经外周静脉置科中心静脉导管CRI相关因素分析

目的 探讨引起经外周静脉置科中心静脉导管导管相关性感染(CRI)的相关因素.方法 回顾性分析420例外周静脉置科中心静脉导管病人临床资料,判断CPI发生率;比较感染影响因素的差异.结果 CRI共40例(9.52％,40/420);年龄大、导管相关知识掌少、置管者操作经验少、导管留置时间长、高营养化疗药应用是引起感染的相关因素.结论 经外周静脉置科中心静脉导管病人CRI发生率较高,与多种因素有关,应针对相关因素实施相应护理措施.     

经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管CRI相关因素分析

目的探讨引起经外周静脉置人中心静脉导管导管相关性感染（CRI）的相关因素。方法回顾性分析420例外周静脉置人中心静脉导管病人临床资料,判断CRI发生率;比较感染影响因素的差异。结果CRI共4JD例（9．52％,40／420）;年龄大、导管相关知识掌少、置管者操作经验少、导管留置时间长、高营养化疗药应用是引起感染的相关因素。结论经外周静脉置人中心静脉导管病人CRI发生率较高,与多种因素有关,应针对相关因素实施相应护理措施。     

神经外科ICU中心静脉置管患者导管相关性血流感染原因分析及对策

目的:探讨神经外科重症监护病房(ICU)中心静脉置管患者导管相关性血流感染(CRB)的发生原因及干预措施。方法:回顾性分析2017年7月1日～2019年1月31日在我院神经外科ICU中心静脉置管的328例患者作为研究对象,根据患者是否出现CRB分为感染组和未感染组,探讨CRB发生的相关危险因素,并对发生CRB患者给予针对性干预措施。结果:单因素分析发现年龄、置管次数≥2次、意识状态、导管留置部位、导管留置时间≥7 d、导管类型、静脉营养等因素与神经外科ICU中心静脉置管患者CRB发生相关(P0.05);Logistic回归分析发现年龄≥65岁、置管次数≥2次、昏迷意识状态、导管留置股静脉、导管留置时间≥7 d、双腔导管、静脉营养是影响神经外科ICU中心静脉置管患者CRB发生的危险因素。结论:根据影响神经外科ICU中心静脉置管患者CRB发生的危险因素,实施针对性干预,可显著改善患者预后。     

肿瘤患者外周中心静脉置管导管相关性感染的危险因素研究

目的探讨肿瘤患者外周中心静脉置管(PICC)导管相关性感染的危险因素。方法 348例行PICC的肿瘤患者根据是否发生导管相关性感染分为感染组61例和对照组287例,回顾性分析2组患者临床资料,筛选导管相关性感染的危险因素。结果单因素分析表明,年龄、文化程度、病程、是否应用高营养化疗药物、是否应用激素、白细胞计数(WBC)、是否掌握PICC自我护理知识、置管部位、导管类型、留置时间及操作者的经验等因素均与导管相关性感染相关(P0.01),Logistic回归分析显示,静脉高营养、应用激素、PICC自我护理知识掌握不良、导管留置时间长、留置部位为股静脉、操作者经验少、WBC降低为PICC导管相关性感染的危险因素(P0.05或P0.01)。结论 PICC导管相关性感染受多重因素影响,临床应针对上述因素进行干预,预防导管相关性感染的发生。     

化疗患者锁骨下静脉置管感染的相关因素研究

目的 :探讨应用锁骨下静脉置管化疗患者导管感染的相关因素。方法 :对适合锁骨下静脉穿刺置管肿瘤化疗患者 40 0例进行置管化疗 ,拔管后常规给以穿刺点、导管尖端细菌培养。同时 ,拟对 1 2个感染相关因素进行临床观察和单因素、多因素非条件logistic回归分析。结果 :发生导管性感染 36例 ,感染率 9.0 %。导管感染主要危险因素是留置天数、病情、合用激素与否和有无伴有糖尿病。结论 :锁骨下静脉穿刺置管化疗患者导管感染的高危险因素为留置天数、病情、合用激素与否和有无伴有糖尿病。因而 ,对有感染高危险因素存在的导管留置者要定期监测各项感染指标 ,避免导管感染发生     

