余热驱动的有机朗肯循环-复叠式制冷系统?分析

针对余热的有效利用,建立了有机朗肯循环-复叠式制冷系统的热力学模型,其中:有机朗肯循环系统分别采用R123、R1234ze、R245fa、R600a、RC318、R141b等六种工质;复叠式制冷系统分别采用R22/R23、R404/R23、R290/R744、R717/R744等四种工质对。选择系统?效率作为性能评价指标,运用热力学第二定律研究系统运行参数对系统?效率的影响,分析了系统各部件的?损失,并指出了能量利用的薄弱环节,提出了有效提高系统性能的建议,为系统的优化提供参考。结果表明,对系统?效率而言,R141b和R717/R744是最佳工质。系统主要部件按?损失大小依次为凝汽器、膨胀机、高温级冷凝器、发生器、高温级压缩机、低温级蒸发器、蒸发冷凝器。尽可能提高压缩机的等熵效率,优化设计换热器的结构,减小传热温差,才能减少不可逆损失,提高换热器的?效率。     

Parametric Analysis of Dry Hydrocarbons on the Performance of Organic Rankine Cycle Improved by Working Fluid Reheating

In this paper, the performance of organic Rankine cycle with a two‐stage turbine and internal heat exchanger, considering different dry hydrocarbons as working fluid, has been analyzed. This thermodynamic analysis is done using Engineering Equation Solver version 8.379 software. The influence of working fluid reheating has been studied and the critical temperatures for the thermal and exergy efficiencies are determined. Results show that thermal and exergy efficiencies increase with working fluid reheating and also through a two‐stage turbine. RC‐318 is a good replacement for R‐236fa, R‐113 has a better efficiency than R‐236fa, R‐245fa, and iso‐butane and finally cyclohexane can achieve the highest efficiency. Although the maximum value of efficiencies for each one of working fluids are different, but all of these maximum values almost happen at a unique value of relative pressure of the cycle. The same result has been presented for variation of turbine inlet temperature.     

Effect of dry hydrocarbons and critical point temperature on the efficiencies of organic Rankine cycle

Higher efficiencies and optimal utilization of geothermal energy require a careful selection of the working fluid in organic Rankine cycles (ORC). The objectives of this study are to analyze and explain the effect of using alternative dry fluids on the efficiencies of the ORC and compare them with other refrigerants. In addition, the effect of the critical temperature on the thermal and exergetic efficiencies will also be determined. Results showed that iso-pentane is a good replacement for R-113, while neo-pentane outperformed C₅F₁₂. In addition, n-butane showed better efficiency than RC-318, R-236fa, and R-245fa. The best working fluid in the studied system was n-hexane, while R-227ea was the worst. It was also found that efficiencies correlate with the critical temperature of the working fluid where a strong functionality was noticed in the studied range. The contribution of the evaporator to the total exergy destruction was the most relevant, while the pump contribution was marginal. It is concluded that thermodynamically, hydrocarbons are superior to some refrigerants and could be the next generation working fluids for geothermal or waste heat recovery systems.     

有机工质低温余热发电系统多目标优化设计

针对现有有机朗肯循环单目标优化设计的局限性,从热力性、经济性等多方面对有机工质低温余热发电系统进行多目标优化设计.以系统效率最大和总投资费用最小为目标函数,选取透平进口温度、透平进口压力、余热锅炉节点温差、接近点温差和冷凝器端差等5个关键热力参数作为决策变量,利用非支配解排序遗传算法(NSGA-II)分别对采用R123、R245fa和异丁烷的有机工质余热发电系统进行多目标优化,获得不同工质的多目标优化的最优解集(Pareto最优前沿),并采用理想点辅助法从最优解集中选择出最优解及相应的系统最佳热力参数组合.结果表明:在给定余热条件下,从热力性能和经济性两方面考虑,R245fa是最优的有机工质,从多目标优化的最优解集中选择出的最佳效率为10.37%,最小总投资费用为455.84万元.     

