松风HALO技工比色板修饰瓷粉的颜色分析

目的：研究松风HALO技工比色板修饰瓷粉颜色分布及各组修饰色的应用。方法：采用数码摄影和计算机技术对松风HALO修饰瓷比色板进行测量,根据比色板不透明修饰色,浓缩色、配合色、牙龈色的L^*,a^*,b^*,Ca^*b^*值分别绘制L－C及a-b散点图。结果：牙龈色a^*值较高,能够表现牙龈粉色彩效果;不透明层修饰色具有高亮度和彩度分布区域广,不透明等特点,其修饰等特点,其修饰功能非常强;浓缩色具有高亮度、低彩度的特性,配合色其亮度,彩度a^*、b^*值均接近,两者与牙本质瓷粉和切端瓷粉混合时,能够加强其颜色,但是降低亮度和提高彩度负面影响较小。结论：松风HALO技工比色板修饰色的亮度1彩度分布区域以及组成色调a^*、b^*值分布范围非常广阔,足以模拟正常人牙齿颜色,但必须加强技工对修饰瓷粉颜色的理解。     

金属烤瓷修复体色度学研究

目的：研究金属烤瓷修复体色度学特征，为临床金属烤瓷修复的比色、配色提供指导。方法：数码照像计算机色度分析系统分别测定1296件金属烤瓷修复体、792颗活体前牙和Vita比色板色片的色度，分析并比较金属烤瓷修复体、活体前牙和Vita比色板各色片色度值范围，金属烤瓷修复体与Vita比色板匹配情况及色度值差异情况。结果：金属烤瓷修复体、活体前牙和Vita比色板各色片色度值范围不吻合，金属烤瓷修复体的颜色主要分布在Vita比色板的个别色片，金属烤瓷修复体与Vita比色板的色度差为△L＊0．45，△a＊1．14，△b＊0．56，△E＊ab2．58。结论：金属烤瓷修复体的色度与Vita比色板色片相差较大。     

两种VITA比色板的色度学比较

目的：对两种VITA比色板的色度范围进行比较分析，并与中国人牙色度范围相比较，以便为临床选色和瓷粉的使用提供指导。方法：选用CIEl976—L^*a^*b^*色度系统，用Minolta CM—2600d分光测色计对两种VITA比色板的色度佰进行测定，对二者的色度范围做了比较分析。结果：与Vita C1assical比色板相比，Vita 3D Master比色片明度值在较低的区域也有分布，a^*增大，使颜色向黄红色调方向移动；b^*也增大，使颜色的饱和度增大。Vita 3D—Master比色板几乎全部涵盖了Vita Classical比色板的明度和饱和度范围。二者与中国人牙色度范围相比较，部缺乏明度较高的色片，Vita 3D Master比色板较Vita C1assical比色板能够更好的覆盖中国人牙色范围，二者的色度范围相加则更有代表性。结论：Vita 3D—Master比色板较Vita Classical比色板颜色分布的范围更符合中国人牙色度范围、排列更合理，为临床准确地选色、配色提供了可靠的依据。     

三种烤瓷修复体的色度学研究

目的：研究3种烤瓷修复体之间及与Vita标准比色片之间的色差。方法：实验组为In-Ceram全瓷修复体（A组）、钛金属烤瓷修复体（B组）、镍铬合金烤瓷修复体（C组）。对照组为VitaA2标准比色片（D组）。实验组每组10个圆盘状试件，每个试件直径15mm。玻璃渗透氧化铝底层和金属底层均厚1mm。使用VitaA2瓷粉，遮色瓷厚0．2mm，体瓷厚1mm，透明瓷厚0．4mm，按操作常规烧制。使用Spectrascan PR650分光光谱测色仪测试试件和VitaA2标准比色片。颜色系统为CIE1976，L^＊a^＊^b^＊色度系统。结果：各实验组之间除A-C组的a^＊值外，其余的色度值之间均有显著差异。3组之间的色差范围为3．25-8．50ΔE。与标准比色片相比，除C-D组的L^＊值和b^＊值及A-D组的b^＊值外，其余色度值之间均有显著差异。实验组与标准比色片的色差范围为2．29-8．31ΔE。结论：实验组之间及与标准比色片之间色差过大，应进一步改进这3种烤瓷修复体的颜色匹配性能。     

