Cr合金在含Cl-和SO42-离子溶液中的腐蚀行为

 为研究Fe-Cr 合金在含Cl^-和SO₄^2- 离子溶液中浸泡的腐蚀行为,采用显微激光拉曼光谱技术进行腐蚀产物分析,并进行线性极化和交流阻抗电化学测试明确腐蚀机理。研究结果表明,Fe-Cr 合金含有大量Cr 更容易形成钝化膜,在浸泡初期Fe-Cr 合金腐蚀速度很小。随着浸泡时间增加,维钝电流密度呈现先增加而后明显减小的趋势,说明钝化膜不断加强,钝化膜起到较好的阻碍Cl^-和SO₄^2- 阴离子侵蚀作用。在酸性溶液中,Fe-Cr 合金钝化的同时也发生着点蚀,且随着浸泡时间的增长而加剧。Fe-Cr合金在浸泡150 h 后,在三角晶界及其附近的晶界更易出现腐蚀产物,这是由于模拟溶液中含有大量Cl^-离子,致使钝化膜破损。而在Fe-Cr 合金的腐蚀产物中出现CrOOH,对腐蚀有抑制作用。     

工业海洋大气环境下阳极氧化6061铝合金的电偶腐蚀行为

在青岛典型的工业海洋大气环境下,进行硼硫酸阳极氧化6061铝合金与不同表面状态的30CrMnSiNi2A结构钢偶接件的户外大气暴露试验,通过电化学测试、腐蚀产物分析、力学性能检测、断口分析等,研究了偶接件中阳极氧化6061铝合金的腐蚀规律与机理.结果表明:经1a户外大气暴露试验后,与镀镉钛结构钢偶接的6061阳极氧化铝合金力学性能最优,其强度σb和延伸率δ分别比原始试样下降6.45％和4.39％,远优于与结构钢裸材偶接的阳极氧化6061铝合金试样(分别下降10％和62.28％),略优于未偶接试样(分别下降6.77％和10.74％).沿晶腐蚀和表面点蚀是导致阳极氧化6061铝合金力学性能下降的主要原因,最严重的沿晶腐蚀裂纹深度达150μm.青岛大气中的硫化物不仅会侵蚀试样表面形成硫酸铝,还会浸入到晶界促进沿晶腐蚀.     

多盐耦合环境下混凝土腐蚀损伤发展模型

以SO₄^2-,Cl^-与Mg²⁺作为主要离子模拟工厂中实际恶劣化学腐蚀环境，开展现场暴露试验及室内模拟试验.研究了不同浸泡方式、水胶质量比、腐蚀溶液质量分数及干湿周期对混凝土劣化影响，采用超声波检测分析混凝土劣化程度.结果表明：在多盐耦合作用下，混凝土的损伤层厚度随腐蚀时间持续增加且速度逐渐减小.腐蚀前期Cl^-与SO₄^2-先进行反应，混凝土内外浓度差较大，腐蚀速度快；腐蚀中期镁盐参与腐蚀，导致缺陷再发展，但浓度差减小，腐蚀速度放缓.基于试验结果提出损伤发展模型，得出室内模拟试验腐蚀1.37 d相当于现场半浸泡试验腐蚀1 d,结果较为准确.     

阳极氧化对2060-T8铝锂合金氧化膜的形貌控制

2060-T8铝锂合金具有密度低、弹性模量高、比强度和比刚度高、疲劳性能好及焊接性能好等优点。铝锂合金中的元素Li,化学性质极活泼,易使铝锂合金表面形成的自然钝化膜发生破坏,缩短合金使用寿命。本研究采用硼酸直流阳极氧化在2060-T8铝锂合金表面制备了氧化膜,探究电流和覆膜时间对2060-T8铝锂合金氧化膜形貌的影响规律。结果表明:通过调节电流大小、覆膜时间,可有效获得表面平整致密的氧化膜,进而提高合金的耐腐蚀性能。     

