慢性肾功能衰竭大鼠主动脉核因子κB活化及泛素通路的调节作用

目的　探讨慢性肾功能衰竭大鼠主动脉泛素（Ub）-NF-κB通路的表达变化规律。 方法　将大鼠随机分为假手术对照组（CON）、肾功能衰竭组（CRF）、肾功能衰竭加 MG-132干预组（CRF+M），观察6个月。采用部分肾动脉结扎加对侧肾切除法复制慢性肾功能衰竭大鼠模型。ELISA法测定血液中炎性因子白细胞介素1β（IL-1β）和肿瘤坏死因子α (TNF-α)的含量。RT-PCR半定量测定主动脉中NF-κB及Ub mRNA表达。免疫组织化学方法检测主动脉中NF-κB及Ub蛋白表达。Western印迹法测定主动脉泛素化蛋白的含量。凝胶电泳迁移率（EMSA）法测定动脉中NF-κB的活化情况。 结果　与CON组比较，CRF组大鼠术后4～6个月时血清中IL-1β[ (9.02±1.29)比(2.74±0.96) mg/L]和TNF-α[(50.02±9.52)比(14.04±1.29) mg/L]水平显著升高（P < 0.01）；主动脉NF-κB、Ub的 mRNA表达升高1.38倍和1.29倍（P < 0.01）；NF-κB、Ub的蛋白质表达升高 3.75倍和20.5倍（P < 0.01）；NF-κB活性增强1.82倍（P < 0.01），术后6个月各指标均有进一步上升趋势。与CRF组比较，CRF+M组大鼠干预治疗4～6个月后，大鼠血清中IL-1β[(2.94±0.33) mg/L]和TNF-α[(12.80±2.12) mg/L]含量显著下降（P < 0.01）；NF-κB 、Ub的mRNA及蛋白质表达显著减少（P < 0.01）；NF-κB的活性显著降低（P < 0.01），与CON组比较，差异已无统计学意义，而主动脉中泛素化蛋白含量显著升高（P < 0.01）。 结论 慢性肾功能衰竭大鼠主动脉泛素-NF-κB炎性反应信号明显活化，抑制蛋白酶体活性可能是降低主动脉NF-κB活化的重要药物靶点。     

结直肠癌细胞中NF-κB活化与TRAF6、CCR5及PTEN/PI3K通路的关系及作用

背景与目的 NF-κB的活化在多种恶性肿瘤的发生、发展中起了重要的作用。研究发现，趋化因子受体5（CCR5）、肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子6（TRAF6）以及PTEN/PI3K通路相关蛋白均在恶性肿瘤中异常表达。因此，本研究探讨以上分子在结直肠癌细胞中的作用及相互关系。方法 分别用Western blot、CCK-8实验、Transwell法检测结直肠癌HT29和SW480细胞经Maraviroc（CCR5抑制剂）、MG132（TRAF6抑制剂）和NF-BAY（NF-κB抑制剂）处理后，各蛋白表达的变化，以及增殖、迁移、侵袭能力的变化。结果 在两种结直肠癌细胞中，抑制CCR5蛋白后，PI3K的表达降低，PTEN表达升高（均P<0.05），TRAF6和NF-κB表达无明显变化（均P>0.05）；抑制TRAF6蛋白后，PI3K和CCR5表达降低，PTEN表达升高（均P<0.05），NF-κB的表达无明显变化（均P>0.05）；抑制NF-κB表达后，CCR5、TRAF6和PI3K表达降低，PTEN表达升高（均P<0.05）。三种抑制剂均可明显降低两种结直肠癌细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭能力（均P<0.05）。结论 结直肠癌细胞中存在NF-κB异常活化，后者可能通过上调TRAF6与CCR5的表达，抑制抑癌分子PTEN的活性，从而导致促癌分子PI3K及其通路的活性升高。     

