微观组织和pH对Mg-Gd-Y-Zr镁合金酸雨腐蚀的影响

为探求Mg-Gd-Y -Zr合金板在酸雨环境下的腐蚀情况,采用析氢法、极化曲线、交流阻抗、扫描电镜、X线衍射仪等手段研究Mg-Gd-Y-Zr T6态合金板在不同pH酸雨中的腐蚀行为.研究结果表明:酸雨pH越低,腐蚀孕育期愈短,腐蚀电位负移,该合金板的腐蚀速率愈大;合金板在酸雨中浸泡初期腐蚀速率较快,以局部腐蚀为主;腐蚀孕育期镁合金板中α相溶解及腐蚀产物的堆积导致合金腐蚀速率减慢,表现为均匀腐蚀;当具有部分保护作用的氢氧化镁膜破裂时,腐蚀加速,出现大量点蚀坑;初期的腐蚀产物主要是氢氧化镁和氧化镁,随空气中二氧化碳在酸雨中的溶解,最终形成花瓣状的Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2-5H2O.     

AZ31镁合金在NaCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为研究

采用动电位极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱等方法研究了AZ31镁合金在3 5%NaCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为.结果表明,挤压加工成形的AZ31镁合金,由于合金内部组织沿水平方向发生了一定的层移,位错和缺陷增多,致使侧面和截面的耐腐蚀性能比表面稍差.阻抗测试结果显示,随着浸泡时间的延长,腐蚀产物在合金表面沉积,对基体金属具有一定的保护作用.     

海水激活电池用Mg-Hg-Ga合金阳极材料的腐蚀行为

通过Mg-3％Hg-2％Ga阳极材料在3.5％ NaCl水溶液中的析氢和浸泡实验研究其宏观腐蚀速率,通过动电位极化法和交流阻抗谱分析镁合金的电化学腐蚀行为;用扫描电镜分析镁合金的表面腐蚀形貌,讨论Mg-3％Hg-2％Ga合金的腐蚀机理.研究结果表明;Mg-3％Hg-2％Ga在3.5％ NaCl介质中的析氢速率为2.4×10-4mL/(cm2·s),浸泡128 h后,试样表面腐蚀均匀,腐蚀产物易脱落;在10 mV/s的扫描速度下,动电位极化测得腐蚀电流密度为2.41 mA/cm2;在开路电位下测得电极电荷转移阻抗为222.6 Ω/cm2,等效电容为8.48×10-4F.Mg-3％Hg-2％Ga阳极材料可开发为海水电池用镁合金阳极材料.     

西沙严酷海洋大气环境下AZ31镁合金的长周期腐蚀行为

通过现场暴露实验,研究了AZ31镁合金在西沙海洋大气环境下暴露4 a的长周期腐蚀行为.利用扫描电镜观察表面、截面的腐蚀产物以及去除腐蚀产物后的腐蚀形貌,并用能谱分析及X射线衍射仪对腐蚀产物的元素含量及相组成进行分析.研究结果表明,AZ31镁合金在西沙海洋大气环境下发生了较为严重的腐蚀,4 a内的平均腐蚀速度为11.95μm·a-1.Cl-和CO2在镁合金的腐蚀过程中起着至关重要的作用.吸附液膜中的Cl-主要破坏镁合金的保护膜,使镁合金发生阳极溶解;而CO2则会中和阴极反应产生的碱性离子并与Mg(OH)2发生反应生成含不同结晶水的Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·xH2O表层腐蚀产物.由于表层腐蚀产物阻挡了CO2和Cl-向镁合金表面的传输,靠近基体处的腐蚀产物主要为Mg(OH)2.     

AZ40镁合金在模拟海水介质中的腐蚀行为

采用Tafel极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱方法研究了AZ40镁合金在模拟海水介质中的腐蚀行为,采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜对腐蚀形貌进行了观察,结合介质pH值测量,讨论了腐蚀机理。结果表明,AZ40镁合金在模拟海水介质中的耐蚀性能较差;腐蚀自发发生,初期以点蚀为主要特征;由于Mg(OH)2等腐蚀产物存在较多缺陷,且分布不均匀,不能有效阻止腐蚀的发展,致使腐蚀扩展迅速,合金表面在短时间内就被严重破坏。     

