西安市中学生吸烟相关知识、态度、行为调查

目的 了解西安市青少年吸烟相关知识、态度及行为,为制订干预措施提供依据.方法 采用方便抽样的方法抽取西安市4所中学初一至高三的学生共1224人作为研究对象.应用吸烟知识、态度和行为调查问卷对研究对象进行调查.结果 调查对象的吸烟知识得分为9.11±1.98,对吸烟的态度得分为24.46±3.68.调查对象中曾尝试吸烟率为30.5%,现吸烟率为6.6%,经常吸烟率为4.9%.吸烟知识、对吸烟的态度和尝试吸烟行为三者之间呈轻度的正向相关(P＜0.01).结论 西安市青少年对吸烟的成瘾性及危害认识不足.对吸烟的态度趋于正向,尝试吸烟率较高,尝试吸烟的年龄较小.吸烟行为除了与吸烟知识和态度有关外,还与多种因素有关.     

上海市中学生饮酒知识态度行为分析

了解上海市中学生饮酒知识、态度、行为(KAP)现况,为制定限制青少年饮酒干预措施提供科学依据.方法 采用多阶段分层随机整群抽样方法,抽取上海市4个城区的初中学校25所、高中学校11所、职业中学10所共4 801名学生,采用问卷进行饮酒KAP调查.结果 中学生饮酒知识得分平均为(7.42± 3.18)分,态度为(4.69±2.65)分,行为为(2.83士1.63)分.饮酒KAP分数相加综合评价,仅20%的学生为“好”,评分为“差”的学生人数比例为39%.女生知识、态度及行为均分均高于男生(t值分别为6.892,11.604,6.679,P值均<0.01);职业中学学生知识、态度及行为分数均为最低,初中生知识得分低于高中生,但态度和行为得分初中生均高于高中生(F值分别为20.893,177.893,130.353,P值均<0.01).结论 中学生饮酒KAP水平均不高.应加强健康教育,提高中学生饮酒知识水平,重点为职业学校学生;禁止向未成年人售酒法规的严格执行也非常重要.     

大连市中学生艾滋病知识、态度和行为调查

目的 了解中学生艾滋病知识、态度和行为情况,为开展中学生艾滋病健康教育提供科学依据.方法 采用分层整群抽样方法抽取辽宁省大连市2所中学1 186名学生,采用自行设计艾滋病知识、态度和行为问卷进行调查.结果 中学生对艾滋病相关知识知晓率为37.3％ ～98.2％,学生的艾滋病相关知识得分为(8.61±0.79)分,高中生得分[(9.19±0.78)分]高于初中生[(7.91±0.84)分],差异有统计学意义(t =2.75,P＜0.05),男、女生得分差异无统计学意义;大部分学生对艾滋病及患者持正向态度,所有学生艾滋病相关态度得分为(17.87 ±2.34)分,高中生得分[(19.54±2.27)分]高于初中生[(16.33±2.04)分],差异有统计学意义(t =3.01,P＜0.05),男生得分[(17.03±1.94)分]低于女生[(19.01±2.19)分],差异有统计学意义(t=2.31,P＜0.05);学生艾滋病相关知识得分和态度得分之间无相关性(r=0.11,P＞0.05).结论 中学生对艾滋病相关知识的总体知晓率较低,部分学生对艾滋病及患者仍存在歧视和思想顾虑,学校亟需开展有针对性的艾滋病健康教育.     

慢性乙型肝炎患者乙肝防治知识、态度、行为现状调查及相关因素分析

目的 调查慢性乙型肝炎患者乙肝防治知识、态度、行为现状并进行相关因素分析。方法 选取2019年2月至2021年2月在本院门诊就诊的慢性乙型肝炎患者605例为调查对象,对入选患者进行乙肝防治知识、态度、行为评分,收集患者人口学特征、一般资料。根据患者知识、态度、行为总得分情况将患者分为得分良好组(总分12～20分)和得分较差组(总分0～11分),分析慢性乙型肝炎患者乙肝防治知识、态度、行为总得分的影响因素。结果 入选患者知识、态度、行为总得分为(12.63±3.09)分,其中知识得分(6.97±1.76)分、态度得分(2.95±0.98)分、行为得分(2.71±0.83)分,总得分≥12分患者319例(52.73%,得分良好组),总得分<12分患者286例(47.27%,得分较差组)。两组患者性别、BMI、民族、婚姻状况、高血压史、糖尿病史、吸烟史、饮酒史、月收入、职业、医保类型比较差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05),得分较差组年龄高于得分良好组,病程短于得分良好组,文化程度为初中及以下、居住地为农村比例高于得分良好组,接受乙肝知识教育比例低于得分良好组,上述差异均有统计学...     