带金属底冠定制比色板的制作及其颜色特征

目的：探讨带金属底冠定制比色板的制作方法对其颜色特征的影响。方法：以右侧上颌中切牙为模型,按照临床金属融附烤瓷全冠的制作要求,制作与VITAPAN比色板颜色相对应的16色带金属基底的定制比色板标本,采用PR-650型光谱扫描色度仪,对上不同瓷层后的比色片进行颜色测量。结果：上釉完成后的比色片与上遮色瓷时的比色片进行比较,发现L^＊值呈下降趋势,a^＊、b^＊值呈上升的趋势。从上遮色瓷到上体瓷的过程中,比色片的L^＊值明显下降,而a^＊、b^＊值明显增加;随着釉瓷和透明瓷厚度的增加,L^＊、a^＊和b^＊值均稍有减小;上釉可增加比色片的明亮度。结论：金瓷修复体中各瓷层对修复体颜色都会产生一定影响,并且其影响作用各不相同。     

前牙色度学指标与视感色差关系的研究

目的研究前牙色度学指标与视感色差关系,指导临床对牙齿比色与配色。方法选择2篇研究报告的前牙和比色板的CIE1976L*a*b*表色系统的L*、a*、b*数据,计算各自的△E9*4和△Ca*b。结果男性上下颌同名前牙的△E9*4为1.03~3.24,中切牙与尖牙的△E9*4为1.71~3.74。女性上下颌同名前牙的△E9*4为2.77~3.68,中切牙与尖牙的△E9*4为3.11~4.69。Vita 3D相邻一级彩度比色片的△E9*4为2.15~3.82,相邻二级彩度比色片的△E9*4为4.62~5.81。Vita C相邻一级彩度比色片的△E9*4为2.03~5.75,相邻二级彩度比色片的△E9*4为4.20~8.86。结论从比色和配色考虑,男性上下颌切牙的彩度宜同级或下颌切牙比上颌切牙低半级,女性下颌切牙比上颌切牙低一级彩度,尖牙高于中切牙一级彩度配色为宜。     

上海地区汉族成人中切牙区不同部位牙龈颜色的分布范围和比较研究

目的：测量上海地区137例汉族健康成人上颌中切牙不同部位牙龈颜色,探讨牙龈颜色在空间的分布范围,并比较和分析各部位牙龈颜色的差异。方法：利用MINOLTA CR-321接触式色差仪,分别测量上海地区汉族健康成人上颌中切牙游离龈和附着龈不同部位的色度值,经过统计学分析,以获得中切牙区游离龈、附着龈颜色在空间中的分布范围,并比较各部位颜色的差异。结果：游离龈的95％参考值范围L^＊23．19～53．64,a^＊2．67—13．04,b^＊1．45～8．32,c。4．71～13．73,H。0．18—1．16;附着龈的95％参考值范围L^＊12．90～49．60,a^＊4．92～18．43,b^＊1．05～7．78,C^＊5．83～19．48,H^＊0．11～0．84。近中龈乳头,游离龈中部,远中龈乳头3部位游离龈之间的L^＊、a^＊、b^＊、C^＊、H^＊值没有显著性差异,中线、根部、根间3部位附着龈之间的L^＊、a^＊、b^＊、C^＊无显著性差异,而H^＊值有统计学差异,其中根间比其余二者低。游离龈与附着龈的L^＊、a^＊、b^＊、C^＊、H^＊值均有显著性差异。结论：中切牙区牙龈颜色有一定的分布范围;游离龈各部位颜色无显著性差异;附着龈,根间部位的色调偏淡;游离龈与附着龈的牙龈颜色有明显区别。     

牙龈色板对比色板色标颜色的影响

目的 通过定量分析比色板色标在附有牙龈色板时色度三属性的变化，分析并预测牙龈色板对视觉比色将产生何种影响。方法 首先选用2组配有牙龈色板的新比色板（Vintage Halo），在统一条件下分别对所有色标进行测色，以CIE L^＊a^＊b^＊系统记录，转换为CIE L^＊C^＊H^＊值。然后将色标分别安装3种牙龈色板（GumL、GumM、GumD）重复以上过程。计算并分析使用牙龈色板前后的色差以及色度三属性的变化情况。结果 统计检验各色标在无牙龈色板、浅色牙龈色板、中色牙龈色板以及深色牙龈色板情况下的测色结果，分析表明安装牙龈色板各实验组色标与空白对照组相比L^＊、C^＊ab值无明显改变，但是H^0ab值明显下降，变化范围：GumL组（0．52～4．49），平均下降2．12；GumM组（0．90～4．80），平均下降2．46；GumD组（0．66～4．41），平均下降2．01。色差变化范围：GumL组（0、77-3．16），平均1．804；GumM组（0．75～3．43），平均1．676；GumD组（0．61～3．68）。平均1．652，但使用不同浓淡颜色牙龈色板的3组间无明显差异。结论 使用牙龈色板时色标颜色出现了较明显改变，色差值达到1．6～1．8，视觉感觉色差很明显，可以影响临床比色结果。     