血管紧张素1a型受体基因敲除小鼠肾脏局部肾素-血管紧张素系统的变化及其对糖尿病肾小球硬化的影响

目的 探讨血管紧张素1a型受体（AT1aR）基因敲除小鼠肾脏局部肾素-血管紧张素系统（RAS）的组分改变对糖尿病肾病（DN）肾小球硬化的影响及其可能机制。 方法 AT1aR基因敲除小鼠和野生型小鼠腹腔注射链脲佐菌素（STZ，300 mg/kg）诱导糖尿病模型12周后，取肾脏组织作冰冻组织切片，用激光捕获微切割技术分离肾小球，提取RNA。用实时定量PCR的方法检测肾小球内AT1aR、血管紧张素1b型受体（AT1bR）、血管紧张素2型受体（AT2R）、血管紧张素原、血管紧张素转化酶（ACE）、肾素、醛固酮合成酶（CYP11B2）的mRNA表达。PAS染色观察肾脏病理变化。免疫组化检测转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）、1型纤溶酶原激活物抑制物(PAI-1)、单核细胞趋化因子1(MCP-1)和肾素的表达。比较不同基因型小鼠肾小球细胞外基质和各细胞因子的表达变化。 结果 与野生型小鼠相比，AT1aR基因敲除小鼠肾小球内AT1bR、血管紧张素原、肾素、CYP11B2的表达明显上调（P < 0.05），AT2R表达下调，ACE无明显改变；AT1aR基因敲除小鼠肾小球细胞外基质明显增加（P < 0.05），TGF-β1、PAI-1、MCP-1和肾素的表达均明显增加（P < 0.05）。 结论 AT1aR基因敲除并不能使糖尿病小鼠肾脏病变改善。RAS组分的表达改变（AT1bR的上调和AT2 的下调，肾素的上调和CYP11B2的上调）参与糖尿病肾小球病变过程。     

重组大鼠肝再生增强因子对急性肾衰竭大鼠肾脏的保护作用

目的 探讨重组大鼠肝再生增强因子(rrALR)对庆大霉素所致急性肾衰竭（ARF）大鼠肾小管上皮细胞及肾功能的保护作用。 方法 雌性Wistar大鼠150只，随机分成5组，每组30只，即健康对照组，ARF模型组，模型+空质粒对照组（空质粒组），模型+rrALR干预组（ALR组）：根据给予rrALR的剂量不同分为ALR1组和ALR2组两个亚组。分别于实验的第4、8、12、16和21天每组随机抽取6只大鼠在留取血、尿标本后，处死大鼠并取肾组织标本。常规生化方法检测各组大鼠BUN、Scr和尿N-乙酰-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）酶的变化；PAS染色观察各组大鼠肾组织病理学改变；免疫组化法检测大鼠肾组织中ALR和增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）的表达；Western印迹法检测肾组织中ALR蛋白的表达量。 结果 ARF大鼠各组BUN、Scr及尿NAG酶水平在第4、8、12、16天时均较对照组显著升高（P < 0.05）。与模型组和空质粒组相比，ALR组BUN、Scr及尿NAG酶水平明显降低（P < 0.05）；肾组织病理损害程度在各时间点明显减轻；而肾组织的ALR蛋白表达增加（P < 0.05）；肾小管上皮细胞增殖活跃；PCNA阳性细胞呈弥漫性分布，增殖指数（PI）明显升高（P < 0.05）。 结论 rrALR对急性损伤的肾小管上皮细胞具有减轻病变和促进再生修复的作用，可明显改善ARF大鼠的肾功能。     

大剂量螺内酯对自发性高血压大鼠肾脏纤维化的影响

目的 观察大剂量螺内酯对自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）肾脏纤维化的影响。 方法 8周龄的雄性SHR 24只随机分为低剂量和大剂量螺内酯干预组[分别为20和100 mg&#8226;kg-1&#8226;d-1螺内酯灌胃]和高血压对照组，同时设同源正常对照组京都大鼠（WKY）8只。干预8周，检测收缩压、尿蛋白、血白蛋白、钾、钠、Scr和肾组织及血浆醛固酮水平。肾组织切片分别行HE和Masson染色，以评价肾小球损伤及肾小球内胶原沉积情况。免疫组化SABC法检测肾组织TGF-β1和醛固酮受体蛋白表达。RT-PCR检测肾组织TGF-β1和醛固酮受体mRNA水平。 结果 与高血压组大鼠相比，低剂量螺内酯干预后，尿蛋白减少（P < 0.05），血白蛋白升高（P < 0.05），血浆和肾组织醛固酮水平降低，但差异无统计学意义；大剂量螺内酯干预后，血压没有显著改变，尿蛋白显著升高[（27.3±4.5）比（24.5±3.2） mg/d， P < 0.05]，血白蛋白显著减少[（20.2±4.2）比（22.7±3.5） g/L, P < 0.05]，血浆和肾组织醛固酮水平显著升高[肾组织（28.3±1.5）比（22.2±0.6） ng/g， P < 0.05]。与高血压组比较，低剂量螺内酯干预后，蛋白管型增多、管周炎性细胞浸润均减少（P < 0.05）；大剂量螺内酯干预后，蛋白管型、小管扩张加重，管周炎性细胞浸润明显增多（P < 0.05），肾小球内胶原形成亦明显增多（P < 0.05）。与高血压组大鼠比较，低剂量螺内酯干预后，肾组织醛固酮受体mRNA和蛋白表达均无显著改变，TGF-β1 mRNA和蛋白的表达显著减少（P < 0.05）；大剂量螺内酯干预后，肾组织醛固酮受体及TGF-β1 mRNA和蛋白的表达均显著升高(P < 0.05)。 结论 大剂量螺内酯可以加重高血压肾脏纤维化，可能是通过上调醛固酮及其受体表达实现的。     

