肿瘤患者锁骨下静脉置管术后感染因素分析

目的　探讨肿瘤化疗患者经皮穿刺锁骨下静脉置管术后的感染因素。方法　对 4 0 0例肿瘤化疗患者经皮穿刺锁骨下静脉置管术后感染进行监测。按置管时间长短 (A组 <2 0d ,B组 2 0～ 3 9d ,C组 4 0～ 5 9d ,D组≥ 6 0d)、病情轻重、伴有糖尿病与否、合用激素与否对所发生的感染情况分组进行 χ2 检验。结果　发生导管性感染 3 6例 ,感染率 9.0 %。 4组中按导管留置时间长短比较A与B、C、D之间分别为P >0 .0 5、P <0 .0 5、P <0 .0 1 ;B与C、D比较分别为P <0 .0 5、P <0 .0 1 ;C与D的P >0 .0 5。除A与B、C与D之间比较无显著差异外 ,其他均有极显著差异。病情轻重之间、是否合用激素之间感染率经统计学处理P <0 .0 1 ,差异有极显著意义。有否伴有糖尿病有否之间经统计学处理 P >0 .0 5 ,差异无显著意义。结论　留置时间长、病情重、合用激素者感染发生率高。而伴有糖尿病与否在统计学上无意义 ,可能与伴有糖尿病病例数少 ( 9例 )有关。     

乳腺癌病人术后锁骨下静脉置管化疗致血栓相关因素及护理对策

[目的]探讨乳腺癌病人术后锁骨下静脉置管化疗引起血栓的相关因素及护理对策。[方法]对1280例病人的临床资料进行统计，用Logistic回归模型进行相关因素分析。[结果]单因素分析显示年龄、糖尿病、纤维蛋白原、穿刺部位有无感染、反复多次在同一部位穿刺、锁骨下静脉穿刺导管头端位置、穿刺入路对血栓形成的影响有统计学意义。多因素分析显示，糖尿病、血液中纤维蛋白原含量、穿刺部位有无感染、反复多次在同一部位穿刺、锁骨下静脉穿刺导管头端位置是影响血栓形成的主要因素。[结论]有无糖尿病、血液中纤维蛋白原含量、穿刺部位有无感染、反复多次在同一部位穿刺、导管头端位置是影响血栓形成的主要因素。     

乳腺癌病人术后锁骨下静脉置管化疗致血栓相关因素及护理对策

[目的]探讨乳腺癌病人术后锁骨下静脉置管化疗引起血栓的相关因素及护理对策.[方法]对1 280例病人的临床资料进行统计,用Logistic回归模型进行相关因素分析.[结果]单因素分析显示年龄、糖尿病、纤维蛋白原、穿刺部位有无感染、反复多次在同一部位穿刺、锁骨下静脉穿刺导管头端位置、穿刺入路对血栓形成的影响有统计学意义.多因素分析显示,糖尿病、血液中纤维蛋白原含量、穿刺部位有无感染、反复多次在同一部位穿刺、锁骨下静脉穿刺导管头端位置是影响血栓形成的主要因素.[结论]有无糖尿病、血液中纤维蛋白原含量、穿刺部位有无感染、反复多次在同一部位穿刺、导管头端位置是影响血栓形成的主要因素.     

ICU中心静脉导管相关性血流感染的分析与预防

目的:探讨我院ICU中心静脉导管相关性血流感染发生的相关因素,提出预防措施。方法:对我院ICU于2010年1月~2015年1月收治的562例患者使用中心静脉导管的情况进行回顾性调查,分析感染发生与各项因素之间的关系。结果:中心静脉置管导管相关性血流感染的发生率与有无合并基础疾病无相关性(P0.05),而患者来源科别、导管留置时间、固定方式、穿刺部位及患者年龄与导管相关性血流感染的发生率显著相关(P0.05)。结论:合并基础疾病、外科来源的患者、留置导管时间过长、缝线固定、非锁骨下置管、年龄偏高等因素可能是导管相关性血流感染发生的高危因素。相关医护人员需要依据这些危险因素采取针对性的预防措施,从而提高患者在中心静脉置管使用过程中的安全性。     

ICU中心静脉导管相关性感染危险因素的调查研究

目的通过对ICU中心静脉置管患者感染的观察与分析,找出导管相关感染的危险因素。方法选择2009年9月至2010年3月,在ICU行中心静脉置管的患者,观察并记录其年龄、性别、置管部位、导管放置时间、穿刺点周围皮肤情况、导管性质、管腔数量、有无静脉营养等内容。护士根据患者的实际情况结合动态护理记录单实施有针对性的导管护理并及早反馈相关信息。结果患者年龄(58.1±18.9)岁,置管天数(8.76±6.89)d。行中心静脉置管的患者105例,其中77例次锁骨下静脉置管,23例次颈内静脉置管,6例次颈内静脉置入漂浮导管。中心静脉导管感染4例,置管时间分别为3、14、18、21 d,感染率为3.8%,每1 000个导管日感染率3.95。结论 ICU患者病情危重,严格掌握中心静脉置管适应症;使用中心静脉导管动态护理记录单进行导管常规评价,对症护理,缩短留置时间;严格的无菌技术是控制导管感染的关键措施。     