稀土镧对Mg-7Al-2Zn镁合金阳极材料腐蚀和电化学性能的影响

制备了Mg-7Al-2Zn、Mg-7Al-2Zn-0.05La、Mg-7Al-2Zn-0.10La 3种镁合金阳极材料,研究了稀土镧元素对合金在质量分数为3.5%的NaCl溶液中的腐蚀和电化学性能的影响。采用析氢和自腐蚀测试、扫描电子显微镜、电化学工作站、蓝电测试系统,研究了镁阳极的腐蚀行为和电化学性能。结果表明：镧元素的添加显著抑制了Mg-7Al-2Zn合金的析氢反应,提高了合金的耐蚀性,腐蚀方式由不均匀腐蚀向均匀腐蚀转变。添加少量的La可以保持镁合金的活性。Mg-7Al-2Zn-0.05La合金作为阳极材料时,镁空气电池的放电电压和能量密度达到最大值,分别为0.96 V和1 092.8 mWh·g^-1。     

高腐蚀条件下用铝合金材料腐蚀机理

铝合金具有低密度、低熔点、高比强度及优良的耐腐蚀性能等特点，被广泛用于航空航天、建筑、船舶等领域。在服役过程中，铝合金的表层氧化膜易受到环境中活性阴离子的破坏而发生腐蚀，对其性能造成严重的损害，故研究铝合金在高腐蚀性环境的腐蚀行为对工程选材具有非常重要的指导意义。选择6061铝合金、2195铝锂合金和7075铝合金为研究对象，对其在特定腐蚀介质中的腐蚀过程和力学性能进行分析，研究了铝合金在特定腐蚀介质中腐蚀形貌与力学性能的变化规律。结果表明：腐蚀初期，在高Cl^-、NO₂^3-、SO₂^4-离子浓度的腐蚀环境中，3种铝合金的氧化膜受到阴离子破坏后发生点腐蚀，使基体暴露在腐蚀环境中，进而发生电化学腐蚀，6061铝合金和2195铝锂合金腐蚀方式是由点腐蚀向面腐蚀转变，7075铝合金腐蚀方式为晶间腐蚀；经过腐蚀后6061铝合金能保持稳定的强度和塑性，7075铝合金和2195铝锂合金的强度和塑性都明显降低。     

Cl^-浓度和pH值对AZ31镁合金腐蚀行为的影响

研究了AZ31镬合金在不同Cl-浓度和pH值的NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为,从腐蚀形貌和腐蚀速率等方面对其进行了定性和定量描述,并对其腐蚀机理进行了探讨.经NaCl溶液腐蚀的AZ31镁合金呈现出明显的点蚀特征.随着Cl-浓度的增大,金属的阳极溶解和局部腐蚀加剧,AZ31镁合金的腐蚀速率也急剧增加,腐蚀程度加重.同时,溶液pH值的增大有利于AZ31镬合金表面形成更稳定的Mg(OH)2钝化膜.于是,随着溶液pH值从7增大到12,AZ31镁合金的腐蚀速率减小,耐腐蚀性能增强.     

Mg-Al和Mg-Li镁合金板在NaCl水溶液中的腐蚀行为

采用电化学方法分别研究了AZ31镁合金轧制板、AZ80镁合金轧制板、ZE42镁合金热挤压板、LZ91镁合金轧制板和LA101镁合金热挤压棒等5种不同的镁合金在质量浓度为5.0%氯化钠水溶液中的腐蚀行为。采用失重法测量每一种合金的腐蚀速率,并且采用扫描电镜(SEM)观察了腐蚀产物的形貌,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析了每种镁合金的相组成。结果表明:电势分布较为均匀的镁合金可减小镁合金的微电偶腐蚀趋势,5种镁合金板(棒)材在NaCl水溶液中的腐蚀速率由低到高的顺序是:AZ80AZ31LA101LZ91ZE42。经36 h浸泡腐蚀后,在NaCl水溶液中镁合金表面主要被腐蚀产物Mg(OH)_2所覆盖,且随着浸泡时间延长,所有镁合金均呈现出明显的点蚀特征,阳极溶解和局部腐蚀程度加重,发生析氢反应,最后变为均匀腐蚀。     

Nd对AJ61镁合金微观组织及腐蚀性能的影响

采用真空熔炼、氩气保护的方法制备了AJ61-xNd镁合金,研究了稀土元素Nd对AJ61镁合金微观组织的影响规律.采用静态失重法、极化曲线法研究了AJ61-xNd镁合金在3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为.实验结果表明:随着Nd的加入,合金中出现Al2Nd、Al3Nd新相,合金晶粒得到细化,当Nd的质量分数为0.5%时合金晶粒最细.稀土元素Nd的加入显著降低了AJ61合金的腐蚀速度和腐蚀电流,提高了AJ61镁合金的平衡电位和腐蚀电位,显著改善了合金的耐腐蚀性能.在本实验范围内,当Nd质量分数为0.5%时,实验合金的耐腐蚀性能最好.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to