先兆子痫大鼠循环、胎盘及肾脏局部血管紧张素Ⅱ及其1型受体的表达

目的 研究先兆子痫大鼠模型循环系统、胎盘及肾脏局部血管紧张素Ⅱ（AngⅡ）及其1型受体（AT1）的表达。 方法 采用一氧化氮合酶抑制剂亚硝基左旋精氨酸甲酯（L-NAME）制备大鼠先兆子痫模型，分别比较先兆子痫大鼠、正常妊娠大鼠、未孕对照组大鼠动脉收缩压（SBP）、尿蛋白量(24 h)、肝肾功能，并对各组大鼠肾组织进行光镜检查。ELISA法和放射性免疫法分别测定各组大鼠血浆及肾脏局部匀浆液AngⅡ水平。Western印迹法检测大鼠胎盘局部AT1表达。免疫组化法及Western印迹法测定大鼠肾脏局部AT1的表达。 结果 在先兆子痫大鼠中，SBP及尿蛋白量(24 h)均较未孕对照组显著升高（P < 0.05）。先兆子痫大鼠血浆AngⅡ显著高于正常妊娠组[（0.706±0.086） ng/L比(0.540±0.085) ng/L，P < 0.05]；胎盘局部AT1表达比正常妊娠组升高46％（P < 0.05）；肾脏局部AngⅡ明显低于正常妊娠组[(65.543±40.634) ng/g比(165.543±33.078) ng/g，P < 0.05]；肾脏AT1表达减少，仅为正常妊娠组及未孕对照组的33％及59％（P < 0.05）。 结论 先兆子痫中，胎盘局部RAS表达增强，循环AngⅡ表达增高，肾脏局部RAS表达下调。     

替普瑞酮对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨替普瑞酮对肾脏缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用和可能机制。 方法 应用替普瑞酮(400 mg/kg)诱导雄性SD大鼠肾脏高表达热休克蛋白72（HSP72）。以钳夹大鼠左肾蒂45 min后，松开血管夹并切除右肾，建立大鼠缺血再灌注肾脏损伤模型。假手术组为打开腹腔，分离肾血管周围组织，但不钳夹血管。模型建立后24 h处死大鼠，留取血清测血肌酐（Scr）和尿素氮（BUN）。肾组织石蜡切片行PAS染色，以损伤肾小管所占百分比评分法评估肾组织肾小管损伤程度。TUNEL法检测缺血再灌注损伤时肾脏细胞凋亡的发生情况。Western印迹检测X连锁凋亡抑制蛋白（XIAP）的水平。 结果 缺血再灌注损伤可导致急性肾衰竭，表现为血Scr、BUN明显升高（P < 0.01）；PAS染色显示外髓部有大片肾小管坏死，甚至出现基底膜裸露；TUNEL染色中肾小管上皮细胞TUNEL阳性细胞数明显增多（P < 0.01）；Western印迹结果显示，肾组织XIAP蛋白水平明显降低（P < 0.01）。替普瑞酮处理后，肾组织HSP72表达水平明显增高（P < 0.01）；缺血再灌注所致的肾脏损伤明显改善，包括肾小管的损伤、细胞凋亡以及肾功能。此外，替普瑞酮可稳定肾组织XIAP的蛋白水平（P < 0.05）。 结论 替普瑞酮可诱导肾脏高表达HSP72。替普瑞酮可能通过减少肾脏XIAP蛋白的降解，抑制细胞凋亡，减轻缺血再灌注的肾脏损伤。     