Thermo-economic analysis and optimization of a combined Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system with LNG cold energy and waste heat recovery of dual-fuel marine engine

A combined Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system with liquefied nature gas (LNG) cold energy and dual-fuel (DF) marine engine waste heat utilization was proposed. Engine exhaust gas and engine jacket cooling water were adopted as parallel heat sources. Thermo-economic analyses of the proposed system with 32 working fluids combinations were performed. Two objective functions covering thermal efficiencies and economic index were employed for performance evaluation. Afterward, the effects of operation pressure on the objective functions were investigated. Finally, the optimal conditions were obtained from the Pareto front with the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) method. The results show that the proposed ORC system has better energy recovery performances than the parallel ORC system. R1150-R600a-R290, R1150-R601a-R600a, and R170-R601-R290 are determined as the three most promising working fluids combinations. Under optimized conditions, the output power range is 199.97 to 218.51 kW, the energy efficiency range is 13.64% to 15.62%, and the exergy efficiency range is 25.29% to 27.3%. The payback period ranges from 8.36 to 8.74 years. The working fluids selection helps to reduce the exergy destruction of intermediate heat exchanger, which could be up to 30.59%.     

Analysis of exhaust waste heat recovery from a dual fuel low temperature combustion engine using an Organic Rankine Cycle

This paper examines the exhaust waste heat recovery potential of a high-efficiency, low-emissions dual fuel low temperature combustion engine using an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). Potential improvements in fuel conversion efficiency (FCE) and specific emissions (NO_x and CO₂) with hot exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and ORC turbocompounding were quantified over a range of injection timings and engine loads. With hot EGR and ORC turbocompounding, FCE improved by an average of 7 percentage points for all injection timings and loads while NO_x and CO₂ emissions recorded an 18 percent (average) decrease. From pinch-point analysis of the ORC evaporator, ORC heat exchanger effectiveness (?), percent EGR, and exhaust manifold pressure were identified as important design parameters. Higher pinch point temperature differences (PPTD) uniformly yielded greater exergy destruction in the ORC evaporator, irrespective of engine operating conditions. Increasing percent EGR yielded higher FCEs and stable engine operation but also increased exergy destruction in the ORC evaporator. It was observed that hot EGR can prevent water condensation in the ORC evaporator, thereby reducing corrosion potential in the exhaust piping. Higher ? values yielded lower PPTD and higher exergy efficiencies while lower ? values decreased post-evaporator exhaust temperatures below water condensation temperatures and reduced exergy efficiencies.     

A combined thermodynamic cycle used for waste heat recovery of internal combustion engine

In this paper, we present a steady-state experiment, energy balance and exergy analysis of exhaust gas in order to improve the recovery of the waste heat of an internal combustion engine (ICE). Considering the different characteristics of the waste heat of exhaust gas, cooling water, and lubricant, a combined thermodynamic cycle for waste heat recovery of ICE is proposed. This combined thermodynamic cycle consists of two cycles: the organic Rankine cycle (ORC), for recovering the waste heat of lubricant and high-temperature exhaust gas, and the Kalina cycle, for recovering the waste heat of low-temperature cooling water. Based on Peng–Robinson (PR) equation of state (EOS), the thermodynamic parameters in the high-temperature ORC were calculated and determined via an in-house computer program. Suitable working fluids used in high-temperature ORC are proposed and the performance of this combined thermodynamic cycle is analyzed. Compared with the traditional cycle configuration, more waste heat can be recovered by the combined cycle introduced in this paper.     

R245fa有机朗肯循环余热发电系统火用分析

以低品位热能驱动的有机朗肯循环发电系统,是实现将低品位热能转变为电能,进而提高热力系统总体热效率,降低污染排放的有效途径之一。本文建立了低品位热能发电系统火用分析模型,对以R245fa为工质的温度低于383.15 K的低品位热能有机朗肯循环余热发电系统进行了火用分析,得到了各环节的能量转换效率并确定了对系统性能影响最大的环节;通过改变蒸发器和冷凝器的压降和传热系数值,分析了主要换热设备的设计和运行性能参数对系统火用效率、热效率和发电量的影响趋势,提出了低品位热能发电系统的优化方向。     

