纤支镜引导经鼻气管插管序贯抢救Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭临床观察

目的 探讨纤支镜引导下经鼻气管插管有创与无创序贯抢救Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床价值.方法 对我院2005年4月至2006年8月救治的Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭(重症)60例患者资料作回顾性分析,对纤支镜引导经鼻气管插管与经口喉镜明视插管有创、无创序贯进行机械通气各自的成功率、留管时间、气管切开率、拔管率及患者预后情况进行比较.结果 置管时间经鼻插管组9.4±5.5 d,经口插管3.5±1.4 d;气管切开率:经鼻插管组6.7%,经口插管组46.7%;拔管率:经鼻插管组93.3%,经13插管组40.0%,(P均＜0.01),差异均有显著性.结论 经13气管插管或气管切开的缺点是患者往往不能耐受或接受;纤支镜引导下经鼻气管插管有创、无创序贯治疗抢救Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭,患者耐受性好,留管时间长,拔管率高,同时可避免或减少气管切开率,具有快速、准确、安全,能尽早撤机,减少呼吸机相关性肺炎等并发症之优点,值得临床推广.     

经鼻与经口气管插管机械通气抢救呼吸衰竭的比较

目的：探讨经鼻和经口气管插管的临床应用价值。方法：采用一次性附有低压高容气囊的气管插管，对１０７例急性呼吸衰竭患者进行经纤维支气管镜引导下插管，经鼻与经口明视插管或盲插管，并进行两种插管方法的比较。结果：经鼻插管６２例次，经口插管５４例次（共１１６例次）；留管时间：经鼻插管平均１１．８天，经口插管平均６．６天，两组比较Ｐ＜０．００５；气管切开率：经鼻插管组为１２．９％，显著低于经口插管组４２．６％（Ｐ＜０．００１）；而拔管率经鼻插管组为５９．７％，则明显高于经口插管组４０．７％（Ｐ＜０．００５）。结论：经鼻气管插管机械通气优于经口插管气管插管机械通气，前者具有患者耐受性好、留管时间较长、并发症少等优点，可避免或减少气管切开。     

首次口腔护理时间对气管插管患者早发性呼吸机相关肺炎发生率的影响

目的探讨首次口腔护理时间对气管插管患者早发性呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)发生率的影响。方法将入住我院ICU的120例经口气管插管患者随机均分为三组,分别在气管插管后4h内(含4h)、4~8h(含8h)、8~12h(含12h)介入首次口腔护理。比较三组患者早发性呼吸机相关肺炎发生率、机械通气时间、入住ICU时间和病死率等指标。结果三组患者的机械通气时间、入住ICU时间差异有统计学意义,早发性呼吸机相关肺炎发生率、病死率差异无统计学意义。但是,随着首次口腔护理时间的向后推迟,患者的早发性呼肺炎机相关发生率和病死率逐渐升高。结论在插管后4h内介入首次口腔护理,可降低患者的早发性呼吸机相关肺炎发生率与病死率,缩短机械通气时间、入住ICU时间,改善患者预后。     

经口与经鼻气管插管呼吸机相关肺炎发生的比较

呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)是患者接受机械通气48h后所并发的肺实质感染[1]。国外报道:VAP发生率为9%~70%,病死率达50%~69%[2],国内有医院调查:VAP发生率为43.1%,病死率为51.6%[3]。在人工气道的选择上有经口、经鼻插管等途径,本文旨在阐明患者急性生理和慢性健康评分系统Ⅲ(APACHEⅢ)评分相似的情况下,在插管48h~5 d和≥5 d时,经口与经鼻不同途径气管插管对VAP发生情况的影响。1资料和方法1.1研究对象本院2000年3月~2005年12月重症监护室收治的危重病经口、经鼻人工气道呼吸机治疗患者85例,呼吸机治疗时间平均13±27.24 d;其中男性52例…     

纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管救治慢性阻塞性肺病并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床价值

目的:探讨纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管救治慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的临床价值。方法:对32例COPDⅡ型呼吸衰竭的患者,通过纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管连接呼吸机辅助呼吸,辅予纤支镜下吸痰及灌洗,比较治疗前后血气分析的结果,统计其抢救成功率、并发症发生率及机械通气时间来评价疗效。结果:纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管抢救COPDⅡ型呼吸衰竭成功率为84.38%,平均机械通气时间为8.35±2.15天,并发症少。结论:纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管救治COPDⅡ型呼吸衰竭疗效好,并发症少,值得推广。     