EICU中心静脉导管相关性感染危险因素分析及护理观察

目的:分析急诊重症监护病房(EICU)中心静脉导管相关性感染危险因素,并探究其护理措施。方法:选取2019年9月—2020年9月在本院EICU采用中心静脉导管治疗的600例病人作为研究对象,根据其是否出现中心静脉导管相关性感染,将其分为感染组及非感染组,比较两组病人基础资料、置管情况及置管操作人员工作时间,分析其危险因素,并探究护理对策。结果:EICU中心静脉导管相关性感染发生率为14.83%,且病人年龄≥60岁、急性生理学及慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)≥20分、夏季置管、颈内静脉置管、置管持续时间≥7 d、非抗感染管置管、多腔导管及操作人员工作时间<5年均为导致中心静脉导管相关性感染的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论:EICU中心静脉导管相关性感染危险因素包括病人年龄、病情严重情况、置管季节、置管部位、导管留置时间、导管类型及操作人员因素等,应在置管前对病人病情及体征进行详细判定,选择更加适合的置管部位及导管种类,控制导管留置时间及强化操作人员业务能力等方法降低感染的发生率。     

肿瘤化疗患者PICC导管相关性感染原因调查分析及对策

目的了解肿瘤患者经外周穿刺中心静脉置管术(peripherally inserted central catheter,PICC)实施化疗,发生导管相关性感染情况及相关因素,并制订对策。方法回顾性调查了2007年1月-2009年12月本院186例PICC置管化疗患者导管相关性感染发生率及其原因。结果 186例患者中,导管局部感染14例,败血症2例,感染发生率为8.60%;其中选择经肘关节下静脉留置、5F型号导管、置管时间≥60d的化疗患者PICC感染发生率较高。结论肿瘤患者PICC感染与导管留置部位、导管型号、导管留置时间等有关。合理选择留置导管的部位及PICC管型号,加强置管操作与维护管理,尽可能缩短导管留置时间,加强患者营养及提高免疫力,可降低导管相关性感染发生率。     

中心静脉导管性感染及其护理

目的探讨导管相关性感染(Catheter-refectionInfection,CRI)的临床特点及护理措施。方法回顾分析2001年1月～2003年6月1372例次中心静脉置管病例中24例CRI病例,探讨其临床特点及危险因素与护理的关系。结果确诊CRI24例次中留置单腔导管者9例,留置双腔导管者15例,共分离菌株25株。CRI置管后8～14天发生率最高(56%)。结论预防的重点在于避免导管腔内和腔外的污染。加强无菌操作,重视穿刺点皮肤的消毒,选用单腔导管,减少不必要的间置装置,及时拔除感染的导管,操作者水平的提高以及抗生素的合理使用法均能有效地减少CRI的发生。     

中心静脉导管相关性感染临床分析

目的 探讨急诊重病监护病房(emergency intensive care unit,EICU)住院患者中心静脉导管相关性感染(catheter related infection,CRI)的病原学特征以及相关危险因素.方法 对2008年1月至2010年12月收住于福建省立医院EICU内置入中心静脉导管的1363例患者进行回顾性研究,采用x2线性趋势检验及多因素非条件Logistic回归分析,观察、统计和分析其CRI发生率、病原学特征以及可能相关危险因素.结果 共收集中心静脉留置导管1363根,导管检出病原菌阳性为147例,CRI发生率为10.79％,每1000导管日发生CRI 3.05次;CRI主要病原菌依次为革兰阴性杆菌(46.94％)、革兰阳性球菌(40.14％)、真菌(12.92％).多因素非条件Logistic回归分析提示,年龄、重复置管、股静脉置管、使用多腔导管、长期留置导管、病情危重和长期使用抗菌药物为CRI独立危险因素.结论 应加强CRI危险因素控制,预防医院感染的发生.     

ICU中心静脉导管相关性感染危险因素的调查研究

目的通过对ICU中心静脉置管患者感染的观察与分析,找出导管相关感染的危险因素。方法选择2009年9月至2010年3月,在ICU行中心静脉置管的患者,观察并记录其年龄、性别、置管部位、导管放置时间、穿刺点周围皮肤情况、导管性质、管腔数量、有无静脉营养等内容。护士根据患者的实际情况结合动态护理记录单实施有针对性的导管护理并及早反馈相关信息。结果患者年龄(58.1±18.9)岁,置管天数(8.76±6.89)d。行中心静脉置管的患者105例,其中77例次锁骨下静脉置管,23例次颈内静脉置管,6例次颈内静脉置入漂浮导管。中心静脉导管感染4例,置管时间分别为3、14、18、21 d,感染率为3.8%,每1 000个导管日感染率3.95。结论 ICU患者病情危重,严格掌握中心静脉置管适应症;使用中心静脉导管动态护理记录单进行导管常规评价,对症护理,缩短留置时间;严格的无菌技术是控制导管感染的关键措施。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.