气相色谱法测定空气中邻氯苯乙烯的研究

目的建立工作场所空气中邻氯苯乙烯的溶剂解吸气相色谱测定方法。方法按照《工作场所空气中有毒物质检测方法研究规范》的要求进行实验。结果该方法0～5000μg/ml范围呈线性关系;样品在炭管中于4℃冰箱中可保存8d;方法的重现性好,不同浓度的相对标准偏差为1.41～2.06%;方法的最低检出限为1.0μg/ml;平均解析效率为77.42%～88.03%;采样效率为98.17%～100.00%;100 mg活性碳对邻氯苯乙烯的穿透容量是6.6 mg;空气中与邻氯苯乙烯共存苯乙烯、对氯苯乙烯、间氯苯乙烯等在该方法条件下不干扰测定。结论该方法各项指标均达到《工作场所空气中有毒物质检测方法研究规范》的要求,适用于工作场所中邻氯苯乙烯的现场监测。     

工作场所空气中邻氯苯乙烯热解吸气相色谱测定方法的研究

目的建立工作场所空气中邻氯苯乙烯的热解吸气相色谱测定方法。方法将美国测定方法用的10%SP-1000填允色谱柱改为日常空气检验中常用的FFAP毛细管通用色谱柱。按照《工作场所空气中有毒物质检测方法研究规范》的要求进行实验。结果本方法在0～1 200μg/ml范围呈线性关系(r=0.999 9);样品在炭管中于4℃冰箱中可保存8 d;方法的重现性好,不同浓度的RSD为1.28%～1.97%;方法的最低检出限为0.52μg/ml;平均解吸效率为75.73%～86.96%;采样效率为98.17%～100.00%;100 mg活性炭对邻氯苯乙烯的穿透容量是6.6 mg;空气中与邻氯苯乙烯共存苯乙烯、对氯苯乙烯、间氯苯乙烯等在本方法条件下不干扰测定。结论本文所用方法各项指标均达到《工作场所空气中有毒物质检测方法研究规范》的要求,适用于工作场所空气中邻氯苯乙烯的现场监测。     

作业场所空气中邻甲基环己酮的毛细管气相色谱测定法

目的建立用溶剂解吸气相色谱法测定工作场所空气中邻甲基环己酮的方法。方法空气中的邻甲基环己酮经TMP-1500空气采样器采集,以二硫化碳解吸,以NUKOL柱分离,以FID检测器检测,按照《工作场所空气中有毒物质检测方法研究规范》的要求进行实验研究。结果在0～1 680μg/ml浓度范围内,色谱峰面积与邻甲基环己酮的浓度有良好的线性关系r,=0.999 7;检出限为0.81μg/ml;不同浓度的相对标准偏差为2.6%～4.7%;平均解吸效率为83.1%～88.4%;采样效率为94.2%～95.8%;100 mg活性炭对邻甲基环己酮的穿透容量为12.0 mg。结论该方法线性范围广,灵敏度高,适用于工作场所空气中邻甲基环己酮的检测。     

热解吸气相色谱法测定工作场所空气中乙酸丁酯的方法研究

目的建立工作场所空气中乙酸丁酯的热解吸气相色谱测定方法。方法按照《工作场所空气中有毒物质检测方法研究规范》的要求进行实验室及现场实验。结果100mg活性炭对乙酸丁酯的穿透容量7.4mg,当乙酸丁酯的浓度为83.5～168.1mg/m3时,采样效率均达99.98%～100%;样品在炭管中可保存8d,方法的重现性好;不同浓度的相对标准偏差为2.1%～5.6%;平均解吸效率为92.44%～97.82%;方法的最低检测浓度为0.8mg/m3;空气中与乙酸丁酯共存的苯、甲苯、二甲苯等在该方法条件下不干扰测定。结论该方法各项指标均达到《工作场所空气中有毒物质检测方法研究规范》的要求,适用于工作场所空气中乙酸丁酯的检测。     

作业场所空气中N-异丙基苯胺的毛细管气相色谱测定法

目的 建立用溶剂解吸气相色谱法测定工作场所空气中N-异丙基苯胺的方法.方法 选用NUKOL柱,以FID检测器检测,按照<工作场所空气中有毒物质检测方法研究规范>的要求进行实验研究.结果 本方法在O～2 500 μg/ml范围具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.999 7;方法的检出限为1.33μg/ml,以采样3 L空气样品计,最低检出浓度为0.4 mg/m3;不同浓度的相对标准偏差为1.10%～3.65%;平均解吸效率为94.6%～97.5%;采样效率为1000%;200 mg硅胶对N-异丙基苯胺的穿透容量为>7.9 mg.结论 该方法各项指标均达到<工作场所空气中有毒物质检测方法研究规范>的要求,适用于工作场所空气中N-异丙基苯胺的现场监测检测.     