铝合金在3.5%NaCl中电化学腐蚀行为研究

铝是一种广泛应用于工业生产的金属元素,因此铝及其合金的耐蚀性能的研究对工业生产有着重要的意义。在制备阶段采用阳极氧化法对铝合金表面进行预处理,于是在合金表面获得了一层较致密的氧化膜。在电化学测试阶段利用PARM273A和M5210电化学综合测试系统,通过测定电化学极化曲线和交流阻抗谱研究了基体铝合金和阳极氧化处理后的铝合金在3.5%NaCl溶液中的电化学腐蚀行为。电化学测试结果表明:与基体合金相比,在3.5%NaCl溶液中,经过阳极氧化预处理后的铝合金的腐蚀电流明显下降,并且电荷传递电阻明显升高,说明经阳极氧化预处理后铝合金的耐腐蚀性能加强,腐蚀速度下降;阳极氧化后,铝合金在3.5%NaCl溶液中的阻抗图谱呈单容抗弧,因此腐蚀过程受电化学控制。     

S2-浓度对含盐污水中10#碳钢腐蚀性能的影响

 目前中国的炼油厂换热器多采用碳钢材质,换热器是石化设备中失效最快、损失最严重的设备之一,尤其是水相换热器的腐蚀更为严重。水相介质中通常含有一定量的S^2-、Cl^-、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺,关于碳钢在含硫介质中的腐蚀行为,国内多数研究方向是应力情况下硫化物引起的应力腐蚀开裂问题,无应力状态下碳钢在含硫介质中的腐蚀行为研究得比较少。本文针对兰州石化某常减压装置换热器管束（主要材质10^#碳钢）在使用过程中的腐蚀问题,采用高温高压釜实验和电化学测试方法,研究壳程介质中S^2-浓度对10^#碳钢在含盐污水中腐蚀行为的影响,利用宏观照片和X 射线衍射仪XRD 表征腐蚀产物的形貌和相结构组成。实验结果表明,在测试区间内,随着腐蚀介质中S^2-含量的增加,试样表面生成的FeS 使得碳钢的均匀腐蚀速率逐渐降低,当介质中S^2-含量升高到250 mg/L 时,碳钢换热器管束的腐蚀程度由严重腐蚀转变为中度腐蚀,XRD 分析结果显示腐蚀产物为Fe₃O₄、CaCO₃和FeS;同时,当腐蚀介质中S^2-含量小于100 mg/L 时,由于介质中侵蚀性Cl^-存在,溶液中的Cl^-更容易穿过疏松的腐蚀产物膜层到达膜与基体界面处腐蚀基体,使得碳钢表面出现明显的点蚀现象,且介质中S^2-含量越低,试样抗点蚀性能越差。     

固溶后冷轧变形量对2195铝锂合金组织和力学性能的影响

对固溶后的2195铝锂合金挤压板材进行5%～25%的冷轧变形，并对变形后的板材进行了人工时效处理，通过组织分析和拉伸实验，研究了固溶后冷轧对2195铝锂合金挤压板材组织和性能的影响.结果表明：当冷轧变形量增加到20%时，板材厚度方向局部纤维状组织之间呈45°剪切带；当冷轧变形量继续增大到25%时，剪切带出现在板材整个厚度方向上.冷轧板材经过时效处理(155℃保温28 h)后，屈服强度、抗拉强度和延伸率随冷轧变形量的增加均先升高后降低.冷轧变形量为10%时，试样时效后的屈服强度、抗拉强度和延伸率达最大值，分别为575,604 MPa和13.7%.时效试样的屈强比先由未冷轧变形的90.8%增加到20%冷轧变形量的97.4%,再略降至25%冷轧变形量的97.1%.综合分析组织和力学性能，认为2195铝锂合金挤压板材固溶后的冷轧变形量应控制在10%左右.     

WO42-插层的Zn-Al层状双氢氧化物对水性涂料防腐性能的提升

利用离子交换法制备了WO₄^2-插层的Zn-Al层状双金属氢氧化物（LDH-WO₄^2-）,并将其添加到水性环氧树脂中以改善水性涂料的屏蔽性能与耐腐蚀性能。利用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FT-IR）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对LDH-WO₄^2-进行了表征,结果表明成功制得结构完整、尺寸均一的LDH-WO₄^2-。使用盐雾试验和浸泡试验研究了添加不同浓度LDH-WO₄^2-的水性涂料的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,在水性涂料中添加适量的LDH-WO₄^2-可以有效提高水性涂层的屏蔽性能与耐腐蚀性能,当LDH-WO₄^2-的添加浓度为3%（LDH-WO₄^2-占水性环氧树脂的质量分数）时,水性涂层的防护性能最好。     