兰州地区2所高校大一学生营养知识、态度及行为现况调查

[目的]了解大一学生营养知识、态度与饮食行为,为高校开展营养教育和健康促进提供依据。[方法]利用随机整群抽样方法选取兰州市2所二类本科高校中的大一学生作为调查对象,采用自行设计的自填式调查问卷对大一学生的营养知识、态度及饮食行为进行调查。[结果]该人群营养知识平均得分为(24.1±5.6)分,态度平均得分为(22.4±3.8)分,行为平均得分为(16.3±2.9)分。营养知识,态度得分女生高于男生,营养行为得分男生高于女生。营养知识和态度之间有明显的正相关关系(r=0.215,P=0.001)。调查对象最希望了解的是营养不良预防知识(占95.5%),目前获得相关营养知识的渠道以报纸书籍和电视为主,分别占82.1%和64.7%。[结论]多数大一学生对营养知识掌握肤浅,普遍存在不合理的饮食行为,但均具有积极良好的态度。因此,应开展有效的营养教育提高他们的营养知识,为其健康行为的形成提供支持。     

广州市海珠区儿童家长预防接种风险认知、态度、行为调查分析

目的研究广州市海珠区儿童家长预防接种风险认知、态度、行为现状,为预防接种工作制定政策提供科学依据。方法采用PPS法对广州市海珠区7岁以下儿童家长进行抽样调查,调查内容包括调查对象基本情况、预防接种知识(包括基础知识和预防接种异常反应知识)、预防接种态度、预防接种行为,采用描述流行病学方法对结果进行分析,并对影响预防接种行为得分的相关因素进行分析。结果共抽取480人进行调查,收回有效问卷439份,有效回收率为91.45%。男性占25.74%(113/439),女性占74.26%(326/439),40岁以下占93.62%(411/439),学历以中专或高中以上为主,占93.62%(411/439),监护人主要为儿童的父母(占83.37%)。预防接种基础知识得分(71.57±24.26)分,预防接种异常反应知识得分(49.05±20.62)分,预防接种态度得分(59.32±21.41)分,预防接种行为得分(70.36±21.21)分。有序多分类logistic回归分析结果显示,预防接种基础知识得分、预防接种异常反应知识总得分、预防接种态度总得分越高,行为得分高的可能性更大(OR=1.01~1.03),与工人相比,职业为待业或家务、医务人员的调查对象行为得分可能性更大(OR=2.64、1.99),儿童3代以内血缘亲属有药物或疫苗接种反应史的调查对象行为得分可能性更高(OR=2.10)。结论预防接种知识得分较低、预防接种态度得分不高,而预防接种知识、态度与预防接种行为密切相关,应加强预防接种知识传播,改变家长预防接种态度,正确处理预防接种异常反应。     

南京市某高校医学生营养知识-态度-行为及营养状况调查

目的了解医学生营养知识、态度、行为(KAP)情况及营养状况,为开展营养教育及制定有针对性措施提供依据。方法以分层整群抽样的方法选取南京市某高校1 010名医学生为研究对象,采用自行设计问卷进行调查。结果医学生营养知识平均得分(9.77±2.59)分,总正确率为65.11%;营养态度平均得分(14.29±2.51)分,总正确率为79.39%;营养行为平均得分(59.57±5.16)分,总正确率为71.77%。女生营养知识、态度得分均高于男生;学过营养课程的学生营养知识、态度、行为得分均高于未学过的学生;家人关注营养的学生营养知识、态度、行为得分均高于不关注组学生(P值均0.05)。营养知识与营养态度(r=0.242)、与营养行为(r=0.152)均呈正相关;营养态度与营养行为(r=0.254)亦呈正相关(P值均0.05)。大学生中存在较多不合理的营养行为。营养不良率为15.94%,超重或肥胖率为7.52%。结论医学生营养知识水平有待进一步提高,大多数医学生具有积极的营养态度,营养行为总体情况不容乐观,营养状况有待进一步改善。     

