肩袖损伤经关节镜辅助小切口和全关节镜肩袖修补的疗效比较

目的研究关节镜辅助小切口及全关节镜肩袖修补术对肩袖损伤的疗效。方法选取2013年5月~2015年5月骨科收治的72例肩袖损伤患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法进行分组,对照组(36例)进行关节镜下小切口肩袖修补术治疗,研究组(36例)进行全关节镜肩袖修补术治疗。对比归纳两组患者临床治疗情况、住院时间、关节功能恢复等。结果两组手术前后加州大学肩关节(UCLA)评分、美国肩与肘协会(ASES)评分、关节活动度、肌力等比较,0.05,无明显差异;研究组术后视觉疼痛量表(VAS)评分、住院时间优于对照组,0.05,差异显著;组内比较:两组术后VAS评分、UCLA评分、ASES评分、关节活动度、肌力等均优于术前,差异明显(0.05)。结论全关节镜与关节镜辅助小切口肩袖修补对肩袖损伤的治疗近期疗效相当,患者术后肩关节肌力、功能恢复佳;但全关节镜治疗患者术后疼痛轻,恢复迅速,具有较高的临床治疗意义。     

关节镜下不同修补术治疗肩袖损伤的临床效果

目的　比较关节镜下全关节镜肩袖修补术与小切口肩袖修补术治疗肩袖损伤的临床效果。 方法　选取2015年2月至2017年12月本院收治的56例肩袖损伤患者,分为观察组（27例）与对照组（29例）,观察组行关节镜下全关节镜肩袖修补术治疗,对照组给予关节镜辅助下小切口肩袖修补术治疗。比较两组患者的疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）、美国肘外科医师（ASES）及美国加州大学洛杉矶分校（UCLA）肩关节功能评分、肩关节活动度、肩关节肌力分级等情况。 结果　治疗后,观察组VAS（1.14±0.28）分、ASES（91±5）分、UCLA（34.8±2.7）分,优于对照组的VAS（1.36±0.43）分、ASES（88±5）分、UCLA（32.5±3.1）分,差异有统计学意义,t=2.250、2.544、2.956,均P<0.05;治疗后,观察组内旋（67±6）°、外旋（65±8）°、外展（138±14）°,高于对照组内旋（64±5）°、外旋（62±6）°、外展（133±12）°,t=2.040、2.027、2.064,均P<0.05;治疗后,观察组内旋（4.62±0.64）级、外旋（4.81±0.62）级、外展（4.87±0.56）级,优于对照组内旋（4.26±0.67）级、外旋（4.47±0.60）级、外展（4.51±0.62）级,t=2.053、2.085、2.274,均P<0.05。 结论　关节镜下全关节镜肩袖修补术治疗肩袖损伤的临床疗效更显著,术后恢复快,推广应用价值高。     

关节镜下肩袖修复术治疗肩袖损伤的早期临床疗效观察

目的观察关节镜下肩袖修复术治疗军事训练伤致肩袖损伤的早期临床效果。方法回顾性分析北部战区总医院骨科2016年5月至2018年4月收治的40例肩袖损伤行关节镜下肩袖修复术军人患者的临床资料。统计分析患者术前、术后1个月、术后3个月美国肩肘外科(ASES)评分、VAS疼痛评分、Constant-Murley评分、UCLA评分情况。结果 ASES评分由术前(49. 26±9. 34)分到术后1个月(77. 14±6. 07)分、术后3个月(85. 14±6. 07)分; VAS评分由术前(6. 1±1. 3)分到术后1个月(1. 5±0. 5)分、术后3个月(1. 0±0. 4)分; Constant-Murley评分由术前(45. 4±7. 5)分到术后1个月(79. 4±5. 4)分、术后3个月(86. 4±6. 4)分;UCLA评分由术前(12. 1±3. 7)分到术后1个月(31. 3±1. 4)分、术后3个月(34. 2±1. 5)分,术后1个月及术后3个月各项评分均较术前明显改善,差异具有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论关节镜下肩袖修复术治疗军事训练伤致肩袖损伤的早期临床效果良好。     