快速冷凝粉末冶金技术制备Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr合金的研究

用快速冷凝技术制备了一种铝-锂合金的微细粉末,粉末体经冷压、真空去气、真空热压致密化,之后在400℃挤压成材。研究了这种合金在不同热处理条件下的显微组织和力学性能。与成份相近但用铸锭冶金方法制备的铝-锂合金相比,快速冷凝-粉末冶金方法制备的铝-锂合金,其硬度、强度较高,但塑性偏低。文章讨论了塑性偏低的原因以及改善合金塑韧性的可能途径。     

AZ40镁合金的腐蚀图像识别及腐蚀行为分析

应用计算机图像识别技术研究了AZ40镁合金在模拟海水介质中的腐蚀行为。采用中值滤波、直方图均衡化方法对腐蚀图像进行预处理,通过数学形态学分析和小波分析提取了3个腐蚀图像特征参数：灰度分布方差、二值图像前景面积和能量特征参数用于全面、准确地描述镁合金的腐蚀行为。研究结果表明：腐蚀介质破坏镁合金表面自然氧化膜使腐蚀阻力减小;腐蚀由局部腐蚀开始快速扩展至全部区域;腐蚀产物堆积较慢,短时间不能为合金提供有效的保护,但随着较长时间的堆积则可增大腐蚀阻力,对合金产生一定的保护作用。     

厄尔尼诺-南方涛动影响下月尺度水文模型参数可移植性

以浙江省3个流域作为研究对象，采用两参数月水量平衡模型（XM模型）和四参数月水量平衡模型（ABCD模型），结合极大似然不确定性估计方法（GLUE）对水文模拟的不确定性区间进行估计，在此基础上，研究不同模型在ENSO（厄尔尼诺-南方涛动）和不同流域地理情况下的参数移植能力。结果表明，厄尔尼诺时期的参数移植至拉尼娜时期，模型模拟效果要略好于拉尼娜时期的参数移植至厄尔尼诺时期；参数少的模型（XM模型）参数移植合格率要优于参数多的模型（ABCD模型）；相邻流域间的参数移植效果要明显优于距离较远的流域；ABCD模型具有更好的空间可参数移植能力。     

Cu-FeOx@AC活化PMS体系除藻效能与机制

为探究富营养化水体中藻类的新型治理技术，通过水热法和高温煅烧法，使颗粒活性炭（AC）表层上负载铜铁双金属氧化物Cu-FeO_x，制得可回收的Cu-FeO_x@AC复合催化剂。以XRD、SEM、FTIR和XPS对Cu-FeO_x@AC的表征为基础，研究Cu-FeO_x占AC的负载比、过一硫酸盐（PMS）使用量、初始pH及不同反应体系对除藻的影响，探究Cu-FeO_x@AC活化过一硫酸盐体系的除藻效能。Cu-FeO_x@AC活化过一硫酸盐体系反应机理，通过自由基淬灭实验、XPS表征进行探究。结果可知，初始pH为6，初始藻细胞密度为1.4×10⁹个/L，使用催化剂0.5 g/L，PMS 0.2 g/L时，反应90 min，该体系对藻的降解率有97.25%。在该体系中，藻细胞能被吸附在Cu-FeO_x@AC复合催化剂表面，在铜、铁不同价态离子的转换及AC的协同作用下，产生空穴、·O2-、·OH、SO4-·，单线态氧等多种氧化基团而被去除。     

Thermal shock resistance and crack growth behavior of Aurivillius phase Bi_4Ti_3O_(12)-based ferroelectric ceramics

A type of W/Cr co-doped Bi_4Ti_3O_(12)(ab. BTWC) ceramics were synthesized utilizing the traditional solid-state reaction process, and its thermal shock resistance(TSR) as well as the crack growth behavior was systematically investigated by water quenching technology. It can be found by the succeeded fractographic analysis that many edge thermal cracks began to appear in the samples subjected to thermal shock with ΔT=400°C. According to an integrated TSR model, the critical thermal-shock temperature difference ΔTCwas calculated to be 356°C. Moreover, it can be noticed that the indenter induced crack growth behaviors under thermal shock loads presented three stages, i.e. no growth, large growth, and moderate growth, along with ΔT increasing from 0°C to 700°C. Finally, the asymmetry of P-E hysteresis loops was observed and understood by the orientated polarization of defect dipoles after the sample was thermally shocked, while the water-quenching process above the Curie temperature of the ceramics could lead to a random orientation of the defect dipoles. This research can not only evaluate the service conditions of Bi_4Ti_3O_(12) high-temperature piezoceramics, but also understand the failure mechanism of bismuth layer structured ferroelectric ceramics in the case of thermal shock.     

Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Ti-8Nb-2Fe-0.2O alloy with high elastic admissible strain for orthopedic implant applications

A Ti-8Nb-2Fe-0.2O(wt.%) alloy with high strength,high elastic admissible strain(δ) and low cost was designed using d-electron theory combined with electron-to-atom ratio(e/a) approach.Interstitial oxygen was introduced to strengthen the matrix of the alloy.The β-solution treated alloy was mainly composed of α " martensite with internal {111}_(α") type Ⅰ nano-twins.The α " martensite with hexagonal-like crystal structure caused by interstitial oxygen showed a high strength of 1.1 GPa but limited ductility.The alloy generated equiaxed fine-grained a phase embedded by β matrix via hot rolling and subsequent annealing in α+β phase field.The obtained alloy indicated a good combination of mechanical properties with ultimate tensile strength,Young's modulus,ductility and δ value of 1029 MPa,74 GPa,21% tensile elongation and 1.32%,respectively.These findings demonstrate that interstitial oxygen and martensitic nano-twins can be used to strengthen the soft α" martensite and high elastic admissible strain can be obtained by formation of equiaxed fine-grained α phase embedded by βmatrix in this Ti-8Nb-2Fe-0.2O alloy for orthopedic implant.     

Prediction model for atmospheric corrosion of 7005-T4 aluminum alloy in industrial and marine environments

Accelerated corrosion tests of the 7005-T4 aluminum alloy were conducted to determine a suitable service life prediction method by using alternating wet-dry cycles in three kinds of solutions. The morphology and composition analysis of the corrosion product revealed that slight corrosion occurred on the surfaces of the samples immersed in a 0.25wt% Na₂S₂O₈ solution. However, pitting corrosion occurred on the surfaces of the samples immersed in a 3.5wt% NaCl solution, whereas exfoliation corrosion occurred on the surfaces of the samples immersed in a mixture of 0.25wt% Na₂S₂O₈ and 3.5wt% NaCl solutions. A power exponent relationship was observed between the mass loss and exposure time of the 7005-T4 aluminum alloy immersed in the three kinds of solutions. In the mixture of 0.25wt% Na₂S₂O₈ and 3.5wt% NaCl solutions, the mass loss of the aluminum alloy yielded the maximum value. Based on the calculation of the correlation coefficients, the alternating wet-dry procedure in a 3.5wt% NaCl solution could be used to predict the corrosion behavior of 7005-T4 aluminum alloy exposed in the atmosphere of Qingdao, China. The prediction model is as follows:T=104.28·t0.91, where T is the equivalent time and t is the exposure time.     

Effect of Ce addition on hot corrosion behaviours of a cast γ′-strengthened Co–Al–W–Mo–Ta–B alloy at 800 ​°C

Hot corrosion behaviours of a novel Co–9Al-4.5W-4.5Mo–2Ta-0.02B alloy doped with 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 ?at% Ce exposed at 800 ?°C in a solution of 75%Na₂SO₄/25%NaCl were investigated. The alloys comprised a coherent γ-Co_SS/γ′-Co₃(Al, W) microstructure (0.01Ce and 0.05Ce alloys) and κ-Co₃(W, Mo) precipitates (0.1Ce and 0.2Ce alloys) at grain boundaries. Hot corrosion kinetics curves demonstrated the parabolic time dependency profile with two stages: the first parabolic stage is within the beginning ～50 ?h corrosion and follows by the second parabolic stage. With an increasing nominal Ce content the weight gain of the alloy significantly decreased from approximately 70.1 ?mg ?cm^?2 (0.01Ce) to 40.8 ?mg ?cm^?2 (0.2Ce) when exposed for 100 ?h. A two-layer corrosion scale formed, and the scale was composed of an outer layer of Co₃O₄ oxide with spinel compounds of CoAl₂O₄, CoWO₄and CoSO₄, and an inner γ/needle-like Co₃W/sulphide layer adhered to the substrate. Heavy spallation of the corrosion scale occurred in the 0.01Ce～0.1Ce alloys, however, spallation was slight in the 0.2Ce alloy. The excellent corrosion resistance of the 0.2Ce alloy could be attributed mainly to the formation of continuous Al₂O₃ lines in the corrosion scale, as well as the prolongation of the incubation period of the corrosion product spallation.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of TiAl/TiAl joints brazed with a newly developed Ti–Ni–Nb–Zr quaternary filler alloy

