堇青石微晶玻璃结合碳化硅复相陶瓷材料的制备

以MgO-Al_2O_3-SiO_2(MAS)系玻璃作为高温结合剂,经1430℃×2 h的烧成和1350℃×2 h的热处理,制备了堇青石微晶玻璃结合碳化硅复相陶瓷材料,并利用XRD和SEM等测试方法研究了烧成温度和微晶玻璃的化学组成对复相陶瓷的组成、结构及性能的影响。结果表明,经1430℃烧成MAS系玻璃可形成液相包裹SiC颗粒,起到填充气孔的作用,再经1350℃保温2 h热处理可使玻璃中析出呈团簇状且粒径小于1μm的堇青石微晶。提高烧成温度至1470℃导致SiC剧烈氧化和方石英的析出,不利于材料的热膨胀性能。适当提高玻璃中MgO的含量有利于堇青石的析出和热膨胀系数的降低,其中,经1430℃烧成SC-A2配方样品的热膨胀系数最低,为5.2×10~(-6)·℃~(-1)。     

低热膨胀系数堇青石材料的合成研究

以高岭土、烧滑石和氧化镁为原料合成堇青石,研究了烧成温度、镁铝硅含量及高岭土种类对合成堇青石热膨胀系数的影响。实验结果表明:合成堇青石的最佳配方1#高岭土82.4 wt%、滑石9.3 wt%、氧化镁8.4 wt%,试样热膨胀系数为1.24×10-6℃-1。适当的提高烧成温度可得到热膨胀系数低的堇青石材料,但合成温度过高则会因为形成过多的玻璃相而使其热膨胀系数增大。过多或过少的引入Si O2、Al2O3、Mg O均会由于形成高热膨胀系数的晶相而导致所合成堇青石的热膨胀系数增大。     

煤系高岭土合成堇青石的研究

研究了利用煤系高岭土作为主要原料合成堇青石。实验结果表明:采用煤系高岭土,滑石和镁砂为原料合成堇青石的效果要优于用煤系高岭土,滑石和工业氧化铝为原料的合成效果。并测得以煤系高岭土配合滑石和镁砂(配方化学组成中富含SiO2)在1 340℃×3 h的烧成制度下,制得试样的体积密度为2.02 g/c,气孔率为16.1%,热膨胀系数(20~800℃)α为1.88×10-6/℃,堇青石含量≥95%。     

堇青石蜂窝陶瓷的低温烧成试验

以高岭土、滑石和氧化铝粉为主要原料,以面粉和活性炭为成孔剂,按堇青石理论化学组成配料.经球磨、压滤、练泥、陈腐后,挤压成型为孔密度为每平方英寸100个孔,孔壁厚0.3 mm的坯体,干燥后,做不同温度(1 280、1 300、1 340和1 380℃)保温3 h和1 300 ℃保温不同时间(3、4、5、6 h)的烧成试验,然后检测烧后试样的显气孔率和热膨胀系数,并进行XRD和SEM分析.结果表明:(1)在1 340℃保温5 h烧成可制备出显气孔率约为60%,平均热膨胀系数(室温～800℃)为1.67×10-6℃-1的纯堇青石相蜂窝陶瓷.(2)在1 280～1 380℃保温5 h烧成的堇青石蜂窝陶瓷的显气孔率及吸水率均没有显著差异.在1 300℃的烧成温度下,当保温时间由3 h增加到4 h时,试样的显气孔率和吸水率略有下降;继续延长保温时间,试样的显气孔率和吸水率变化不大.(3)在保温5 h的条件下,当烧成温度从1 280℃升至1 340℃时,试样的热膨胀系数逐渐降低;当烧成温度从1 340 ℃升至1 380℃时,试样的热膨胀系数升高.在烧成温度为1 300 ℃的条件下,当保温时间从3 h增加到5 h时,试样的热膨胀系数逐渐降低;从5 h增加到6 h时,试样的热膨胀系数升高.(4)与1 300℃烧成的试样相比,1 340℃烧成的试样中有较多呈短柱状的堇青石晶粒,且气孔平均孔径较大.     

陶瓷纤维增强堇青石质陶瓷材料的研究

为了制得热膨胀系数小、力学性能好的优质堇青石质陶瓷材料,以粒径≤0.074 mm的黏土、d_(50)=1μm的SiO_2微粉和≤0.074 mm的轻烧MgO为原料,按照堇青石的理论组成进行配料,外加质量分数10%的硅酸铝陶瓷纤维或多晶莫来石纤维,采用挤出方式成型,分别于1 250、1 300和1 350℃保温3 h制得堇青石质陶瓷材料。采用国标检测了试样的常温物理性能和热膨胀系数,采用X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜对试样的物相组成和显微结构进行了分析。结果表明:1 350℃保温3 h制得的堇青石质陶瓷材料的热膨胀系数较低,力学性能较好;试样以堇青石相为主晶相,堇青石相在引入的硅酸铝陶瓷纤维表面生成且基本呈定向分布。     