不同工质对太阳能有机朗肯循环系统性能的影响

循环工质的特性是影响有机朗肯循环系统性能的重要因素之一,在不同的蒸发温度条件下,选取R600、R600a、R245fa、R236fa、R236ea、R601、R601a、RC318及R227ea共9种有机工质,基于热力学第一定律和第二定律对其热力循环特性进行了计算分析,并对各有机工质的蒸发压力、热效率、功比和不可逆损失等进行了比较.结果表明：R245fa作为太阳能低温热发电朗肯循环系统的循环工质具有较高的热效率和效率,并且产生的系统总不可逆损失较小,是一种较理想的有机工质;其次,R236fa和R236ea作为系统循环工质也具有较为良好的性能.     

Heat exchanger network design of an organic Rankine cycle integrated waste heat recovery system of a marine vessel using pinch point analysis

The coexistence of different kinds of waste heat sources on marine vessels with various temperature ranges increases the need for an optimal heat exchanger network (HEN) design for the heat collection process to reduce the unutilizable heat that needs to be discharged to overboard. The optimal HEN design has not been taken into consideration by using pinch point analysis in previous studies of marine organic Rankine cycle (ORC) systems that utilize from different kinds of waste heat sources. The objective of the study is to determine the optimal HEN design for an ORC integrated waste heat recovery system of a marine vessel by utilizing the pinch point analysis to improve the overall energy efficiency. Lubricating oil, high-temperature cooling water and scavenge air of the main engine, and the exhaust gas emitted from the boiler plant were identified as the major waste heat sources of a reference container ship. A heat collection stream, in which thermal oil is used as the heat transfer fluid that transfers the collected heat to an ORC system, was proposed. The pinch point analysis showed that the optimum waste heat recovery could be gained by separating the scavenge air cooler into three stages and the lubricating oil cooler into two stages. The results of the parametric study for the varying evaporator inlet pressure between 1000 and 3000 kPa showed that R1234ze(Z) yields the best performance among nine different organic working fluids with the thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of 15.24% and 86.47% for the ORC system, respectively. For the proposed configuration, the unavailable waste heat that cannot be transferred to thermal oil was found as 23.71%, 16.56%, 13.17%, and 7.81% of the total waste heat produced by the heat sources, and also 8.24%, 9.80%, 11.55%, and 12.93% of the net power output produced by the main engine can be recovered for 25%, 50%, 76%, and 100% maximum continuous rating (MCR), respectively.     

Energy and exergy‐based working fluid selection for organic Rankine cycle recovering waste heat from high temperature solid oxide fuel cell and gas turbine hybrid systems

This paper performed a comparative analysis of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) using different working fluids, in order to recover waste heat from a solid oxide fuel cell‐gas turbine hybrid power cycle. Depending on operating parameters, criteria for the choice of the working fluid were identified. Results reveal that due to a significant temperature glide of the exhaust gas, the actual ORC cycle thermal efficiency strongly depends on the turbine inlet temperature, exhaust gas temperature, and fluid's critical point temperature. When exhaust gas temperature varies in the range of 500 K to 600 K, R123 is preferred among the nine dry typical organic fluids because of the highest and most stabilized mean thermal efficiency under wide operating conditions and its reasonable condensing pressure and turbine outlet specific volume, which in turn results in a feasible ORC cycle for practical concerns. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中低温工业余热ORC回收装置的工质发展与应用

工业余热领域热源类型多样,如何筛选安全、稳定、高效的循环工质,成为有机朗肯循环(Organic Rankine Cycle,ORC)研究的关键性问题之一。采用纯工质作为工作流体更有利于工程应用中对系统的维护。本文在综述近五年国内外适用于中低温工业余热有机朗肯循环纯工质研究的基础上,探讨了亚临界循环和超临界循环ORC动力回收装置中循环工质的发展与应用现状。     

Thermal and Exergy Analysis of an Organic Rankine Cycle Power Generation System with Refrigerant R245fa

