碱沉淀法制备Ce掺杂ZnO及其光催化性能

采用硝酸锌和硝酸铈为原料,三乙醇胺为沉淀剂,通过碱沉淀法制备了一系列Ce掺杂ZnO光催化剂。借助SEM,XRD,UV-vis等表征手段对催化剂的结构进行表征。以亚甲基蓝溶液脱色反应为模型,考察了不同Ce掺杂量ZnO光催化剂的光催化性能,结果表明,Ce掺杂ZnO的光催化性能高于未掺杂ZnO,且Ce掺杂量为2%时,ZnO光催化性能最好。最后简要讨论了Ce掺杂对ZnO光催化性能的作用机理。     

环境友好型塑料用改性ZnO添加剂的光催化性能研究

以纳米ZnO和AgNO3溶液为原料,采用掺杂的方法制备了改性的塑料用ZnO添加剂,通过其光催化降解亚甲基蓝的效果评价了样品的光催化性能。实验结果表明,当银的掺杂量为2.8%,光催化剂添加浓度是0.8g/L时,此时Ag/ZnO复合粉体对亚甲基蓝的光催化降解效果最好。制备的Ag/ZnO复合粉体在紫外光区和可见光区都有较强的吸收,且吸收峰波长和Ag与纳米ZnO相比都出现了一定程度的红移。掺杂银显著提高了纳米ZnO的光催化性能     

稀土La离子掺杂ZnO复合材料的制备及光催化活性探讨

采用水热法制备ZnO,并以ZnO为载体掺杂稀土La离子,制得La/ZnO复合光催化剂。通过X射线衍射和扫描电镜等方法对制备的光催化剂的结构及形貌进行了表征,并考察了所制备的光催化剂对亚甲基蓝的光催化降解性能。结果表明:稀土La离子可成功负载到ZnO表面,且La/ZnO仍为六方晶系纤锌矿结构,掺杂稀土La离子并未改变其晶型结构。稀土La离子的掺杂可有效提高ZnO对亚甲基蓝的光催化降解性能,最高降解率可达到96.57%。     

高效Mn/ZnO-Ag纳米复合光催化体系的简易制备及研究

本研究使用简易高分子网络凝胶法制备了不同Mn含量掺杂的ZnO及Mn、Ag共掺的ZnO纳米光催化剂.在模拟太阳光下通过降解有机染料亚甲基蓝(MB)来研究样品的光催化性能.XRD和SEM证实,Mn的掺入减小了样品的晶粒尺寸,但改善了样品的颗粒分布.通过XPS能谱发现催化剂中存在Mn2+和Mn3+,且随Mn离子掺杂量的增加,Mn3+/Mn2+比例增大.PL光谱显示,Mn/ZnO-Ag体系的发光强度较纯ZnO显著降低,其中当Mn浓度为1％(摩尔分数)时展现出最高效的光生载流子分离.结果表明,Mn掺杂显著增强了ZnO对可见光的吸收,但在一阶光降解动力学方程中并未发现显著的光催化活性提升,而Mn/ZnO-Ag样品在保持较好光学性能的同时大幅提高了ZnO的光催化活性.结合光催化测试结果发现,Mn/ZnO-Ag样品光催化性能的提升与其对可见光利用率的提高、Mn离子间价态变化及Mn离子与Ag粒子间的协同作用有关.这为系统性提升ZnO的光催化活性提供了一种有用的途径.     

Ce掺杂ZnO光催化剂的制备及性能

采用共沉淀制备了稀土Ce掺杂ZnO光催化剂;利用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）等对光催化剂进行表征;考察了不同NaOH用量制备的催化剂光催化对亚甲基蓝脱色降解性能的影响。结果表明,ce的掺杂有利于抑制光生电子-空穴的复合,显著提高ZnO的光催化性;NaOH用量和Ce掺杂量对光催化剂的微观形貌和光催化活性有较大影响;制备过程中金属离子总量（Ce^3＋＋Zn^2＋）与OH-摩尔比为1：2．5,掺杂量为2％（摩尔分数）时,制备的催化剂主要微观形貌为具有层状微球结构,光催化性能良好。     

