够融合异构网络,满足多类型的业务需求,因此必须提供一定的服务质量(QoS)保证.对目前各种QoS体系结构进行了分析,讨论了无线网状网的QoS体系结构.针对无线网状网网络层以下各层的QoS问题,对近年来国内外在功率控制、无线环境感知、支持QoS的MAC协议、QoS路由以及跨层QoS设计等方向所取得的研究成果进行了全面的概括总结和比较分析.最后对未来的研究发展趋势提出了自己的观点.     

A fair resource allocation protocol for multimedia wireless networks

Wireless networks are expected to support real-time interactive multimedia traffic and must be able, therefore, to provide their users with quality-of-service (QoS) guarantees. Although the QoS provisioning problem arises in wireline networks as well, mobility of hosts and scarcity of bandwidth makes QoS provisioning a challenging task in wireless networks. It has been noticed that multimedia applications can tolerate and gracefully adapt to transient fluctuations in the QoS that they receive from the network. The additional flexibility afforded by the ability of multimedia applications to tolerate and adapt to transient changes in QoS can be exploited by protocol designers to significantly improve the overall performance of wireless systems. This paper presents a fair resource allocation protocol for multimedia wireless networks that uses a combination of bandwidth reservation and bandwidth borrowing to provide network users with QoS in terms of guaranteed bandwidth, call blocking, and call dropping probabilities. Our view of fairness was inspired by the well-known max-min fairness allocation protocol for wireline networks. Simulation results are presented that compare our protocol to similar schemes.     

无线ATM网介质访问控制协议的研究

近年来无线ATM网络得到广泛研究,扩展ATM网络的宽带业务至无线环境面临许多方面的问题。介质访问控制(MAC)方法是无线ATM网的关键技术之一。MAC层协议的好坏直接影响系统性能和移动终端的复杂性。文中综合分析目前已有的无线ATM介质访问控制协议及方法,指出设计无线ATM网MAC层协议的三条原则,提出下一步研究方向。     

An adaptive QoS guaranteeing MAC protocol for real-time traffic in TDMA-based wireless ATM networks

This paper presents a new media access control (MAC) protocol based on forward error control (FEC), which is appropriate for supporting real-time traffic with strict QoS requirements in wireless ATM networks. As the channel BER in wireless environments is very high and varying 10⁻⁵–10⁻², previous schemes that use powerful FEC have combated to overcome this noisy channel condition at the cost of valuable bandwidth. As most previous works have been dedicated to maximize the channel efficiency, they were not able to meet QoS requirements of real-time applications in wireless networks. A new MAC protocol proposed in this paper is designed to guarantee the throughput requested by a real-time traffic user while keeping the bandwidth consumption at a minimum. The proposed scheme is for a TDMA system and uses adaptive FEC. We analyze the wireless channel and model it as a two-state error control system to design an efficient MAC protocol. We use simulation experiments to show how the proposed scheme provides QoS guarantees, and compare it with the CDMA system in terms of capacity, i.e. the number of users that can be supported.     

QoS Support in TDMA-Based Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are gaining a lot of attention in research lately due to their importance in enabling mobile wireless nodes to communicate without any existing wired or predetermined infrastructures. Furthermore, in order to support the growing need for multimedia and realtime applications, quality of service (QoS) support by the networking protocol is required. Several important QoS parameters that are needed by such applications can be identified. They include bandwidth, end-to-end delay, delay jitter, and bit error rate. A good amount of research has been developed in this area covering different issues and challenges such as developing routing protocols that support bandwidth reservation and delay management. In this paper, the current state of research for QoS support in TDMA-based MANETs at different layers of the networking model is presented and categorized. In addition, the current issues and future challenges involved in this exciting area of research are also included.     