瓷层厚度对Vita饰面瓷颜色和半透性的影响

目的 探讨瓷层厚度对饰面瓷颜色和半透性的影响。方法制作Vita体瓷和釉瓷试件各5个，起始厚度为1．2mm，逐渐打磨至1．0、0．8、0．6、0．4、0．2mm，用PR-650光谱扫描色度仪分别测量每种厚度时的光谱积分透射率（T）和L^＊a^＊b^＊参数，计算色差和透射率差。结果L^＊值随着厚度的降低而升高，a^＊、b^＊随着厚度的降低而降低。透射率随着厚度降低而明显增加，呈指数关系。结论 饰面瓷的厚度对颜色和半透性均有显著影响。     

温度变化对瓷贴面黏结剂颜色影响的实验研究

目的：研究温度变化对3种瓷贴面黏结剂颜色稳定性的影响。方法：用Vita T4透明瓷制作直径为10．0mm，厚为0．50mm的试件30个，随机分成A、B、C3组，A组采用EB化学固化黏结剂，B组采用RelyX Veneer光固化黏结剂，C组采用RelyX ARC双重固化黏结剂，均与玻璃底座黏结。然后用分光光度仪测境冷热循环前后的L^＊a^＊b^＊值，结果采用SPSS 10．0软件分析，比较3种黏结剂的颜色稳定性。结果：冷热循环前、后，A、B、C3组各自的L^＊a^＊b^＊值均有显著性差异（P〈0．05），平均△E值分别为3．10、1．41和1．43。与冷热循环前相比，3组的明度L^＊值均有显著降低，a^＊、b^＊值则有所增高。结论：EB化学固化黏结剂因颜色变化过于明显而不适宜做贴面黏结剂；RelyX veneer光固化黏结剂和RelyX ARC双重固化黏结剂虽然会发生一定的变色，但是基本能够满足临床美学要求。     

乌鲁木齐市维吾尔族青年上前牙色度值的研究

目的：研究乌鲁木齐市维吾尔族青年上前牙天然牙的色度值,为临床制作仿真修复体提供参考。方法：采用数码相机及计算机色度分析系统采集、分析852颗18～25岁乌鲁木齐市维吾尔族青年上前牙天然牙的色度值。结果：维吾尔族青年的上颌中切牙颈、中、切的L值分别为73.27±6.43、75.51±5.59、66.92±5.58,侧切牙颈、中、切的L值分别为67.06±7.50、68.43±8.38、62.11±6.99,尖牙颈、中、切的L值分别为59.62±11.60、60.40±9.10、55.11±8.73。结论：乌鲁木齐市18～25岁维吾尔族青年的上前牙色度值从中切牙向尖牙方向均呈现明度逐渐降低,彩度逐渐增大;各个牙位的不同部位牙面的色度值也有变化,其中中1/3的明度值最大、彩度值最小,颈1/3的明度值和彩度值均高于切1/3。     

Relations in color among maxillary incisors and canines.

OBJECTIVES: To establish the strength of color relation among the maxillary central incisor, lateral incisor and canine teeth by using digital photography. This relation might be useful for the color reconstruction of the missing part of a tooth from the color obtained from neighboring teeth. METHODS: The L*a*b* values of the maxillary incisors and canines were determined in 100 subjects. Paired t-tests, Pearson correlations and linear regression analyses were used to describe the relation of the L*a*b* values between the three teeth for each segment (cervical, middle and incisal). RESULTS: The mean L*a*b* values of the canines differed statistically significantly from the values of the central incisors (p<0.001) except for L* and a* values in the cervical segment between the lateral incisor and canine. The color differences between the incisors were statistically significant in fewer cases. The relation in color was the highest between the cervical segments of the three teeth, with respect to L* (r = 0.45-0.65; p < 0.001), b* (r = 0.49-0.55; p < 0.001), and a* (r = 0.38-0.61; p < 0.001), and no relation was found between the incisal segments of central incisor and canine. SIGNIFICANCE: There is a relation in color between the maxillary incisors and canines, which is stronger between the cervical than between the middle and incisal segments. Therefore, the color prediction is most reliable when the cervical parts of the teeth are used.     

