C5/C6异构化工艺技术进展及应用调研

清洁汽油的生产需要低硫、低烯烃并且辛烷值较高的调和组分,轻石脑油异构化油不含硫、不含烯烃、不含芳烃,采用不同的轻石脑油异构化技术和加工流程可以使轻石脑油辛烷值(RON)提高10~20。国外的C5/C6异构化技术主要有UOP的Penex、Axens的Isomerization等。国内的技术有石科院的RISO和华东理工大学的技术等。通过对国内外的主要C5/C6异构化技术进行对比分析,为国内的异构化技术发展提出建议。     

C5/C6烷烃异构化机理与催化剂研究进展

为了达到环保要求,使用无铅、低芳烃、低蒸气压、高辛烷值和高氧含量的汽油,降低大气污染是大势所趋。通过C5／C6烷烃异构化生产高辛烷值组分异构化油,改善汽油组成,提高汽油辛烷值的研究和生产工艺得到迅速发展。本文介绍了C5／C6异构化催化反应机理,对国内外C5／C6异构化催化剂研究进行了综述。     

C5/C6烷烃异构化技术及进展

C5/C6烷烃异构化技术可以使轻石脑油的辛烷值提高约20个单位,其产品异构化油是一种高辛烷值且环境友好的汽油调和组份。国外的C5/C6异构化技术主要有UOP的Penex、Axens的Isomerization等。国内的技术有石科院的RISO和华东理工大学的技术等。通过对国内外的主要C5/C6异构化技术进行对比分析,为国内的异构化技术发展提出建议。     

C5C6烷烃异构化催化剂研究进展

烷烃异构化是提高汽油辛烷值的重要方法。叙述了C5C6烷烃异构化催化剂的研究现状,介绍双功能催化剂、超强固体酸催化剂以及离子液体催化剂,幵阐述不同金属活性组分、助剂添加剂、载体对异构化催化剂性能的影响。最后对异构化催化剂的収展趋势进行展望,以期为新型C5C6异构化催化剂的研収及应用提供新的思路和借鉴。     

异构化技术及应用

采用异构化技术提高汽油辛烷值将成为一种新的有效手段。在临氢的条件下,C5、C6构烷烃与含铂（钯）的强酸性催化剂接触将发生结构异构化反应,可将轻质石脑油的辛烷值可提高10个单位以上。利用流程模拟设计,对异构化装置的设计进行了探讨,同时结合炼厂现有闲置重整装置的特点,提出了重整装置改建成异构化装置的方案。     

C5/C6异构化装置的技术流程选择

车用汽油已经进入国Ⅵ阶段,而C_5/C_6异构化技术是汽油国Ⅵ产品升级的重要措施。K厂汽油国Ⅵ产品升级新建一套C_5/C_6异构化装置,通对过配套工程、原料、产品辛烷值、经济效益和市场需求等多方面综合分析,选择脱异戊烷加一次通过的异构化流程。     

国内首套40万吨/年C5/C6低温异构化装置的标定

介绍国内首套40万t·a-1 C5/C6低温异构化装置的工艺技术特点及标定情况。首套引进C5/C6低温异构化装置成功运行,使反应产物辛烷值提高15个单位,对汽油质量升级具有重要意义。     

基于HYSYS的烷烃异构化反应过程的模拟与优化

轻质烷烃异构化技术是满足汽油质量升级要求的重要工艺路线。以某炼厂异构化固定床反应装置为研究对象,将异构化汽油划分为10个集总并建立反应网路,同时以实际生产数据为基础进行了动力学参数计算,并建立了HYSYS平推流速率反应器的稳态模型。利用此模型对异构化装置关键操作参数与产品性质的平衡关系进行灵敏度分析,为异构化反应器操作调整提供科学的理论指导。并制定了装置优化方案,即继续采用一次通过流程,调节反应器运行温度至130.4℃后与重整油按比例调和后去下游装置,或通过稳定分离单元将部分低辛烷值单甲基戊烷循环至反应器,提高后续异构化汽油辛烷值。     