巢蛋白在足突广泛融合的肾小球中表达下调及与蛋白尿程度的相关性

目的 观察中间丝蛋白类的巢蛋白（nestin）在足突广泛融合的肾小球中的表达及其与足突病变动态过程和蛋白尿产生的关系。 方法 免疫组化法检测nestin在人正常肾组织及微小病变肾组织中的表达。构建氨基核苷嘌呤霉素肾病大鼠模型，应用免疫组化、荧光实时定量PCR、Western印迹法检测注射嘌呤霉素后第1、4、10、20天大鼠肾小球中nestin的分布与表达；电镜观察肾脏足细胞改变，测定尿蛋白量（24 h）。分析nestin的变化与蛋白尿的相关性。 结果 免疫组化显示nestin在人类微小病变肾小球中的表达较正常组织显著下调（0.93±0.08 比 1.65±0.12，P < 0.05）。在嘌呤霉素损伤足细胞早期，肾小球nestin的表达曾有一过性增加（mRNA和蛋白水平分别为对照组的1.23倍和1.48倍，P < 0.05），随后持续下降。nestin的mRNA水平在嘌呤霉素注射后第4天时降至对照组的35.8%；第10天时为对照组的12.1%（均P < 0.01）；病变好转后开始上升，恢复为对照组的65.8%（P < 0.05）。Western印迹检测nestin蛋白改变也有类似的趋势，嘌呤霉素注射后第4 天，nestin蛋白水平有所下降，为对照组的77.0%（P < 0.05）；至大量蛋白尿的第10天，nestin蛋白水平仅为对照组的58.0%（P < 0.05）；而随着病变的恢复，嘌呤霉素注射后第20天时nestin蛋白量恢复为对照的83.4%。Pearson相关分析结果显示，注射嘌呤霉素后nestin mRNA（r = －0.667，P < 0.05）及蛋白（r = －0.621，P < 0.05）表达与尿蛋白量(24 h)均呈负相关。 结论 在以足突广泛融合为特征的肾脏病变中，肾小球中间丝蛋白nestin表达显著减少，并与蛋白尿程度呈负相关，提示nestin可能参与了足细胞形态和功能的维持。     

核因子κB反义寡核苷酸对转化生长因子β1诱导人肾小管上皮细胞转分化的影响

目的 探讨在转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）诱导下，核因子κB（NF-κB）反义寡核苷酸对体外培养的人肾小管上皮细胞（HK-2）转分化的影响。 方法 采用脂质体介导的方法将NF-κB反义寡核苷酸（AS-ODN）导入细胞，以TGF-β1（10 μg/L）刺激HK-2细胞24 h后，用RT-PCR方法检测细胞中NF-κB mRNA及α平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）mRNA表达，用荧光光谱法分析α-SMA蛋白的表达，并以倒置相差显微镜观察细胞转分化过程的形态变化。 结果 TGF-β1诱导24 h后，HK-2细胞中NF-κB mRNA的表达显著上调，为空白对照组的8倍以上（P < 0.01）。NF-κB反义寡核苷酸导入细胞后，可显著抑制TGF-β1诱导的HK-2细胞的 NF-κB mRNA表达，比TGF-β1组减少75％（P < 0.05），同时，α-SMA mRNA和蛋白表达亦较TGF-β1组均明显下调（P < 0.05）。 结论 NF-κB反义寡核苷酸可抑制TGF-β1诱导肾小管上皮细胞NF-κB的表达，抑制肾小管上皮细胞转分化，可能有利于肾间质纤维化的防治。     

NF-κB在醛固酮所致大鼠肾损伤中的作用及相关机制

目的 探讨NF-κB在醛固酮-1%NaCl诱导的单侧肾切除肾损伤模型中的作用及可能机制。 方法 32只雄性SD大鼠单侧肾脏切除后随机分为4组：对照组（n=8）;1%NaCl组（1%NaCl饲料喂养,n=8）;醛固酮组（1%NaCl饲料喂养+0.75 μg/h醛固酮泵入,n=8）;吡咯烷二硫氨基甲酸（PDTC）组（1%NaCl饲料喂养+0.75 μg/h醛固酮泵入+PDTC 100 mg/kg灌胃,n=8）。共治疗4周。观察各组大鼠收缩压、蛋白尿、肾功能、肾组织形态学改变。.Western印迹和实时定量PCR法观察肾皮质胞间黏附分子1（ICAM-1）及结缔组织生长因子（CTGF）的蛋白表达及mRNA表达;EMSA法检测肾皮质NF-κB活性;免疫组化法观察NF-κB的表达情况。 结果 醛固酮组大鼠表现明显的高血压、蛋白尿、肾小球硬化,ICAM-1及CTGF蛋白和mRNA表达水平较1%NaCl组显著升高（均P < 0.05）,NF-κB活性明显增强,NF-κB在肾组织表达也明显增加。PDTC干预后在抑制NF-κB活性和表达的同时,ICAM-1及CTGF表达明显减少（均P < 0.05）,同时大鼠血压和肾小球硬化也得到了明显缓解。 结论 NF-κB抑制剂PDTC可通过减少ICAM-1及CTGF的表达缓解单侧肾切除-1%NaCl-醛固酮所致肾损伤。     