A novel Ti–Ni–Nb–Zr quaternary filler alloy with the composition of Ti-(19～25)Ni-(15～25)(Nb ?+ ?Zr) (wt.%) was designed. The filler alloy was composed of (Ti,Nb)ss, (Ti,Zr,Nb)ss ?+ ?(Ti,Zr)₂Ni, α-Ti and Ti₂Ni phases. It was fabricated into filler foil with a thickness of about 45 ?μm by a rapid solidification technique. The results indicate that the liquidus temperature of the Ti–Ni–Nb–Zr brazing alloy was about 978 ^oC, and the brazing alloy presented excellent wettability on TiAl substrate. The TiAl joint mainly consisted of β/B2 phase, Ti₂Al, Ti₂AlNi and α₂-Ti₃Al phases. The diffusion of Al atom from base metal to brazed seam led to the formation of Ti₂Al and Ti₂AlNi. Considering that no previously references on XRD pattern of Ti₂AlNi compound can be found, Ti₂AlNi cast alloy specimen was specially prepared and XRD peaks were specially labeled. The micro-hardness and bending strength tests of the Ti₂AlNi phase were carried out, and the results were 761 HV and 192 ?MPa, respectively. The brazing parameters of 1010 ^oC/10 ?min offered the joint shear strength of 280 ?MPa at room temperature, and the joints exhibited tensile strength of 372 ?MPa at room temperature and 340 ?MPa at 750 ^oC, indicating that the newly developed filler alloy could offer a stable high-temperature strength.     

Microstructure and electrolysis behavior of self-healing Cu-Ni-Fe composite inert anodes for aluminum electrowinning

The microstructure evolution and electrolysis behavior of (Cu₅₂Ni₃₀Fe₁₈)-xNiFe₂O₄ (x=40wt%, 50wt%, 60wt%, and 70wt%) composite inert anodes for aluminum electrowinning were studied. NiFe₂O₄ was synthesized by solid-state reaction at 950℃. The dense anode blocks were prepared by ball-milling followed by sintering under a N₂ atmosphere. The phase evolution of the anodes after sintering was determined by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results indicate that a substitution reaction between Fe in the alloy phase and Ni in the oxide phase occurs during the sintering process. The samples were also examined as inert anodes for aluminum electrowinning in the low-temperature KF-NaF-AlF₃ molten electrolyte for 24 h. The cell voltage during electrolysis and the corrosion scale on the anodes were analyzed. The results confirm that the scale has a self-repairing function because of the synergistic reaction between the alloy phase with Fe added and the oxide phase. The estimated wear rate of the (Cu₅₂Ni₃₀Fe₁₈)-50NiFe₂O₄ composite anode is 2.02 cm·a-1.     

CoPt-Co hybrid supported on amino modified SiO_2 nanospheres as a high performance catalyst for hydrogen generation from ammonia borane

CoPt-Co hybrids were successfully supported on amino modified SiO_2 nanospheres by a chemical reduction method at a temperature of 278 K.The solid carrier i.e.amino modified SiO_2,provides numerous anchoring sites for the metal nanoparticles(NPs)to improve the dispersion while reducing the size of metal NPs.The supported NPs displayed a narrow particle size distribution on the SiO_2 surface with an average diameter of 12 nm.The XRD results alongside with the binary alloy phase diagram suggest that the resulted NPs are bimetallic,composed of CoPt and amorphous Co.Among the prepared materials,the solid with the specific composition of SiO_2@Pt_(0.1)Co_(0.9)was proved to be effective catalyst for ammonia borane(AB)hydrolysis in aqueous solution.The turnover frequency(TOF)value of the supported nanocatalyst was 25.59mol_(H_2)min~(-1)·mol_M~(-1),almost twice as that of unsupported Pt_(0.1)Co_(0.9)NPs while the activation energy was 37.05 kJ mol~(-1).Furthermore,the SiO_2@Pt_(0.1)Co_(0.9)composite manifested high catalytic activity even after five cycles of reuse.