烧成温度对溶胶-凝胶法制备堇青石陶瓷性能的影响

为解决工业生产堇青石烧结温度高的问题,首先以结晶氯化镁MgCl_2·6H_2O、结晶氯化铝AlCl_3·6H_2O和正硅酸乙酯(C_2H_5O)_4Si为原料,按照堇青石的化学计量配比,以溶胶-凝胶法并经600℃煅烧制备堇青石先驱体粉体;然后采用半干压成型法将该粉体压制成Φ20 mm×20 mm的圆柱状试样,分别在950、1 000、1 050、1 100、1 150、1 200和1 250℃保温2 h烧成,检测试样的基本物理性能,并利用XRD和SEM分析物相组成和显微结构。结果表明:溶胶-凝胶法制备堇青石陶瓷,可以降低堇青石的合成温度。在1 250℃的烧成温度下,不添加任何烧结助剂,就可以获得纯度较高的α-堇青石相,试样的体积密度为2.25 g·cm~(-3),达到α-堇青石理论密度的90%,基本达到了致密化烧结。     

镍渣制备多孔堇青石陶瓷的研究

以镍渣、Al_2O_3和SiO_2为原料,按偏镁铝方案确定堇青石的组成,无需添加额外的烧结助剂和造孔剂,成功制备出多孔堇青石陶瓷。测定了试样的显气孔率、抗弯强度和热膨胀系数,用XRD分析了试样在烧结过程中的物相变化,并用SEM观察其断面的显微结构。结果表明:在1200~1380℃保温4 h,制备的多孔陶瓷的显气孔率为38.13~31.39%,抗弯强度为25.53~32.54 MPa,热膨胀系数为3.17×10~(-6)~1.43×10~(-6)/℃,且其主晶相为堇青石。SEM图谱显示多孔堇青石陶瓷中堇青石晶体呈六方棱柱状,还存在大量孔洞。     

低热膨胀系数堇青石微晶玻璃的制备

采用传统熔体冷却法制备了Mg O-A1_2O_3-Si O_2玻璃,并通过热处理进一步获得了堇青石基微晶玻璃。探索了Zr O_2/Ti O_2复合成核剂及热处理制度对微晶玻璃析晶性能及热膨胀系数的影响规律。结果表明,Mg O-A1_2O_3-Si O_2体系有较强的表面析晶倾向,晶核剂的加入能降低析晶温度,同时有利于诱导样品发生均匀析晶,并能促进低温型堇青石相向膨胀系数更低的高温型堇青石相转变,有利于降低堇青石微晶玻璃材料的膨胀系数。在复合晶核剂作用下,当析晶温度为1050℃,保温时间为60 min时,可获得最低热膨胀系数为1.03×10~(-6)/℃的堇青石微晶玻璃材料。     

添加Li2CO3和BaCO3对合成堇青石性能的影响

采用煤系高岭土、滑石和镁砂为主要原料,在化学组成(w)为MgO13.23%,Al2O333.78%,SiO251.16%的研究配方(试样A)的基础上,分别添加1.0%、1.5%、2.0%的Li2CO3(对应试样编号为L1、L2、L3)或1.0%、2.0%、3.0%的BaCO3(对应试样编号为B1、B2、B3),以100MPa压制成36mm×50mm的圆柱状试样,在110℃干燥4h后,以3~5℃·min-1的升温速度升至1340℃保温3h烧成,然后检测试样的烧后体积收缩率及体积密度、显气孔率和热膨胀系数,并采用XRD分析矿物成分,K值法测量烧后试样的堇青石相含量,以探讨添加Li2CO3和BaCO3对合成堇青石性能的影响。结果表明:随着Li2CO3添加量的增加,烧后试样的体积收缩率和体积密度逐渐增大,显气孔率逐渐减小,而添加BaCO3对堇青石合成过程中的烧结性影响不大;烧后试样A和B2中除分别含有为90%和95%的堇青石外未检测到其他晶相,但L1中还存在一定量的LiAlSi2O6相;添加剂Li2CO3或BaCO3均能降低合成堇青石的热膨胀系数。     

高强度堇青石-莫来石棚板的研制

以堇青石(1～0.5、0.5～0.2、<0.088 mm)和莫来石熟料(M60,1～0.5 mm)为主要原料,加入25%(w)的由轻烧MgO粉、α-Al2O3微粉及添加剂(紫木节和KOH)组成的混合粉,按堇青石与莫来石的质量比分别为40:35、42.5:32.5和45:30配料、混练、成型后,分别在1 300、1 350和1 400℃均保温3 h条件下烧成,合成出堇青石-莫来石质棚板试样,并检测试样的常温及高温物理性能,同时进行XRD、SEM及EDS分析.结果表明:按m(堇青石):m(莫来石)=45:30配料,在1 350℃ 3 h合成的棚板材料的各项性能指标最好,其主要晶相为堇青石和莫来石,且显微结构均匀,晶间生成大量的原位堇青石和莫来石晶粒,骨料之间的"联接桥"发育良好,材料具有较高的抗折强度.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.