导电掺和料形态与水泥基材料压敏性的相关性

研究了含有碳纤维、石墨、钢纤维的水泥基材料的导电性及其在压应力作用下电阻率的变化规律;探讨了掺有导电掺合料的水泥石电阻率的变化机理。研究表明,水泥基材料具备压敏效应的前提条件是其导电网络达到渗流区,而碳纤维由于长径比大、密度小,极小掺量即可使水泥石进入渗流区,产生压敏效应。      

碳纤维水泥基材料导电性与压敏性的试验研究

首先用正交试验研究了分散剂、消泡剂和水灰比对碳纤维水泥浆扩展度和水泥石导电性的影响,而后研究了碳纤维长度对水泥石导电性的影响,最后研究了复合6mm长碳纤维水泥石的压敏性.结果表明:碳纤维水泥石配合比决定了纤维和水泥粒子的分散性,也最终决定了材料的导电性;碳纤维长度越长、掺量越大,对水泥石导电性的改善效果越好,6 mm长碳纤维的渗流临界体积率在0.278%左右,而3 mm长碳纤维的渗流临界体积率在0.54%左右;一次压载至破坏前,复合有0.18%到0.5%碳纤维的水泥石的电阻率具有17%到35%左右的线性降低趋势,且处于渗流区的变化率大于处于过渗流区的情况.     

镀铜钢纤维增强废弃陶瓷粉超高性能混凝土的压敏性研究

镀铜钢纤维具有良好的电学性能、力学性能和电导率，而废弃陶瓷粉具有内养护作用和低碳属性。在镀铜钢纤维分散良好的情况下，两者的协同作用易在混凝土基体中形成良好且化学稳定的增强、增韧和导电网络。采用均匀筛入法分散镀铜钢纤维，制备了镀铜钢纤维增强废弃陶瓷粉超高性能混凝土并研究了其压敏性能。研究结果表明，在不同镀铜钢纤维掺量、不同加载幅值和不同加载速率下，镀铜钢纤维均可提高废弃陶瓷粉超高性能混凝土的压敏性能，2.50%(体积分数)的镀铜钢纤维增强废弃陶瓷粉超高性能混凝土的电阻率变化率和应力/应变灵敏度相比于对照组分别提升了650.0%、614.3%和1 223.0%。相比纤维掺量和加载速率，加载幅值对压敏性能的影响最大。且由力-电模型表明，废弃陶瓷粉超高性能混凝土在循环荷载的电阻率变化率和应力/应变之间均服从指数函数关系，拟合度均在0.90以上。因此，通过测试镀铜钢纤维增强废弃陶瓷粉超高性能混凝土的电阻率即可实现混凝土结构的应力/应变监测。     

复掺功能填料机敏混凝土的压阻响应

研究了碳纤维(CF)、镀铜钢纤维(SF)、多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)以及多层石墨烯纳米片(NGPs)等功能填料掺量对机敏混凝土28 d抗压强度、28 d电阻率及不同加载幅值与加载速率条件下压阻响应的影响.结果表明,CF与SF是影响机敏混凝土压阻性能的关键因素,掺入1.2％CF与4％SF时机敏混凝土的压阻响应尤为显著;当MWCNTs掺量大于0.5％ 时,机敏混凝土的电阻率与灵敏度均有所降低.与对比试样相比,掺0.03％N G Ps机敏混凝土力学强度提高了27％,电阻率降低了18％,灵敏度提高了5.66％.     

纳米炭黑水泥砂浆的导电性与电热特性研究

研究了纳米炭黑水泥砂浆的导电性和电热特性.研究表明,当炭黑掺量＜2.5%时,随着炭黑掺量的增加,电阻率下降明显;炭黑掺量为2.5%时,炭黑水泥砂浆电阻率可达到102Ω·cm;而炭黑掺量＞2.5%时,电阻率下降趋缓.在炭黑掺量为5%左右电阻率基本不变,电阻率在30～40Ω·cm之间.与石墨粉相比,纳米炭黑做导电相只需较小掺量,就可制备满足电热功能应用的导电混凝土.当炭黑掺量＞1%时,龄期对电阻率影响小,其电阻比较稳定.炭黑水泥砂浆板电功率稳定、电热功能重复性好.     