Protective effect of resveratrol on renal damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats and the related mechanisms

Objective To investigate the protective effect of resveratrol (RSV) on renal damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and the related mechanisms on interleukin-6 (IL-6) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Methods Twelve male spontaneously hypertensive rats were randomly divided into two groups: model group (SHR, n＝6）and RSV group (RSV, n＝6). Six male Wistar-Kyoto rats served as control group (WKY, n＝6). RSV (20 mg·kg-1·d-1) or vehicle were gavaged for 20 weeks. Microalbuminuria and urinary β2-microglobulin were determined by urine collection from 8:00 to 16:00 at 20th week. Scr, BUN and the renal pathological changes were measured after 20 weeks. Immunohistochemistry staining of fibronectin, collagenⅠ, IL-6 and ICAM-1 were used to analysis the changes of renal fibrosis and inflammation. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to measure the expression of IL-6 and ICAM-1 in kidneys. Results Compared with the control group, SHR significantly increased the level of microalbuminuria, urinary β2-microglobulin (P＜0.05), but they were diminished in RSV group (P＜0.05). The expressions of fibronectin, collagenⅠ, IL-6 and ICAM-1 by immunohistochemistry staining were augmented in SHR group, and were significantly inhibited in RSV group. Compared with the control group, the expressions of renal IL-6, ICAM-1 mRNA and protein were significantly increased in SHR group (P＜0.05), and RSV treatment significantly inhibited the up-regulation (P＜0.05). Conclusions RSV treatment can attenuate microalbuminuria, urinary β2-microglobulin and renal fibrosis in SHR rats. This renal protective effect is associated with the inhibition of IL-6, ICAM-1 expression, which suggesting that inflammation may be a potential therapeutic target of hypertensive renal damage.     

Hind limb perconditioning renoprotection by modulation of inflammatory cytokines after renal ischemia/reperfusion

Purpose Renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common clinical problem associated with significant mortality and morbidity. One newly described strategy to reduce this damage is remote perconditioning (RPEC), in which short-time ischemia of a limb during renal ischemia reduces the I/R-induced kidney injury. This study aimed to assess whether RPEC confer protection through changes in pro-inflammatory mediators. Methods Rats were subjected to right nephrectomy and randomized into: sham (no intervention), I/R (subjected to 45-min left renal ischemia) and RPEC group (subjected to four cycles of 5-min I/R of the femoral artery administered during renal ischemia). After 24-h, blood, urine, and kidney samples were collected. Biochemical indicators of renal dysfunction were measured in the cases of Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and N-acetyl-B-diglucosaminidase (NAG) activity. Inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-α] expression in the renal tissues as well as Periodic acid-Schiff stained histological sections were evaluated. Results I/R resulted in renal dysfunction, as evidenced by higher renal NGAL expression and urinary NAG activities. This was accompanied by increased TNF-α and IL-6 expressions as well as histological changes in this group. However, RPEC improved renal histology and function compared with the I/R group. Furthermore, the RPEC group showed decreases in TNF-α and IL-6 expression. Conclusions These results suggest that RPEC reduces the dysfunction and injury associated with I/R of the kidney. This technique reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokine in the kidney. RPEC could be a promising strategy against I/R-induced acute kidney injury partly by down-regulation of inflammatory mediators.     

Sex-based differences in vascular repair with bone marrow cell therapy: relevance of regulatory and Th2-type cytokines

OBJECTIVES: There are differences in symptoms, risk stratification, and efficacy of pharmacological treatments between men and women with coronary artery disease (CAD). The results of clinical studies of cell therapy in CAD patients are mixed. The relevance of sex to response to cell therapy is unknown. We investigated sex-based differences in response to bone marrow mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) in atherosclerotic apoliproprotein E-knockout (ApoE -/-) mice. METHODS: Twenty-three male and 27 female ApoE -/- mice fed on a high-fat diet received four intravenous BM-MNC injections (C57BL6/J mice) starting at 14 weeks of age; male or female BM-MNCs were administered. Thirteen male and 20 female atherosclerotic ApoE -/- mice received vehicle. Aortic plaque burden (%), recipient bone marrow progenitor cell profiles (FACS-LSR II, FlowJo) and 22 circulating cytokine panel (LINCOplex) were quantified and analyzed statistically (SSPS, P < or 5). RESULTS: Quantitative and semiquantitative results are presented. Increased G-CSF levels correlated with plaque reduction (r = -.86, P = .0004). G-CSF was clustered with IL-15. CONCLUSIONS: Female but not male BM-MNCs exhibited atheroprotection in male atherosclerotic ApoE -/- mice. Plaque lesions did not attenuate atherosclerosis in female ApoE -/- mice with BM-MNCs of either donor sex. An increase in regulatory and in Th2-type response may be required for atheroprotection. Sex-based differences in vascular repair have implications for cell therapy trials in CAD.     

Agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, rosiglitazone, reduces renal injury and dysfunction in a murine sepsis model.

BACKGROUND: Agonists of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma may help to regulate inflammation by modulating the production of inflammatory mediators and adhesion molecules. The purpose of this study was to determine the protective effects of rosiglitazone on renal injury in a sepsis model and to explore the mechanism. METHODS: In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse sepsis, we examined the effect of rosiglitazone on LPS-induced overproduction of inflammatory mediators, on the expression of adhesion molecules in renal tubular epithelial cells and on renal function. The mechanism of the protective effect was investigated in vitro using human renal tubular epithelial cells. RESULTS: Rosiglitazone significantly decreased serum tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta levels during sepsis. The levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were significantly lower in mice pre-treated with rosiglitazone than that in LPS-treated mice. Rosiglitazone reduced the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in tubular epithelial cells and interstitium of LPS-treated mice. Pre-treatment with rosiglitazone reduced the infiltration of macrophages/monocytes in renal tissue. In cultured tubular epithelial cells, rosiglitazone significantly decreased the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 induced by TNF-alpha or IL-1beta, inhibited the degradation of inhibitor kappaBalpha (IkappaBalpha) and blocked the activation of the p65 subunit of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that pre-treatment with rosiglitazone attenuated the production of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta and reduced adhesion molecule expression in renal tubular epithelial cells of LPS-treated mice. Rosiglitazone has an anti-inflammatory effect in renal tubular epithelial cells through the inhibition of NF-kappaB activation.     

Plasma and urinary cytokine homeostasis and renal dysfunction during cardiac surgery

BACKGROUND: Cardiac surgery induces changes in plasma cytokines. Proinflammatory cytokines have been associated with a number of renal diseases. The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), and interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) are smaller than the antiinflammatory cytokines interleukin 10 (IL-10), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), and TNF soluble receptor 2 (TNFsr2), and thus undergo glomerular filtration more readily. Accordingly, this study investigated the relation between plasma and urinary cytokines and proximal renal dysfunction during cardiac surgery. METHODS: Twenty patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were studied. Blood and urine samples were analyzed for proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines. Proximal tubular dysfunction was measured using urinary N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase (NAG)/creatinine and alpha1-microglobulin/creatinine ratios. RESULTS: Plasma IL-8, IL-10, IL-1ra, and TNFsr2 values were significantly elevated compared with baseline. Urinary IL-1ra and TNFsr2 were significantly elevated. Urinary NAG/creatinine and alpha1-microglobulin/creatinine ratios were also elevated. Plasma TNFalpha at 2 h correlated with urinary NAG/creatinine ratio at 2 and 6 h (P < 0.05) and with urinary IL-1ra at 2 h (P < 0.05). Plasma IL-8 at 2 h correlated with NAG/creatinine at 6 h (P < 0.05). Urinary IL-1ra correlated with urinary NAG/creatinine ratio after cross-clamp release and 2 and 6 h after CPB (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac surgery using CPB leads to changes in plasma and urinary cytokine homeostasis that correlate with renal proximal tubular dysfunction. This dysfunction may be related to the renal filtration of proinflammatory mediators. Renal autoprotective mechanisms may involve the intrarenal generation of antiinflammatory cytokines.     

Plasma and Urinary Cytokine Homeostasis and Renal Dysfunction during Cardiac Surgery

Background: Cardiac surgery induces changes in plasma cytokines. Proinflammatory cytokines have been associated with a number of renal diseases. The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor [alpha] (TNF[alpha]), and interleukin 1[beta] (IL-1[beta]) are smaller than the antiinflammatory cytokines interleukin 10 (IL-10), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), and TNF soluble receptor 2 (TNFsr2), and thus undergo glomerular filtration more readily. Accordingly, this study investigated the relation between plasma and urinary cytokines and proximal renal dysfunction during cardiac surgery.