Abstract

In this paper, the performance of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) power generating system operating with refrigerant R245fa was investigated when heat source temperature was below 200?°C. It was found the system thermal efficiency increased but the exergy efficiency of the evaporator decreased with the increase of the heat source temperature. It was also obtained that the exergy efficiency of the evaporator could reach70% when the heat source temperature was 80?°C, which was high enough to prove that the transformation efficiency between the waste heat and the electricity power was ideal. In the simulation model, the area of different parts of the heat exchanger were considered to be varied, flow rate of the waste heat and working medium, the system thermal and exergy efficiency of the evaporator were respectively calculated, the different parameter change regarding the performance influences of the ORC system were simulated. The results can be considered as a reference to research on the design of ORC power generating systems and heat exchangers.     

R245fa作为有机朗肯循环工质的材料相容性研究

对于可再生能源和工业余热资源,有机朗肯循环技术(organic Rankine cycle,ORC)被认为是一种高效的能源回收利用技术。其中R245fa因为其自身良好的环保性以及热力性能,被认为是一种具有良好应用前景的ORC工质。对于ORC系统来说,工质的材料相容性是保证系统稳定运行的基础。针对ORC系统实际工况,确定部件、温度、材料等因素的对应关系,提出一套适用于ORC工质材料相容性研究的实验方法,并以R245fa为例开展了实验研究。实验结果表明,在高温条件下,304不锈钢与R245fa的相容性要优于铜材料;同时在橡胶密封材料的选择上,不建议使用氟橡胶,且三元乙丙橡胶的相容性要优于聚四氟乙烯。     

新型城市低温地热冷热电联产系统热力性能分析

为节约及合理利用能源,提高城市能量总能系统利用率,基于有机朗肯循环(ORC)和冷热电联产(CCHP),提出了一种新型的城市低温地热冷热电联产系统(以下简称ORC-CCHP系统)。根据热力学第一、第二定律,建立了热力学模型,编写计算机程序进行了系统的热力性能分析。结果表明:采用R245fa、LiBr溶液作为ORCCCHP系统循环工质时,选择窄点温差较小蒸发器可获得更高火用效率;增加太阳能集/蓄热系统,提高热流参数,减小换热温差,可进一步提升系统热力学性能;系统分别采用5种不同有机工质时,R236fa使系统的热力性能达到最佳,并在蒸发压力为0. 62 MPa、窄点温差为0 K时,ORC-CCHP系统获得最大净输出功为1 948 kW,系统火用效率为19. 28%,系统火用效率最高值为85. 78%。     

Alternative ORC bottoming cycles FOR combined cycle power plants

In this work, low temperature Organic Rankine Cycles are studied as bottoming cycle in medium and large scale combined cycle power plants. The analysis aims to show the interest of using these alternative cycles with high efficiency heavy duty gas turbines, for example recuperative gas turbines with lower gas turbine exhaust temperatures than in conventional combined cycle gas turbines. The following organic fluids have been considered: R113, R245, isobutene, toluene, cyclohexane and isopentane. Competitive results have been obtained for toluene and cyclohexane ORC combined cycles, with reasonably high global efficiencies.     

有出口温度限制的热源亚临界有机朗肯循环最佳回热度定量准则的研究

我国的余热资源和可再生能源丰富,但部分余热资源和可再生能源分布比较分散,并存在温度和能量密度均较低的问题。基于传统能源转化技术,利用温度较低的余热资源和能量密度较低的可再生能源进行发电,会降低余热资源和可再生能源的热功转换效率。有机朗肯循环(ORC)系统可以有效利用低温热能进行发电。对于不同温度和形式的热源,采用合适的工质和循环工况,可以提高ORC系统的发电效率。有出口温度限制的热源是一种较为常见的热源形式,在ORC系统中增加回热装置可能会进一步提高热力循环对该类热源的利用效率。因此,文章针对有温度出口限制的热源,建立了亚临界ORC计算分析模型,选取了干流体和等熵流体作为循环工质,以热源回收?效率作为ORC系统的循环性能评价指标,系统地比较了不同回热度条件下ORC系统的循环性能。文章系统地分析了回热流程对ORC系统循环性能的影响规律,并将计算结果进行理论关联,首次建立了依据冷源和热源条件直接选取最佳回热度的定量准则。     