三相导电混凝土掺料配比研究及评价

以钢纤维(Steel Fibre, SF)、碳纤维(Carbon Fibre, CF)、纳米炭黑(Nano-Carbon Black, NCB)为导电掺料,基于正交试验方法设计试验,测量每组配比下试件的电阻率与抗压强度,并采用层次分析法和灰色关联度法进行评价。结果表明,三相导电混凝土试件电阻率随SF、CF和NCB掺量的增加而降低;抗压强度随SF、CF掺量的增加而增加,而NCB反之;其中CF对电阻率和抗压强度的影响均最为显著。当SF、CF和NCB掺量分别为0.6%、0.3%(体积分数)和0.6%(质量分数)时导电混凝土达到渗流阈值;而综合评价后可知,当SF、CF和NCB掺量分别为0.9%、0.7%(体积分数)和0.6%(质量分数)时导电混凝土性能最好,其抗压强度提升31.8%,电阻率降低98.9%。     

纳米碳纤维增强混凝土动态劈拉破坏的能耗规律研究

采用Φ100 mm SHPB试验装置对纳米碳纤维(CNFs)体积掺量为0、0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.5%的纳米碳纤维增强混凝土(CNFRC)进行了动态劈拉试验，分析了CNFRC动态劈拉破坏的能耗规律，并与碳纤维(CFs)体积掺量为0.3%的碳纤维增强混凝土(CFRC)进行了对比分析。结果表明：在动态劈拉破坏过程中，随着入射能平均变化率的增大，混凝土的应变率不断增大。采用二次多项式能较好地拟合应变率随入射能平均变化率的变化规律。CNFs可“加固”混凝土内部结构，从而使得CNFRC的应变率较普通混凝土小。CNFRC的吸收能具有明显的应变率效应和入射能平均变化率效应。在分析混凝土内部能量耗散时，建议采用入射能平均变化率作为自变量。CNFs可以提高混凝土的吸能特性和强度。入射能平均变化率相同时，随着CNFs掺量的增大，CNFRC的吸收能和动态劈拉强度均先增大后减小。CNFs掺量为0.3%时，CNFRC的吸收能和动态劈拉强度均最大。入射能平均变化率相同时，CNFs对混凝土强度的提高效果较CFs差，对混凝土吸能特性的提高效果接近CFs。     

钢渣混凝土压敏性研究及机理分析

为了确定钢渣混凝土是否具有感知应力的功能,研究了钢渣混凝土在不同荷载条件下的电阻变化规律,即压敏性.通过模拟试验测试了不同加载速率、循环加载、突然加载和卸载等加载条件下钢渣混凝土的压敏性.结果表明,随着钢渣掺量的增加,钢渣混凝土的压敏效应更加明显;压力较小时,电阻率随压力增大而迅速降低;压力增大到一定程度后,电阻率下降十分缓慢;压力达到极限荷载时,电阻率迅速升高;在循环加载情况下,第一次加载循环时钢渣混凝土电阻变化率高于第二次加载循环时的变化率.钢渣混凝土成本很低,制备方法简单,与碳纤维增强水泥一样具有良好的压敏性,因此具有较好的应用前景.     

三维石墨烯-碳纳米管/水泥净浆的压敏性能

为了探索三维石墨烯-碳纳米管(G-CNTs)/水泥净浆的压敏性能,采用四电极法研究了荷载作用下GCNTs/水泥净浆的电阻率变化,并分析不同G-CNTs掺量、加载幅度、加载速度以及恒定荷载对电阻率变化的影响。研究表明:随着G-CNTs掺量的增加,电阻率呈先减小后稳定的变化趋势,在G-CNTs掺量由0.2wt%增加至1.6wt%时,电阻率下降51.8%;电阻率与温度呈负相关;G-CNTs掺量高于0.8wt%时可以显著提高水泥净浆的压敏性能,且电阻率变化率与应力应变有明显的对应关系,1.2wt%G-CNTs掺量下试件的应力灵敏系数和应变灵敏系数分别为2.3%/MPa和291;G-CNTs/水泥净浆电阻率变化率幅值随着加载幅度增大而相应增加,其电阻率变化率曲线在不同加载速度以及恒定荷载作用下均与应力-应变曲线一一对应,具有良好的压敏特性。     

矿物掺合料细度及掺量对水泥石渗流微结构影响的分析

在运用渗流理论分析水泥石渗流微结构的基础上,探讨了有效发挥矿物掺合料效应的问题及其本质.分析表明,未水化粒子、水化产物等固相在水泥石空间内分布特性改变是影响矿物掺合料效应有效发挥的主要因素,是矿物掺合料掺入导致水泥石宏观力学性能下降的本质原因.要有效利用矿物掺合料的各种效应,需合理地控制未水化粒子、水化产物等固相在水泥石空间内分布特性,在化学反应活性一定的情况下,需对矿物掺合料粒径、掺量进行控制.     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。