工作场所空气中三氯甲烷的热解吸气相色谱测定方法

[目的 ]建立工作场所空气中三氯甲烷热解吸气相色谱测定方法。 [方法 ]按照《车间空气中有毒物质监测研究规范》[2 ] 的要求进行实验室实验及现场实验。 [结果 ] 10 0mg活性炭对三氯甲烷的穿透容量大于 10 7mg ,当三氯甲烷的浓度为 64 5～ 174 7mg/m3 时 ,采样效率均达 99 89%～ 10 0 % ;样品在碳管中至少可保存 8d ,方法的重现性好 ,不同浓度的相对标准偏差为 1 3 %～ 5 1% ;平均解吸效率为 89 3 %～ 93 3 % ;方法的最低检测浓度为 0 17mg/m3 ;空气中与三氯甲烷共存苯、甲苯、正己烷、二氯乙烷等在本方法条件下不干扰测定。 [结论 ]此方法各项指标均达到《车间空气中有毒物质监测研究规范》[2 ] 的要求 ,适用于工作场所空气中三氯甲烷的现场监测     

工作场所空气中恩氟烷的气相色谱测定法

目的建立工作场所空气中恩氟烷的溶剂解吸气相色谱测定方法。方法按照《工作场所空气中有毒物质检测方法研究规范》的要求进行实验。结果该方法在l～7 480μg/ml范围呈线性关系;样品在炭管中于常温下至少可保存7 d;方法的重现性好,不同浓度的相对标准偏差为0.5%～1.3%;方法的最低检出限为1.0μg/ml;平均解吸效率为97.0%～103.8%;采样效率为94.9%～100.0%;100 mg活性炭对恩氟烷的穿透容量是3.7 mg;空气中与恩氟烷共存七氟烷、异氟烷、乙醇等在该方法条件下不干扰测定。结论该方法各项指标均达到《工作场所空气中有毒物质检测方法研究规范》的要求,适用于工作场所空气中恩氟烷的现场监测。     

空气中正丁基缩水甘油醚气相色谱测定方法研究

目的建立工作场所空气中正丁基缩水甘油醚的溶剂解吸气相色谱测定方法。方法按照《工作场所空气中有毒物质检测方法研究规范》的要求进行实验。结果本方法在0~500μg/ml范围呈线性关系;样品在4℃冰箱下于炭管中可保存10 d;方法的重现性好,不同浓度的相对标准偏差为0.86%~2.58%;方法的最低检出限为2.0μg/ml;平均解吸效率为95.41%~99.15%;采样效率为98.05%~100%;100 mg活性炭对正丁基缩水甘油醚的穿透容量是5.4mg;空气中与正丁基缩水甘油醚共存的二苯醚等在本方法条件下不干扰测定。结论此方法各项指标均达到《工作场所空气中有毒物质检测方法研究规范》的要求,适用于工作场所空气中正丁基缩水甘油醚的现场监测。     

工作场所空气中毒死蜱溶剂解吸气相色谱测定

目的 建立工作场所空气中毒死蜱的溶剂解吸气相色谱测定方法.方法 按照《工作场所空气中有毒物质检测方法研究规范》的相关要求进行实验.采用OVS-2管采集工作场所空气中毒死蜱等有机磷农药,用溶剂(取90ml甲苯和10 ml丙酮混合)解吸后,经DB-1701气相色谱柱分离,火焰光度检测器进行检测.结果 本方法在0～10.0 mg/L呈线性关系(r =0.999 93),样品在吸附管中可保存13 d,不同质量浓度样品测定的相对标准偏差为0.49%～1.50%,方法的最低检出限为0.005 mg/L,定量下限为0.017 mg/L,方法的最低检出质量浓度为0.002 mg/m3,平均解吸效率为99.3%～100.1%,采样效率为99.4%～100.0%,加标回收率为98.2%～99.2%,空气中与毒死蜱共存的敌敌畏、甲胺磷、乐果、甲拌磷、毒死蜱、甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷、对硫磷、甲基毒死蜱等有机磷在本方法条件下不干扰测定.结论 此方法各项指标均达到《工作场所空气中有毒物质检测方法研究规范》的要求,适用于工作场所空气中毒死蜱和其他有机磷农药的现场监测.     

工作场所空气中二异丁基甲酮热解吸气相色谱测定法

目的 建立工作场所空气中二异丁基甲酮的热解吸气相色谱测定方法.方法 按照《工作场所空气中有毒物质检测方法研究规范》的要求进行实验.结果 该方法在0～1600μg/ml范围内呈线性关系;样品在炭管中于4℃冰箱中可保存14 d;方法的重现性好,不同浓度的相对标准偏差为1.00%～1.33%;方法的最低检出限为0.18μg/ml;平均解吸效率为83.57%～86.70%;采样效率为98.93%～100.00%;100 mg活性炭对二异丁基甲酮的穿透容量为6.3 mg.空气中可能与二异丁基甲酮共存的环己烷、甲基环己烷、异佛尔酮等在该方法条件下不干扰测定.结论 该方法各项指标均达到《工作场所空气中有毒物质检测方法研究规范》的要求,适用于工作场所空气中二异丁基甲酮的测定.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.