牙位对牙冠颜色影响的研究

目的：从不同的部位比较前牙牙冠之间颜色的差别,方法：采用CIE1976La.b色度参数,应用带光纤探头的人体牙齿颜色测量系统对1944颗颗被测前牙的切,中,颈部进行测量分析,结果：（1）牙冠颜色与牙位 有关：（2）左右侧前牙的颜色对称;（3）上牙以上中切牙明度最大;尖牙明度最小颜色最黄且偏戏,上前牙颈1／3明度相近,上切牙间切1／3,颈1／3色相彩色相同,中1／3除上中切牙与侧切牙在a上较接近外,明度,色相均有差别;（4）下切牙明度大于上切牙,上下尖牙在颈1／3明度基本按近,上下切牙间在切1／3颜色基本接近,（5）下切牙间在中1／3,切1／3处明度相近,而在颈1／3处有差别,在中1／3,颈1／3处b值相近,在切1／3处b值有判别,结论：左右侧前牙在颜色上对称。牙 冠民牙位有关。     

Defining a natural tooth color space based on a 3-dimensional shade system

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The natural tooth color space reported by a manufacturer may not represent the comprehensive spectrum of natural teeth for all population groups. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to define a natural tooth color space within the Greater Buffalo, New York population and to compare that to the color space determined by a manufacturer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Nine hundred and thirty-three maxillary central incisors (501 patients) were measured with a shade-taking device (Vita Easyshade). For each tooth, L*, a*, b* values, chroma, hue, and the closest shade (Vita 3D-Master) were recorded. A linear regression analysis was performed to determine how well the manufacturer's values predict actual values for L*, a*, and b*. Color differences (DeltaE*) between the Buffalo population and the closest shade were also calculated. A 1-sample t test was used to determine whether the color differences seen in the sample were statistically different from the perceptibility threshold, DeltaE*=3.7 (alpha=.05). RESULTS: All 3 attributes of the Buffalo population displayed a broader range than those from the shade guide. However, the regression analysis revealed a significantly positive relationship between the L*, a*, and b* values of the 2 methods (P<.001). The 1-sample t test revealed a significant DeltaE* (mean DeltaE*=6.15) difference from the perceptibility threshold of DeltaE*=3.7 (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Color differences between the Buffalo population and the shade guide were frequently above published perceptibility thresholds, but within the range of acceptability. The Buffalo population tooth color space encompassed the manufacturer's color space.     

Chronology of deciduous teeth eruption in children with cleft lip and palate.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the chronology and sequence of eruption of the deciduous teeth in children with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of Sao Paulo, Bauru, Sao Paulo, Brazil. SAMPLE: A total of 435 children aged 0 to 48 months who presented with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. RESULTS: All teeth on the cleft side in both jaws for both sexes presented a higher mean age of eruption than their homologues at the noncleft side. This difference was statistically significant for the maxillary lateral incisor, maxillary cuspid, and mandibular lateral incisor. There was a statistically significant sex difference regarding the mean age of eruption only for the maxillary second molar for the girls and mandibular cuspid for the boys. The maxillary lateral incisor on the cleft side was the last tooth to erupt, thus modifying the sequence of eruption of the deciduous teeth. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest the interference of the cleft on the chronology of eruption of the deciduous teeth that are directly related to it.     

ShoFu比色板颜色的计算机分析

目的：研究ShoFu比色板颜色分布情况。方法：选用CIE1976L*a*b颜色系统，按照JISZ8722标准，采用数码相机和计算机技术，在标准光镜下采集、测试、分析ShoFu比色板各区域的色度值。结果：ShoFu比色板各组内颈部、中部、切端部亮度的变化有一定规律性，R组及VR组色片的亮度高于A组。其余无明显规律。结论：ShoFu比色板色度值变化无明显规律。数码相机和计算机技术是牙冠色彩研究的一种新手段，值得进一步运用。     

Conventional visual vs spectrophotometric shade taking for porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns: a clinical comparison