纤维支气管镜在气管插管机械通气治疗呼吸衰竭中的应用

目的探讨纤维支气管镜在气管插管机械通气治疗呼吸衰竭中的应用价值。方法选择因呼吸衰竭而行气管插管机械通气的患者131例,随机分成两组：纤维支气管镜引导经鼻或经口气管插管组（气管镜组）66例,经喉镜气管插管组（常规方法组）65例;比较两组在气管插管一次性成功率、细菌培养阳性率、拔管成功率、气管插管时间方面的优劣。结果气管镜组在气管插管一次性成功率[100％（66／66）]、细菌培养阳性率[78．8％（52／66）]、拔管成功率[89．3％（59／66）]方面均显著高于常规方法组[分别为90．7％（59／65）、49．7％（32／65）、63．1％（41／65）],差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．01）。气管镜组气管插管时间（5．20±2．51）d显著低于常规方法组（10．88±3．25）d,差异有统计学意义（t=9．443,P〈0．01）。结论纤维支气管镜在气管插管机械通气治疗呼吸衰竭中具有重要临床实用价值。     

ICU患者经口气管插管与经鼻气管插管后行气管切开的比较

目的探讨经口气管插管与经鼻气管插管在ICU留置时间,比较两组气管插管后行气管切开的比例。方法将42例气管插管患者随机分为经口气管插管组24例和纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管组18例,比较两组患者插管留置时间及插管后再行气管切开率。结果经鼻气管插管留置时间明显长于经口气管插管,经鼻气管插管后行气管切开的比例明显低于经口气管插管。结论纤维支气管镜引导经鼻气管插管在ICU是有效的,插管留置时间更长,部分经鼻气管插管患者避免行气管切开。     

ICU经口气管插管患者机械通气期间及程序化脱机前后 实施集束化护理的可行性

目的:探讨重症监护病房(ICU)经口气管插管机械通气患者程序化脱机前后实施集束化护理的临床应用效果。方法:选取我院于2017年1月至12月间收治的49例意识清醒的ICU经口气管插管机械通气患者为对照组,予以常规护理,选取我院于2018年1月至12月间收治的49例意识清醒的ICU经口气管插管机械通气患者为研究组,予以集束化护理。比较两组患者脱机失败、再次插管、机械通气时间、住院时间、焦虑自评量表(SAS)以及护理满意度等。结果:研究组脱机失败、再次插管、呼吸机相关性肺炎和气管插管非计划性拔管发生率均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。研究组机械通气时间、住院时间均显著短于对照组(P0.05)。干预后两组SDS、SAS评分均较干预前显著降低,且研究组显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:ICU经口气管插管患者机械通气期间及程序化脱机前后实施集束化护理可降低脱机失败、再次插管、呼吸机相关性肺炎和气管插管非计划性拔管发生率,缩短机械通气时间及住院时间,改善患者不良心态,提高护理满意度。     

ICU呼吸衰竭患者不同气管插管方式的临床应用对比研究

目的观察并对比ICU中严重呼吸衰竭患者采用纤维支气管镜引导经鼻气管插管与喉镜引导经口气管插管的临床效果。方法85例呼吸衰竭患者随机分为A、B两组,A组患者(44例)采用纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管方式建立人工气道,B组患者(41例)采用喉镜引导下经口气管插管方式,对比两组通气24h后动脉血气分析指标、插管时间、护理工作量及并发症发生例数。结果(1)通气24h后,A、B动脉血气指标均较之通气前好转,两组SP02、PaO2与PaCO2差别不明显;(2)A组患者插管时间长于B组,但人均护理次数少于B组(P<0.05);(3)A组患者通气期间脱管例次、痰痂形成例次及VAP发生例次均少于B组(2、4、3 vs 9、11、7)(P<0.05)。纤支镜引导下经鼻插管较之经口插管具备更高的安全性,且能降低护理工作量。     

BiPAP鼻罩式机械通气与气管插管机械通气治疗急性左心衰竭的疗效比较

目的：比较BiPAP鼻罩式机械通气和气管插管机械通气治疗急性左心衰竭的疗效。方法：将45例各种病因所致严重急性左心衰竭患者随机分成两组，一组在常规药物治疗的基础上采用BiPAP S／T 30呼吸机经鼻罩双向正压通气，流量触发，压力支持；另一组在常规治疗基础上气管插管后NEWPORT WAVE E200呼吸机辅助呼吸，比较两组病例的治疗效果：监护指标、症状缓解时间、平均住院时间、住院死亡率。结果：两组患者经机械通气后呼吸困难均明显改善，监护指标无显著差异，平均住院时间、住院死亡率相似，症状缓解时问NEWPORT组短于BiPAP组。但BiPAP鼻罩式机械通气更易为患者接受。结论：BiPAP鼻罩式机械通气与气管插管机械通气治疗急性左心衰竭的疗效基本相似。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.