关节镜下不同修补术治疗肩袖损伤的临床效果

目的　比较关节镜下全关节镜肩袖修补术与小切口肩袖修补术治疗肩袖损伤的临床效果。 方法　选取2015年2月至2017年12月本院收治的56例肩袖损伤患者,分为观察组（27例）与对照组（29例）,观察组行关节镜下全关节镜肩袖修补术治疗,对照组给予关节镜辅助下小切口肩袖修补术治疗。比较两组患者的疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）、美国肘外科医师（ASES）及美国加州大学洛杉矶分校（UCLA）肩关节功能评分、肩关节活动度、肩关节肌力分级等情况。 结果　治疗后,观察组VAS（1.14±0.28）分、ASES（91±5）分、UCLA（34.8±2.7）分,优于对照组的VAS（1.36±0.43）分、ASES（88±5）分、UCLA（32.5±3.1）分,差异有统计学意义,t=2.250、2.544、2.956,均P<0.05;治疗后,观察组内旋（67±6）°、外旋（65±8）°、外展（138±14）°,高于对照组内旋（64±5）°、外旋（62±6）°、外展（133±12）°,t=2.040、2.027、2.064,均P<0.05;治疗后,观察组内旋（4.62±0.64）级、外旋（4.81±0.62）级、外展（4.87±0.56）级,优于对照组内旋（4.26±0.67）级、外旋（4.47±0.60）级、外展（4.51±0.62）级,t=2.053、2.085、2.274,均P<0.05。 结论　关节镜下全关节镜肩袖修补术治疗肩袖损伤的临床疗效更显著,术后恢复快,推广应用价值高。     

关节镜下治疗肩峰下撞击综合征合并肩袖撕裂

目的　报道肩峰下撞击综合征合并肩袖撕裂关节镜下肩峰减压成形术及肩袖修复的临床效果。 方法　自2007年始,对20例肩峰撞击征合并肩袖撕裂行关节镜下肩峰减压成形术及肩袖修复术,20例其中男8例,女12例,年龄25～72岁,16例无外伤史,4例有外伤史,均有肩关节疼痛伴有夜间痛、活动受限,Neer征阳性,疼痛反射弧阳性、撞击诱发试验阳性,术前MRI扫描示肩袖损伤,关节镜检查可见肩袖大撕裂10例,中撕裂6例,小撕裂4例,均行关节镜下肩峰下减压成形术,其中13例行缝合锚钉肩袖修复术,分别在术前及术后最终随访时采用ASES和Constant-Murley评分进行功能评估。 结果　术后随访24个月(10～32个月),ASES评分优良率为85％,Constant-Murley评分优良率为90％,术后各项评分均存在显著性差异(ASES：P<0.001,Constant-Murley：P<0.001)。 结论　肩峰下撞击综合征合并肩袖撕裂是肩关节疼痛和功能障碍的常见原因,关节镜下肩峰减压成形术及肩袖修复是治疗的有效方法,疗效确切。     