This study tested the shade match of single porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations with the adjacent dentition when the restorations were fabricated according to data from conventional visual shade matching or from a new spectrophotometric system. The samples of a Vita Classic shade guide were measured with the spectrophotometer to determine the CIE L*a*b* color parameters. Three clinicians independently selected the best match to a maxillary right or left incisor needing a restoration in 10 patients. The 10 incisors were then measured using a reflectance spectrophotometer. CIE L*a*b* coordinates were directly recorded on the spectrophotometer's detector area using a standard light source. Resulting conventional and spectrophotometric restorations were tested intraorally for best match with the adjacent incisor using conventional shade matching versus spectrophotometric measuring. Total color difference was calculated, and all groups were statistically analyzed. Initial shade evaluation matched for all three visual shade selections in two cases. In six cases only two evaluators matched, and in the remaining two cases all three visual selections differed. In contrast, in nine of 10 cases all three spectrophotometric shade selections matched. Additionally, in nine of 10 cases delta E values of visually assessed tooth shades were higher than spectrophotometrically assessed delta E values. Resulting delta E values for conventional crowns compared to spectrophotometric crowns were significantly higher. Finally, in nine of 10 cases spectrophotometric crowns were preferred over conventional crowns for definitive cementation when evaluated visually. Spectrophotometric shade analysis and communication can be used efficiently for fabrication of porcelain-fused-to-metal restorations.     

辽阳地区中青年恒前牙牙冠的颜色测量分析

目的: 测量辽阳地区中青年恒前牙牙冠不同部位间颜色差别,指导口腔美学修复中的比色、选色。方法: 在统一标准(Ｄ65标准光源)下应用数码相机、计算机和相关软件,采用CIE-1976-L*a*b*色度系统对辽阳地区的142名中青年志愿者的852颗上颌恒前牙牙冠不同部位的颜色进行测量。结果: 辽阳中青年上颌中切牙颈、中、切的L值分别为（72.57±6.34）、（74.52±5.60）、（67.29±6.08）,侧切牙颈、中、切的L值分别为（66.86±6.50）、（69.44±8.62）、（63.12±7.01）,尖牙颈、中、切的L值分别为（60.52±11.70）、（61.42±9.20）、（54.12±8.37）。结论: 辽阳中青年恒上前牙牙色明度值从中切牙向尖牙逐渐降低,彩度逐渐增大;各个牙位不同部位色度值也不相同,其中中1/3的明度值最大、彩度值最小;颈1/3的明度值和彩度值均高于切1/3。     

冷光美白治疗氟斑牙的初步探讨

目的：观察Beyond牙齿冷光美白治疗氟斑牙的效果。方法：选取10名受试者,用Beyond牙齿冷光美白进行漂白治疗。术前和术后分别采用数码照像计算机色度分析系统对上颌中切牙进行比色,术后1年复查受试者牙齿的色度变化。结果：术前受试者上颌中切牙的平均L＊,a＊,b＊值为73.89±2.80,7.77±1.05和21.50±1.21,经过Beyond牙齿冷光美白三次治疗后上颌中切牙的平均L＊,a＊,b＊值为82.95±2.42,3.39±0.91和12.97±1.36,平均色差ΔE＊ab为13.18±1.53。术后1年复查受试者上颌中切牙的平均L＊,a＊,b＊值为81.50±2.10,3.69±0.76和13.66±1.32,平均色差ΔE＊ab为11.45±1.64。结论：Beyond牙齿冷光美白对氟斑牙具有较好的漂白效果,并能较长时间维持漂白效果。     

In vivo evaluation of color of primary teeth

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the color of primary teeth. METHODS: A Vita Easyshade intraoral spectrophotometer was used to determine the color of primary teeth: (1) maxillary central incisors, canines, and first molars; and (2) mandibular central incisors, canines, and first molars. A total of 604 teeth were measured. Color difference was compared to DeltaE*=2.7 (mean=50:50 replacement point). Coverage error (DeltaE*cov) was calculated. RESULTS: Mean L*a*b*C*ho values for primary teeth were 82.5, 0.2, 18.3, 18.4, and 89.4 respectively. The most frequently chosen shades were A1 (46%), A2 (25%), and B2 (11%). Canines had the highest lightness. Maxillary canines had the lowest a* values, whereas mandibular primary incisors had the highest a* values. Molars were the most chromatic (having the highest b* values), followed by canines and primary incisors in decreasing order. Coverage error (DeltaEcov*) of Vitapan Classical was 4.2 (+/-1.9 SD). CONCLUSIONS: Among primary teeth, the widest ranges, in order, were recorded for: (1) lightness; (2) chroma; and (3) hue. Three Vitapan Classical shades were the best match for 82% of primary teeth. Color differences among the same patient's teeth underline the need for an individual approach in color matching and reproduction of primary teeth.