Hybrid polling and contention access scheduling in IEEE 802.11e WLANs

Supporting real time applications over local area wireless access networks requires features and mechanisms that are not present in the original IEEE 802.11 standard for WLANs. Therefore, several quality of service (QoS) enabling mechanisms have been added to the MAC layer in the new IEEE 802.11e standard. However, the standard does not mandate a specific QoS solution and intentionally leaves it to developers and equipment vendors to devise such schemes. We present a solution that employs the controlled access mechanisms of the 802.11e to provide per-session guaranteed QoS to multimedia sessions. We introduce a framework that centralizes the task of scheduling uplink and downlink flows in the access point through the new concept of virtual packets. We propose a fair generalized processor sharing based scheduler, integrated with a traffic shaper, for scheduling controlled (polling) and contention access durations. Through analysis and experiments we demonstrate that our solution provides guaranteed fair access for multimedia sessions over WLANs.     

无线ATM通信网的越区切换控制

论文研究无线ATM通信网的越区切换控制问题,提出不同的业务类型应采用不同的切换控制方法,从而使多媒体业务的服务质量(QoS)在越区切换时仍然可以得到保证。文中着重讨论了由于无线ATM通信的特点所引起的路由重建、QoS的保证与协商,信元次序的保证等关键问题,并提出了相应的解决办法。     

Providing MAC QoS for multimedia traffic in 802.11e based multi-hop ad hoc wireless networks

Ad hoc wireless networks with their widespread deployment, now need to support applications that generate multimedia and real-time traffic. Video, audio, real-time voice over IP, and other multimedia applications require the network to provide guarantees on the Quality of Service (QoS) of the connection. The 802.11e Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol was proposed with the aim of providing QoS support at the MAC layer. The 802.11e performs well in wireless LANs due to the presence of Access Points (APs), but in ad hoc networks, especially multi-hop ones, it is still incapable of supporting multimedia traffic.One of the most important QoS parameters for multimedia and real-time traffic is delay. Our primary goal is to reduce the end-to-end delay, thereby improving the Packet Delivery Ratio of multimedia traffic, that is, the proportion of packets that reach the destination within the deadline, in 802.11e based multi-hop ad hoc wireless networks.Our contribution is threefold: first we propose dynamic ReAllocative Priority (ReAP) scheme, wherein the priorities of packets in the MAC queues are not fixed, but keep changing dynamically. We use the laxity and the hop length information to decide the priority of the packet. ReAP improves the PDR by over 28% in comparison with 802.11e, especially under heavy loads. Second, we introduce Adaptive-TXOP (A-TXOP), where transmission opportunity (TXOP) is the time interval during which a node has the right to initiate transmissions. This scheme reduces the delay of video traffic by reducing the number of channel accesses required to transmit large video frames. It involves modifying the TXOP interval dynamically based on the packets in the queue, so that fragments of the same packet are sent in the same TXOP interval. A-TXOP is implemented over ReAP to further improve the performance of video traffic. ReAP with A-TXOP helps in reducing the delay of video traffic by over 27% and further improves the quality of video in comparison with ReAP without A-TXOP. Finally, we have TXOP-sharing, which is aimed at reducing the delay of voice traffic. It involves using the TXOP to transmit to multiple receivers, in order to utilize the TXOP interval fully. It reduces the number of contentions to the channel and thereby reduces the delay of voice traffic by over 14%. A-TXOP is implemented over ReAP to further improve the performance of voice traffic. The three schemes (ReAP, A-TXOP, and TXOP-sharing) work together to improve the performance of multimedia traffic in 802.11e based multi-hop ad hoc wireless networks.     

无线网络中实时业务的信道预留

随着无线数据服务的流行和多媒体应用需求的增长,需要无线网络能够为不同种类的业务提供有区别的服务质量(QoS),因此如何在无线网络中提供有区分和有保证的服务质量,成为一个非常重要的问题。论文提出了一种在IEEE802.11无线网络中为实时业务提供服务质量保证的有效方法,即通过修改介质访问控制(MAC)层的分布式协调功能(DCF),为实时数据预留信道。当一个节点竞争到信道后,可以连续向同一个目标节点发送多个实时数据帧,称作传送突发(TB,TransmissionBurst),即在一个TB中第一个数据帧将为实时业务预留信道,直到这个TB结束,这样实时业务将比其他业务占有更多的信道资源。仿真结果表明,该方法能够明显改进实时业务的吞吐率和延迟性能,提高无线网络的信道利用率,而且,对DCF的修改没有增加任何控制开销。