C5/C6烷烃异构化的研究进展

轻质正构烷烃异构化是油田液态烃加工利用的重要手段,也是炼厂提高汽油轻质馏分辛烷值的重要方法。为适应环境保护的要求,异构化工艺将发挥越来越重要的作用。因此,受到人们的普遍重视。本文从工艺和催化剂两方面,综述了近年来研究工作的进展,分析了异构化技术未来的发展趋势。     

国外某炼厂异构化装置的开工

介绍了国外某炼厂C5/C6低温异构化装置的工艺技术特点及开工物料标定状况,本套异构化装置的成功运行,将原料辛烷值提高十几个单位,满足了炼厂生产欧IV、欧V标准的汽油的要求,对于炼厂的生产发展、提高炼厂效益具有十分重要的意义。     

Etherification of C5- and C8-Alkenes with C1- to C4-Alcohols

Etherification of two alkenes, 2-methyl-1-butene and 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene, was studied with seven different C₁- to C₄-alcohols. Although etherification was of primary interest, the isomerisation of the alkenes was the main reaction to occur. For the primary alcohols the etherification and isomerisation rates correlated well with the properties of the alcohols. Both rates increased with decreasing polarity and with increasing carbon number, acidity and Mulliken charge of the oxygen atom of the alcohol. It is difficult to distinguish the effect of each property separately, and probably the differences in the reactivities are not due to any one property alone but rather the synergy of the properties affects the reactivities. The secondary alcohols behaved in a different way than the primary ones: the etherification was almost negligible. The effect of alcohol on the isomerisation of alkenes was notable even though alcohol does not directly react in the reaction, which was concluded to be due to the stronger adsorption of the more polar alcohols which hinders the reactions of other components.     

Hydrogenation of C=C and C=O groups on ruthenium-tin catalysts

The effect of addition of tin on the catalytic activity of Ru/C catalysts has been investigated in the liquid phase hydrogenation of -methylstyrene and hydrocinnamaldehyde. On increasing the Sn content, the amount of CO chemisorbed decreases, indicating a decrease in the number of Ru surface atoms. In the hydrogenation of -methylstyrene the specific activity of Ru (calculated per Ru surface atom) remains constant regardless of the Sn/Ru ratio. An increase of specific activity is however observed in the hydrogenation of hydrocinnamaldehyde. It is suggested that tin, present mainly as Sn ions, enhances the reactivity of the C=O group.     

XJF-200C/150C/120C三复合挤出生产线的调试

本文介绍了北京首创轮胎公司新建工厂三复合冷喂料挤出生产线的调试情况,对三复合冷喂料挤出机基本结构、工艺特点做了概述,并且通过生产线出型胎面调试过程中遇到的问题,采取相应措施进行解决做了详细说明,通过近两年来的运行情况,总结出本生产线的使用优势。     

Phosphorus-Containing Surfactants - Sodium Alkylphosphinates with Alkyl Chain C10, C12, C14 and C16

A group of not well known anionic phosphorus-containing surfactants have been obtained. In these surfactants the hydrophobic chain is directly linked to the phosphorus atom through a P-C bond. These products are alkylphosphinates with C10, C12, C14 and C16 alkylic chains. The products have been prepared by direct reaction between sodium hydrophosphite and the corresponding α-olefin, using tert-butyl perbenzoate as reaction initiator. Surfactants properties such as surface tension, foaming power and wetting power of the sodium and ammonium salts of all these alkylphosphinates have been measured.     

Electrical properties of C/C and C/C-SiC ceramic fibre composites

The electrical properties of carbon/carbon (C/C) and carbon/carbon-silicon carbide (C/C-SiC) ceramic composites were measured. The results show that the capacitance decreases rapidly with an increase in frequency and it becomes constant above a frequency of 500 kHz, whereas the dissipation factor increases with increasing frequency. C/C-SiC composites give higher value than C/C composites due to the presence of microcracks.     