恶性肿瘤患者导管相关性感染因素分析及护理干预

目的 探讨影响恶性肿瘤患者导管相关性感染(catheter-related infections,CRI)因素及护理干预措施.方法 采用回顾性调查的方法,统计CRI发生率;观察并比较CRI组与无CRI组年龄、置管次数、导管位置、导管留置时间及应用化疗、高营养药物的频率、合并症、病情、合用激素者等方面差异并进行X2检验.结果 CRI感染率9.2%;影响CRI发生的主要因素有:年龄≥60岁、多次置管、导管尖端位于SVC-RA交界处、长期留置、多周期化疗、静脉高营养≥15d、存在合并症及应用激素、病情重等.结论 深静脉置管术后由于多种因素的影响CRI难以完全避免,可通过严格执行无菌操作规程、严格皮肤消毒、重视导管接头消毒、保持导管通畅、缩短静脉导管留置时间、加强导管护理方法的教育等措施来预防.     

心胸外科中心静脉导管感染患者的相关因素分析及预防对策

目的探讨并分析心胸外科中心静脉导管感染的相关因素及预防对策。方法2002年1月-2005年12月，随机抽取行中心静脉穿刺患者560例。治疗结束后，取导管尖端进行细菌培养，并对结果进行分析。结果引起心胸外科深静脉置管相关感染的病原菌中，葡萄球菌占50％，真菌占16．7％；深静脉置管3，4，5周的感染率分别为24．5％、35．6％和65．2％；普胸手术及开放性胸外伤患者导管感染发生率分别为14．8％、18．0％，高于心脏手术及化疗患者；锁骨下静脉穿刺及贵要静脉置管感染发生率（9．6％、9．4％）低于颈内静脉（18．7％）。结论引起心胸外科深静脉置管相关感染的病原菌以葡萄球菌为首位病原菌；深静脉留置时间愈长，则导管感染率越高；普胸手术及开放性胸外伤患者导管感染发生率显著高于心脏手术及化疗患者；锁骨下静脉穿刺及贵要静脉置管感染发生率低于颈内静脉。严格深静脉置管护理和缩短留置时间对防止相关性感染具有重要临床意义。     

锁骨下静脉穿刺置管在乳腺癌化疗中的应用及护理

目的探讨锁骨下静脉途径在乳腺癌化疗中的应用、观察及护理。方法回顾性分析62例乳腺癌进行锁骨下穿刺置管化疗的临床资料,总结护理经验。结果62例患者全部一次置管成功,无穿刺并发症。1例发生穿刺部位感染而拔管,3例导管脱落再次置管,无导管堵塞、深静脉栓塞或血栓形成、深静脉炎、药物渗漏致组织坏死等并发症。结论乳腺癌患者行锁骨下静脉置管化疗是一种安全、无痛苦的给药途径,而优质的导管护理是导管长时间留置成功的关键。     

心胸外科中心静脉导管感染患者的相关因素分析及预防对策

目的 探讨并分析心胸外科中心静脉导管感染的相关因素及预防对策.方法 2002年1月-2005 12月,随机抽取行中心静脉穿刺患者560例.治疗结束后,取导管尖端进行细菌培养,并对结果进行分析.结果 引起心胸外科深静脉置管相关感染的病原菌中,葡萄球菌占50%,真菌占16.7%;深静脉置管3,4,5周的感染率分别为24.5%、35.6%和65.2%;普胸手术及开放性胸外伤患者导管感染发生率分别为14.8%、18.0%,高于心脏手术及化疗患者;锁骨下静脉穿刺及贵要静脉置管感染发生率(9.6%、9.4%)低于颈内静脉(18.7%).结论 引起心胸外科深静脉置管相关感染的病原菌以葡萄球菌为首位病原菌;深静脉留置时间愈长,则导管感染率越高;普胸手术及开放性胸外伤患者导管感染发生率显著高于心脏手术及化疗患者;锁骨下静脉穿刺及贵要静脉置管感染发生率低于颈内静脉.严格深静脉置管护理和缩短留置时间对防止相关性感染具有重要临床意义.     

两种深静脉置管术在危重症患者治疗中的比较

目的 对锁骨下静脉穿刺置管术和股静脉穿刺置管术的优缺点进行比较.方法 对我科2006～2007年240例行深静脉穿刺置管术的重症监护病房(ICU)患者进行回顾性分析,对两种静脉置管术的一针穿刺成功率、插管完成时间、误穿动脉率、导管留置时间、导管相关感染率和深静脉血栓形成率进行比较.结果 股静脉穿刺置管术的一针穿刺成功率较锁骨下静脉穿刺置管术高,插管完成时间短,误穿动脉率低,但导管留置时间较锁骨下静脉穿刺置管短,导管相关感染率,深静脉血栓形成率高.结论 ICU患者如果需要留置导管较长时间,宜选择锁骨下静脉穿刺置管方法,而对于急性中毒患者,宜选择股静脉穿刺置管.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.