均匀沉淀法制备ZnO、Fe/ZnO光催化剂

以六水合硝酸锌、九水合硝酸铁和CO(NH2)2为原料,采用均匀沉淀法并且改变实验条件制备了纯纳米ZnO和纳米Fe/ZnO光催化剂。通过X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对所有样品进行表征,并对部分样品进行了X射线能谱分析仪(EDS)测试。结果显示所有样品均为六方纤锌矿结构。此外,所有样品均由小颗粒聚集在一起而形成了形状、大小各不相同的团聚物或颗粒膜。而且随煅烧温度和Fe掺杂浓度的改变,Fe/ZnO样品的晶粒尺寸和表面形貌也随之变化。以甲基橙溶液作为污染物,在高压汞灯的照射下进行了光降解实验,实验结果表明:Fe掺杂Fe/ZnO样品的光催化性能相较纯纳米ZnO样品得到了改善。当Fe掺杂量为1.5%时Fe/ZnO样品的光催化性能最好;另外,适当煅烧温度也使Fe/ZnO样品的光催化活性得到了提升,其中最适煅烧温度为500℃。无论是Fe的掺杂浓度还是煅烧温度,适当的Fe的掺杂浓度和煅烧温度都有利于改善Fe/ZnO样品光催化剂的性能。     

ZnO/AgNbO_3光催化剂的表征及活性研究

采用浸渍法合成ZnO/AgNbO3异质结光催化环境净化材料.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电镜(SEM)、紫外漫反射(DRS)等分析方法对催化剂进行了表征.XRD分析结果表明,Zn的掺杂并未改变本体AgNbO3的晶型结构;随着Zn掺杂量和热处理温度的提高,异质结光催化剂体系中ZnO晶相结构逐渐出现;同时,XPS结果也说明Zn以ZnO的形式存在.DRS分析说明ZnO的引入有助于提高可见光区的吸收强度.无论在可见光还是紫外光照射下,光催化降解亚甲基蓝染料(MB)实验证明ZnO掺杂有利于提高AgNbO3的活性.当Zn掺杂量为3wt%,热处理温度为300℃时,紫外光照射3h下MB降解率达到93.5%.并对ZnO引入后光催化活性提高的机理进行了分析.     

掺铁纳米氧化锌的制备及其光催化性能

采用共沉淀法制备了纯纳米ZnO和掺铁纳米ZnO,并用X射线衍射光谱进行了表征。用紫外灯作为光源,甲基橙溶液为光催化反应模型降解物,研究了ZnO及掺铁ZnO的光催化性能,并考察了前驱体焙烧温度、铁掺杂量、底物浓度、光照时间以及pH对降解率的影响。结果表明,掺杂铁离子提高了ZnO的光催化活性,400℃热处理的掺杂铁0.5%(质量比)的ZnO的光催化性能最好;当甲基橙初始浓度为5mg/L,光照时间3h,掺杂铁0.5%(质量比)的ZnO粉末对甲基橙的降解率达到84%;掺铁纳米ZnO在弱酸性条件下的催化效果比碱性条件下更好。     

Zn_(1-x)Cu_xO材料的制备及其光催化降解亚甲基蓝

以草酸-氨水两步共沉淀法制备了ZnO以及Zn_(1-x)Cu_xO(0.00≤x≤0.01)光催化材料,采用X射线衍射对其物相进行了分析,并将其用于光催化降解亚甲基蓝,详细考察了焙烧温度以及Cu~(2+)掺杂量等制备条件对ZnO结构与光催化性能的影响。结果表明:焙烧温度对ZnO的光催化性能有较大的影响,随着焙烧温度的增加,ZnO的光催化活性呈现先增加后减小的趋势。当焙烧温度为600℃时,ZnO表现出最佳的光催化活性,氙灯光照60min,降解率达到99.31%。同样,Cu~(2+)掺杂量影响了ZnO的光催化性能,其中,当x为0.006时,Zn_(0.994)Cu_(0.006)O表现出最佳的光催化活性,氙灯光照60min,降解率达到12.322%。Cu~(2+)掺杂降低了ZnO的光催化性能。     

碳包覆ZnO-TiO_2纳米纤维的制备及其太阳光催化性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法和静电纺丝法制备ZnO-TiO_2纳米纤维和碳包覆ZnO-TiO_2纳米纤维,以扫描电镜、热重-差示热量、红外光谱、X射线衍射和比表面积分析等方法进行表征。以10mg/L亚甲基蓝溶液为底物,研究了ZnO掺杂量对亚甲基蓝光催化降解性能的影响。结果表明:ZnO的质量分数为3%的碳包覆ZnO-TiO_2纳米纤维光催化性能最高,太阳光照射6h时亚甲基蓝的降解率达到94.4%。对其光催化机理进行了简要分析。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。