BippyPhos: A Highly Versatile Ligand for Pd-Catalyzed C−N,C−O and C−C Couplings

Numerous ligands have been designed for the Buchwald-Hartwig Amination (BHA). Among the ligands developed is BippyPhos. This ligand was originally designed to enable a coupling of primary amines with aryl halides. Further studies showed that the ligand has fairly broad utility for Pd-catalyzed C−N, C−O and C−C couplings. This review describes the various Pd-catalyzed applications involving BippyPhos as a supporting ligand. While BippyPhos may not often be the most optimal ligand for various Pd-catalyzed couplings, it typically will provide adequate results as a starting point prior to screening for optimization.     

Pt/C,Pd/C,Pd-Bi/C催化剂的应用研究

采用浸渍法制备 Pt/C,Pd/C和 Pd- Bi/C催化剂。将三种催化剂对葡萄糖的脱氢和加氧氧化两种反应的催化效果作对比研究 ,发现三种催化剂对这两个反应有着完全相反的催化顺序 :催化脱氢时 Pt/C效率最高 ,而加氧反应中 Pd- Bi/C却具有绝对优势。为解释此结果 ,结合催化剂的表征 [2 ] ,尝试提出了催化加氧和脱氢的机理 ,并确定了 Pd- Bi/C催化剂中的最佳 Bi/Pd比和两种催化反应的最佳工艺条件。实验结论 :Pt/C用于葡萄糖催化脱氢为可行的工业化途径 ,而 Pd- Bi/C对葡萄糖的催化加氧则具有挑战酶催化过程的能力 ,有一定的市场应用前景     

炭/炭复合材料航空电刷的制备

分别用厚度为2cm的炭毡和1k炭布(2D)叠层加纵向穿刺作预制体,用软化点为140℃的中温沥青作浸渍剂,经过160℃、0.3MPa浸渍、900℃碳化、2100℃石墨化和460℃、20MPa超高压致密化等工艺的循环处理,制备了纤维体积分数为45%,体积密度为1.85～1.73g·cm-3的炭/炭复合材料航空电刷。其电学性能与优质石墨电刷相当;力学性能和摩擦性能远优于优质石墨电刷,且炭毡作预制体更优于炭布作预制体。     

Interfacial shear strength of C/C composites

Fiber-bundle push-out, single-fiber push-in, and single-fiber push-out tests were conducted in order to examine the applicability of these methods for determining the interfacial shear strength of carbon-carbon composites. The fiber-bundle push-out test resulted mostly in fractures along the fiber/matrix interface but created a small amount of fractures in the matrix. Hence, the evaluated strength was regarded as an approximate value. In order to precisely evaluate the interfacial strength, push-in and push-out tests for a single fiber were performed using a micro-Vickers indentation tester. In these tests, the load has to be placed within a target fiber, and the indentation should not extend to the matrix. This condition restricted the load that could be applied to a carbon fiber. Within this limit, a single carbon fiber could not be pushed-in. For the sake of load reduction, single-fiber push-out tests were conducted using thin specimens. The thickness appropriate for a single-fiber push-out specimen was estimated based on the interfacial shear strength obtained by the bundle push-out tests. Below this thickness, single-fiber push-out tests could be successfully performed.     

高性能C/C复合材料制备工艺研究

对制备C/C复合材料的化学气相渗透工艺进行了系统的实验研究,着重分析了热解碳的沉积过程。研究表明,在化学气相渗透的初始阶段,热解碳主要在碳纤维表面沉积,并与碳纤维之间形成了界面结合;随后,热解碳的沉积继续填充碳纤维预制体内部的气孔。这一过程有助于缓解纤维与陶瓷基体之间的界面应力。研究表明,通过调节热解碳的沉积时间可以得到具有一定密度梯度的C/C复合材料。