上海市中学生家长饮酒相关知识态度行为

了解上海市中学生家长饮酒相关知识、态度、行为现状,为从家庭方面开展青少年饮酒干预活动提供依据.方法 采用自填问卷调查方法,对上海市46所中学(初中25所、普通高中11所、职业高中10所)4 550名学生家长进行调查.结果 中学生家长饮酒相关健康知识平均总得分为(4.8±2.0)分,属于“一般”水平;但对于长期大量饮酒可导致的疾病知晓率较低,完全回答正确的比例仅占11.9%.对于孩子在各场合饮酒的态度,11.5%~19.0%的家长表示赞同,13.9% ~16.2%的家长持无所谓态度.中学生家长过去1 a曾饮酒率较高(47.3%).32.2%的家长未对孩子进行过针对饮酒危害知识教育.对饮酒相关知识、态度及行为方面的表现,母亲好于父亲,父亲好于其他监护人;初中生家长好于高中生家长,高中生家长好于职业高中家长.结论 中学生家长对饮酒的健康危害认识不足,对于孩子饮酒行为的容忍度较高.建议开展针对中学生家长的饮酒危害健康教育,并把孩子的父亲及职业高中学生家长列为饮酒危害教育的重点人群.     

南京市中学生健康生活方式的现况调查

目的掌握南京市中学生健康生活方式知识、态度和行为情况及影响因素。方法按照简单随机抽样原则和整群随机抽样法,抽取2000名中学生,采用问卷面对面调查。结果 (1)描述性分析显示中学生健康知识总体知晓率为72.1%,健康态度总体持有率为76.6%,健康行为总体形成率为55.1%。(2)单因素分析显示女性在健康知识、健康态度领域的得分均高于男性(P0.05)。城市学生在健康知识、健康行为领域的得分均高于农村学生,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。城市学生在健康态度领域的得分低于农村学生,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。初中学生在健康知识领域的得分低于高中学生,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。在健康态度、健康行为领域初中学生的得分高于高中学生,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。开设健康教育课的中学生在健康知识、健康态度、健康行为3方面得分均高于未开设者,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。(3)将知识题、态度题、行为题得分分别作为因变量,性别、地区、父母吸烟饮酒情况、健康教育课开设情况作为自变量,采用stepwise法进行多元线性回归分析,以α=0.05为水准,结果显示,地区、受教育程度影响中学生健康知识、态度、行为领域的得分,性别影响健康知识、健康态度领域得分,父母烟酒行为、是否开设健康教育课影响中学生健康态度、健康行为领域得分。结论性别、地区、受教育程度、父母烟酒行为、健康教育课开设情况分别影响中学生健康生活与行为的各个领域,而地区、受教育程度、父母烟酒行为、健康教育课开设情况是中学生健康生活方式与行为的主要影响因素。     

独生子女产妇母乳喂养知识态度行为调查分析

目的:了解独生子女产妇的母乳喂养知识、态度和行为(KAP),为开展独生子女产妇健康教育和管理工作提供理论依据。方法:对2012年10月~2012年12月在广西医科大学第一附属医院产科住院分娩的181名独生子女产妇采用问卷调查的方法进行一般情况和母乳喂养KAP调查,观察分析该群体母乳喂养的KAP。结果:181名独生子女产妇中母乳喂养知识得分为(7.23±1.82)分,及格率为76.71%,态度得分为(11.68±1.90)分,行为得分为(7.65±1.74)分,母乳喂养知识、态度与早期母乳喂养行为具有明显的相关性。结论:独生子女产妇缺乏科学、全面的母乳喂养知识及正性的早期促进母乳喂养行为,医护人员要加强相关知识的教育,以帮助其树立母乳喂养的信心、提高母乳喂养率、促进母婴健康。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.