关节镜下肩袖修补术联合肩峰成形术对肩峰解剖形态的影响

目的探究关节镜下肩袖修补术联合肩峰成形术治疗肩袖损伤后的肩峰解剖形态的变化。方法选择2017年1月至2019年6月于冀中能源峰峰集团总医院行关节镜肩袖损伤修补术的80例患者,其中男性47例,女性33例;年龄25～70岁,平均年龄53.48岁。所有患者均行关节镜下肩峰成形术,比较手术前后的各肩峰形态参数、肩峰形态和各肩关节功能。结果患者手术前后肩峰指数(AI)、肩关节关键角(CSA)、外侧肩峰角(LAA)比较,差异均无统计学意义(P 0.05);术后患者的肩峰肱骨头中心边角(ACEA)、肩峰厚度较术前降低[ACEA:17.30°±4.43°vs 19.56°±5.22°;肩峰厚度:(7.26±0.68) mm vs (8.04±0.84) mm],肩肱间距(AHD)、肩峰倾斜角(AT)升高[AHD:(8.06±1.05) mm vs (7.05±1.44) mm;AT:38.81°±6.34°vs 34.68°±5.43°],差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。手术前后患者肩峰形态比较,差异均无统计学意义(P 0.05),均以Ⅱ型肩峰为主,Ⅳ型肩峰较为少见。术后患者的视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分降低[(0.90±0.43)分vs (5.54±1.32)分],美国肩肘外科协会(ASES)评分和肩关节功能(CM)评分较术前升高[ASES:(86.47±5.88)分vs(40.89±13.54)分;CM:(85.65±9.77)分vs (41.09±12.40)分],差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论关节镜下肩袖修补术联合肩峰成形术具有较佳的临床疗效,可有效缓解疼痛,改善肩关节功能,但不会对肩峰形态产生明显影响。     

关节镜下双排缝合桥无结修复技术治疗老年肩袖损伤的对照研究

目的　关节镜下采取双排缝合桥无结与有结修复术治疗老年肩袖损伤的效果对比分析。方法　前瞻性入选惠州市第一人民医院骨科2016年1月至2019年2月期间收治的69例老年肩袖损伤病患者,随机分配为有结组（关节镜下行双排缝合桥有结修复技术）35例与无结组（关节镜下行双排缝合桥无结修复技术）34例,比较两组不同程度损伤患者术后3、6月的关节功能及再撕裂发生率。 结果　基线资料及术前UCLA、ASES、Constant-Murley评分组间无显著性差异（P>0.05）。术后无结组及有结组 UCLA、ASES、Constant-Murley评分均较术前好转（P<0.001）。在整体人群以及轻-中度撕裂亚组中,术后无结组和有结组之间UCLA、ASES、Constant-Murley无显著差异（P>0.05）。重-巨大撕裂亚组中,无结组的UCLA、ASES、Constant-Murley显著优于有结组（P <0.05）,两组术后肩关节前屈与外旋活动度差异不显著（P>0.05）。有结组再撕裂发生率倾向于高于无结组（17.1% vs 2.9%,P=0.051）。 结论　老年肩袖损伤采取双排缝合桥有结及无结修复术均有效可行,对于重-巨大撕裂的患者,无结技术更具有优势。     

关节镜下缝线桥修补联合手法松解治疗肩袖撕裂合并关节粘连的疗效

目的探讨关节镜下缝线桥修补联合手法松解治疗肩袖撕裂合并关节粘连的临床效果。方法回顾性分析82例肩袖撕裂合并关节粘连患者的临床资料,按手术方式不同分为缝线桥修补组(43例,采用关节镜下缝线桥修补联合手法松解治疗)和双排缝合术组(39例,采用关节镜下双排缝合术联合手法松解治疗)。对比2组患者手术时间、术中出血量和住院时间,术后1周、1个月、3个月、6个月疼痛程度(VAS评分),术前及术后3个月、6个月肩关节活动度,术前及术后3个月、6个月肩关节功能(SST评分),术后6个月并发症发生率和复发率。结果与双排缝合术组比较,缝线桥修补组患者手术时间、术中出血量和住院时间均更短/少(P 0.05)。2组患者术后1个月、3个月、6个月VAS评分均低于术后1周(P 0.05),术后3个月和6个月VAS评分均低于术后1个月(P 0.05),且术后6个月低于术后3个月(P 0.05);与双排缝合术组比较,缝线桥修补组患者术后1周、1个月、3个月、6个月的VAS评分更低(P 0.05)。2组患者术后3个月和6个月肩关节前屈、外展、内旋和外旋活动度均大于术前(P 0.05),且术后6个月大于术后3个月(P 0.05);与双排缝合术组比较,缝线桥修补组患者术后3个月和6个月的肩关节前屈、外展、内旋和外旋活动度更大(P 0.05)。2组患者术后3个月和6个月SST评分均高于术前(P 0.05),且术后6个月高于术后3个月(P 0.05);与双排缝合术组比较,缝线桥修补组患者术后3个月和6个月的SST评分更高(P 0.05)。2组患者术后6个月并发症发生率和复发率比较差异均无统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论使用关节镜下缝线桥修补联合手法松解治疗肩袖撕裂合并关节粘连,术中出血量少,手术时间和住院时间较短,能显著减轻患者关节疼痛,有助于患者肩关节活动和功能恢复,且安全性较好高,复发率低。     