Methods: Twenty patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were studied. Blood and urine samples were analyzed for proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines. Proximal tubular dysfunction was measured using urinary N-acetyl-[beta]-d-glucosaminidase (NAG)/creatinine and [alpha]1-microglobulin/creatinine ratios.

Results: Plasma IL-8, IL-10, IL-1ra, and TNFsr2 values were significantly elevated compared with baseline. Urinary IL-1ra and TNFsr2 were significantly elevated. Urinary NAG/creatinine and [alpha]1-microglobulin/creatinine ratios were also elevated. Plasma TNF[alpha] at 2 h correlated with urinary NAG/creatinine ratio at 2 and 6 h (P < 0.05) and with urinary IL-1ra at 2 h (P < 0.05). Plasma IL-8 at 2 h correlated with NAG/creatinine at 6 h (P < 0.05). Urinary IL-1ra correlated with urinary NAG/creatinine ratio after cross-clamp release and 2 and 6 h after CPB (P < 0.05).     

Activation of CXCL16 pathway by inflammation accelerates the progression of diabetic nephropathy

Objective To investigate the potential role of CXC chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16)/CXC chemokine receptor 6 (CXCR6) pathway in the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Methods 8 - week old male db/db mice were randomly divided into DN group and DN inflamed group. 10% casein was subcutaneously injected to induce the DN mouse model with inflammation. In vitro, HK-2 cells were treated with high glucose (HG), and IL-1β + HG to investigate the effect of inflammatory stress on HK-2 cells. Further knockdown CXCL16 was mediated by RNA interference to determine the effects of CXCl16, then cells were divided into HG + IL-1β group, HG + IL-1β + siCXCL16 group and HG + IL-1β + vehicle group. Changes of renal function in mice were assessed by 24 h proteinuria and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) during 8 weeks. The ultra- microstructure was checked by electron microscopy at 8th week. Lipid accumulation in kidneys and HK - 2 were observed by Filipin staining and quantitative assay of intracellular free cholesterol. The protein expressions of CXCl16, CXCR6, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase-10 (ADAM10), fibronectin and α smooth muscle actin (α - SMA) in renal tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The mRNA and protein expressions of CXCl16, CXCR6, ADAM10, fibronectin and α-SMA in HK-2 cells were detected by real-time PCR and Western blotting, and protein expressions of CXCl16, CXCR6 and ADAM10 in HK - 2 cells were also tested by cell immunofluorescence. Results Mice in DN inflamed group had higher 24 h proteinuria and NAG than those in DN group, and the differences between two groups shown statistical significance at 8th week (all P＜0.05). Compared with DN mice, DN inflamed mice had more vacuoles within renal tubular cells, with mitochondrial swelling, deformation and decrease. Lipid accumulation and protein expressions of fibronectin and α-SMA were increased in DN inflamed group when compared with DN group (all P＜ 0.05). Further, the expressions of CXCL16, CXCR6, ADAM10 were significantly increased in DN inflamed group (all P＜0.05). In vitro, the mRNA and protein expressions of CXCL16, CXCR6, ADAM10, fibronectin and α-SMA, and lipid accumulation were increased in high glucose plus IL-1β group when compared with high glucose group (all P＜0.05). However, after siRNA of CXCL16 transfection, the mRNA and protein expressions of CXCL16, CXCR6, ADAM10, fibronectin and α-SMA were down-regulated in HG+IL-1β+siCXCL16 group as compared with high glucose+IL-1β group (all P＜0.05). Furthermore, lipid accumulation was decreased (P＜0.05). Conclusion Inflammation accelerates tubulointerstitial injury in DN partly through the activation of CXCL16 pathway, which may facilitate the lipid accumulation in tubular epithelial cells.     