Utilization of waste heat from cement plant to generate hydrogen and blend it with natural gas

In this paper, a waste heat recovery system for a cement plant is developed and analyzed with the softwares of Engineering Equation Solver (EES) and Aspen Plus. This system is novel in a way that hydrogen is uniquely produced from waste heat obtained from the cement slag and blended with natural gas for domestic use. The presented system has a steam Rankine cycle combined with an organic Rankine cycle, an alkaline electrolyzer unit, oxygen and hydrogen storage tanks, a blending unit, and a combustor. Moreover, multiple useful outputs are obtained, such as power, hydrogen, and natural gas, as well as hydrogen blend. The power obtained from the organic Rankine cycle becomes the highest when the organic fluid R600a is used as a working fluid. The power generated from turbines is fed to the grid externally and the cement plant for internal use. Also, some power is utilized to produce hydrogen via an alkaline electrolyzer which has an efficiency of 62.94%. With the change of the percentage of hydrogen in the blend from 0% to 50%, the annual consumption of natural gas reduces from 48.261 billion m³ to 37.086 billion m³. Furthermore, the overall exergy and energy efficiencies for the plant are found at 55% and 22%, respectively. The carbon dioxide emissions in the released exhaust gas reduce from 34% to 28% when the same volumetric flow rates of the blend and oxygen gas are fed to the reactor. NO and NO₂ emissions increase from 4.06 g/day to 7.45 g/day, and from 0.02 g/day to 0.09 g/day when the hydrogen content is increased from 5% to 20%. Moreover, carbon monoxide emissions decrease from 0.05 g/day to 0.02 g/day, accordingly. As a result, both combustion energy and exergy efficiencies increase with the addition of hydrogen. Furthermore, CO and CO₂ emissions decrease with the hydrogen content increases.     

基于热源耦合ORC ANN模型的循环性能预测及工质优选

基于已建立的有机朗肯循环(ORC) 人工神经网络(ANN)模型,将其与热源进行耦合,从而在不同烟气工况下对ORC进行循环性能预测及工质优选。为了分析与热源耦合的ORC ANN模型精度,基于初选的10种工质,比较了该模型与REFPROP软件对基本ORC和回热ORC的计算结果,比较结果表明：该ORC ANN模型对大部分循环参数的平均相对偏差都小于5%。在此基础上,针对不同烟气热源温度（523.15,488.15和453.15 K）,以最大净输出功为目标,分别优化循环的蒸发温度,优化结果显示：3种热源温度对应的最佳工质分别为R1336mzz(Z),R600a和R236fa。     

Experimental study on a small‐scale pumpless organic Rankine cycle with R1233zd(E) as working fluid at low temperature heat source

This paper focuses on the novelty pumpless organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and its choice of working fluids. Based on the selection criteria, the refrigerant of R1233zd(E) is firstly chosen and investigated in the pumpless ORC system. In the system, the feed pump is removed, and the refrigerant flows back and forth between two heat exchangers, which act as the evaporator or condenser, respectively. The impacts of the heating water temperature and loads on the system performance are studied to find out the best operating conditions. The low‐grade heat source is simulated by an electric boiler. The temperature of the heat resource ranges from 80°C to 100°C with the interval of 5°C. The temperature of the cooling water inlet is 10°C and is kept constant. The largest average power output is 127 W under the condition of 100°C heating water with nine loads. Because the cycle efficiency with heating steam temperature of 100°C cannot be determined, the highest energy and exergy efficiencies are 3.5% and 17.1%, respectively, for heating water of 95°C with seven loads. The experimental results show that the energy and exergy efficiencies increase with the increase of the heating temperature. The power and current outputs increase when the loads increase under the condition of the constant heating water temperature, whereas the voltage output decreases meanwhile. The generating time increases when the loads increase. This phenomenon is mainly caused by the increasing evaporating pressure and decreasing condensing pressure when the loads increases.