肩关节镜下肱二头肌长头腱转位强化缝合修复巨大肩袖撕裂损伤

背景：肱二头肌长头腱转位是治疗巨大肩袖撕裂的常用手术方式,目前对于肱二头肌长头腱转位的临床疗效报道较少且转位后肩袖再撕裂的相关因素尚无定论。目的：观察肩关节镜下肱二头肌长头腱转位加强缝合治疗巨大肩袖撕裂的临床疗效。方法：回顾性分析2019年3月至2022年5月江苏省中医院收治的28例巨大肩袖撕裂患者的临床资料,年龄(61.79±10.50)岁,均在关节镜下行肱二头肌长头腱转位加强缝合进行修复。术前及术后1年,评估患者目测类比评分、加州大学洛杉矶分校(UCLA)评分、美国肩肘外科协会(ASES)评分、Constant-Murley肩关节功能评分及肩关节活动度;术后1年,利用肩关节MRI检查修复结构的完整性。根据术后1年的Sugaya分型将23例(28例失访5例)患者分为肌腱完整组(n=18)、肌腱撕裂组(n=5),根据术中肱二头肌长头腱质量分为正常组(n=8)、退变组(n=9)、部分撕裂组(n=6),对比上述指标的差异。结果与结论：(1)与术前比较,23例患者术后1年的目测类比评分、UCLA评分、ASES评分、Constant-Murley肩关节功能评分及肩关节活动度均明显改善(P &l...     

肩关节镜下不同缝合固定修复技术治疗肩袖损伤的临床疗效

目的比较肩关节镜下双滑轮结合缝线桥技术与传统缝线桥技术固定修复肩袖损伤的临床疗效。方法选取80例诊断为中型、大型肩袖损伤的患者,按治疗方式分为观察组和对照组,每组40例。观察组采用关节镜下双滑轮结合缝线桥技术治疗,对照组采用传统缝线桥技术治疗。记录2组患者手术相关指标及并发症发生情况。比较2组术前及术后不同时间点视觉模拟量表(VAS)评分、Constant评分、美国加州大学肩关节评分系统(UCLA)评分、美国肩与肘协会评分系统(ASES)评分,比较2组患者术后6个月、12个月肩关节前屈、外旋活动度和术后12个月肩关节再撕裂发生率。结果 2组患者手术时间、术中出血量及术后住院时间比较差异无统计学意义(P 0.05)。术中及术后均无血管神经损伤、锚钉拔出、深部感染等并发症发生。2组患者术后各时间点VAS评分均较术前明显降低(P 0.05),术后3个月、6个月、12个月Constant评分、UCLA评分、ASES评分均较术前明显提高(P 0.05);观察组术后3 d、3个月、6个月VAS评分明显低于对照组(P 0.05),术后3个月、6个月Constant评分、UCLA评分、ASES评分明显高于对照组(P 0.05)。2组患者术后6个月、12个月肩关节前屈、外旋活动度均较术前明显增加(P 0.05),且观察组患者术后6个月肩关节前屈、外旋活动度大于对照组(P 0.05)。观察组患者术后12个月未见修复肩袖再撕裂,对照组再撕裂发生率为10%,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论关节镜下双滑轮结合缝线桥技术与传统缝线桥技术修复中型、大型肩袖损伤都有较好的临床效果,能较好恢复肩关节功能,但双滑轮结合缝线桥技术更能减轻患者术后疼痛,促进肩关节功能尽快恢复,明显降低术后肩袖再撕裂的发生率,安全性更好,患者预后更佳。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.