纤维蛋白肽Bβ15～42对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤肾脏局部炎性反应的影响

目的 观察纤维蛋白肽Bβ15～42(the fibrin-derived peptide Bβ15-42,FgBβ15～42肽)对大鼠肾脏缺血再灌注损伤(IRI)后肾脏局部炎性反应的影响并探讨其机制.方法 将SD大鼠随机分成假手术组(Sham组)、IRI组、阴性治疗组和FgBβ15 ～ 42肽治疗组.Sham组:分离肾动脉后关闭腹腔;IRI组:采用双侧肾动脉夹闭的方法制作肾脏IRI模型;阴性治疗组:于肾脏再灌注后立即尾静脉注射随机肽段3.6 mg/kg; FgBβ15～42肽治疗组:于肾脏再灌注后立即尾静脉注射FgBβ15～ 42肽3.6 mg/kg.后3组按照再灌注24h、48 h分为两个亚组,Sham组与各亚组均为8只大鼠.常规生化法检测肾功能;HE、PAS染色观察肾脏组织学改变;免疫组化、实时荧光定量PCR法及Western印迹检测肾组织白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、细胞间黏附分子1(ICAM-1)的mRNA及蛋白表达.结果 与Sham组相比,IRI组的Scr和BUN水平均显著增加(均P ＜0.05),肾小管及间质病理损伤显著,以再灌注48 h更为明显;与IRI组相比,FgBβ15～ 42肽治疗组Scr和BUN显著下降(均P＜0.05),小管间质损伤程度明显减轻(P＜0.05).与Sham组相比,IRI组IL-1β和ICA M-1的mRNA和蛋白水平于再灌注24h显著上升,48 h稍微下降,但仍维持在较高水平;FgBβ15～ 42肽治疗组大鼠肾组织IL-1β和ICAM-1的表达于再灌注24h、48 h显著低于同时间点的IRI组(均P＜0.05),但仍明显高于Sham组.上述各指标在阴性治疗组和IRI组之间的表达差异无统计学意义.结论 FgBβ15～42肽对肾脏IRI具有保护作用,其作用机制可能与其减少炎性因子IL-1β、黏附分子ICAM-1的表达有关.     

STAT3抑制剂S3I－201对实验性肾小管间质纤维化的保护作用

目的探讨STAT3抑制剂S3I－201对小鼠实验性肾小管间质纤维化的保护作用。 方法采用单侧输尿管梗阻手术的方法建立肾小管间质纤维化模型。将实验小鼠随机分为药物假手术组(Sham＋S3I－201),安慰剂假手术组(Sham＋Vehicle),药物造模组(UUO＋S3I－201),安慰剂造模组(UUO＋Vehicle)4组,通过腹腔注射S3I－201溶液(药物)或0.05%DMSO PBS(安慰剂)给药,每天给药一次。造模第7天时留取肾脏标本,用Masson染色和颜色面积测算法评估胶原蛋白沉积的情况。用qRT－PCR法检测肾组织内趋化因子配体16(CXCL16),白介素－1β(IL－1β),细胞间黏附分子1(ICAM－1),转化生长因子－β(TGF－β),肿瘤坏死因子(TNF－α)的mRNA表达,用免疫组化法染色和免疫印迹法检测PDGFRβ蛋白在梗阻肾脏内的表达。 结果UUO＋Vehicle小鼠的肾间质胶原蛋白沉积显著高于Sham＋Vehicle组(P<0.05)。UUO＋Vehicle小鼠肾组织CXCL16,IL－1β,ICAM－1,TGF－β,TNF－α的mRNA表达显著高于Sham＋Vehicle组(P<0.05),UUO＋Vehicle小鼠肾组织血小板来源生长因子受体β(PDGFRβ)蛋白表达显著高于Sham＋Vehicle组(P<0.05)。经过S3I－201治疗7 d后,UUO＋S3I－201小鼠的上述各项指标均显著低于UUO＋Vehicle(P<0.05)。 结论S3I－201通过抑制多种细胞因子的mRNA表达,以及降低PDGFRβ蛋白的表达,减轻实验性肾小管间质纤维化小鼠的肾间质炎症反应,从而发挥肾脏保护作用。     

Interleukin 10 knockout increases renal fibrosis of ischemia-reperfusion injury model mice

Objective To study the effect of interleukin (IL)-10 knockout (IL-10-/-) on renal repair after renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Methods Eighteen IL-10-/- mice (KO) aged 8-10 weeks and 18 C57BL/6 wild type mice (WT) aged 8-10 weeks were divided into control group (Sham) and renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) group. The renal tissue morphology change was observed by Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and Masson staining. The expressions of IL-18, Ki67 and TGF-β1 were detected by immunohistochemistry. The expression of TGF-beta1 and IL-18 were detected by Western blotting. Results Compared with that in WT-IRI group, in KO-IRI group renal pathological damage was more severe, renal interstitial fibrosis was visible, Ki67 expression of renal tubular epithelial cells decreased distinctly (P＜0.01), the expression of TGF-beta1 increased significantly (P＜0.01). Conclusion Repair slows down significantly after kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury and fibrosis occurs gradually in IL-10-/- mice, eventually progressing to chronic kidney disease.