三类新型随机粗糙面模型的快速散射特性分析

基于表面粗糙度对雷达目标电磁散射特性的影响,为真实地模拟实际自然场境,提出了三类粗糙环境中表面粗糙度不同的新型分区域复合随机粗糙面模型.采用在同一粗糙面上使用不同均方根高度和相关长度的方法进行建模,替代了传统的单一谱函数模型.应用稀疏矩阵平面迭代/规范网格法快速计算了此三类新型随机粗糙面模型的电磁散射特性,重点分析了不同表面粗糙度模型对于环境电磁散射特性的影响,为研究、分析和探测符合实际自然环境的地形、地貌提供了理论依据.     

复杂陆地粗糙面及其上方坦克目标复合散射研究

研究了复杂陆地粗糙面及其上方坦克目标的复合散射特性.基于Monte Carlo方法,利用高斯谱函数模拟不同统计特性的陆地表面,运用加权反正切函数滤波处理以构造边界和连接相邻区域,构建了复杂陆地分区域复合粗糙面的几何模型.提出了一种快速精确求解复杂陆地粗糙面及其上方坦克目标复合散射的混合方法,利用迭代物理光学法求解目标与环境间的多次耦合,运用等效电磁流法修正棱边绕射.分析了复杂陆地粗糙面的散射特性,研究了入射角、均方根高度、相关长度和粗糙面表面结构对复合散射特性的影响.本研究为探测复杂环境上方的坦克目标提供了理论基础,数值仿真结果对雷达目标的探测与识别具有借鉴意义.     

星球次表层探测雷达回波仿真

在中国未来的深空探测计划中,将采用天基雷达探测技术,以实现对整个星球表面次表层结构的探测。星载高频雷达探测仪通过月球表面天底点和次表面天底点的回波时延差与强度探测月球分层结构。为了获取次表层结构信息,研究了电磁波在月球分层结构内散射与传播的建模与模拟,对利用KA近似方法计算表层及次表层回波的方法进行了研究,分析了不同参数对回波的影响,最后通过仿真进行了验证。     

THz频段粗糙导体圆锥的极化成像特性

太赫兹频段下粗糙导体表面会对电磁散射回波的幅度、相位、极化状态产生影响,为分析这一影响,以导体圆锥为例,研究了不同粗糙参数表面电磁散射在雷达图像中的表现规律。基于谱方法和坐标变换对粗糙圆锥面进行建模,利用高频电磁计算方法获得不同粗糙度导体圆锥样本多角度、多频点、全极化的单站散射场,基于转台模型,利用二重积分法获得目标二维像。从仿真结果可以看出,粗糙与理想光滑导体的圆锥图像存在明显差异,粗糙圆锥图像中能量分布偏离理想光滑情况下的强散射区域;随着粗糙度的增加,图像能量分布愈加均匀;相比于同极化图像,交叉极化图像更具反映目标轮廓信息的潜力。     

地面车辆目标高质量SAR图像快速仿真方法

为满足基于模板的SAR地面车辆目标识别对海量高质量模板图像的工程应用需求,该文提出了一种基于射线追踪技术的SAR信号级高效仿真方法.该方法通过构建地面车辆目标SAR仿真场景物理模型并利用射线追踪方法准确模拟SAR探测过程中电磁波与场景中目标与环境的作用机理,实现对地面环境的宽带相干杂波、表面粗糙的复杂目标的宽带电磁散射以及地面-目标间耦合散射的快速计算,并通过SAR成像处理和图像相似度评估确认形成高质量SAR模板图像.数值结果验证了该文方法的准确性和高效性.      

太赫兹频段粗糙目标散射中心建模研究

太赫兹雷达可获取目标的精细散射特征信息,对于目标探测、成像和识别具有重要意义。针对太赫兹频段雷达目标散射中心建模问题进行讨论,分析了散射中心模型、目标回波和目标图像之间的内在物理关系,并基于粗糙面散射理论中的全波方法和信号处理中的滤波方法提出一种构建目标散射中心模型的方法,可同时描述粗糙目标的传统相干散射中心和非相干面散射行为,为太赫兹频段粗糙目标的散射回波仿真提供了一种有效的描述手段。     

THz全尺寸凸体粗糙目标雷达回波散射建模与成像仿真

回波仿真是研究雷达成像体制、算法及后续应用的前提条件,目标散射建模又是回波仿真的重要一环。在THz频段,目标常常具有超电大尺寸,这使得利用经典电磁计算方法面临现实困难。而波长的减小使得目标表面粗糙起伏成为不能忽略的因素,这使得传统基于点散射模型的回波生成手段难以适用。如何对目标进行THz散射建模及高效的雷达回波生成成为亟待解决的问题。该文提出了基于面片分级的半确定性建模方法,采用粗糙面全波法计算面片的散射场,再将各面片散射场转换至目标坐标系并相干叠加得到带有相位信息的雷达回波。利用小尺寸粗糙模型,通过与高频数值方法进行对比,验证了该文方法的有效性,并给出了全尺寸锥体的成像结果。初步解决了THz频段全尺寸凸体粗糙目标散射建模及回波生成问题,为后续成像体制和算法研发打下了基础。      

同轴零盲区米散射激光雷达系统仿真与设计

针对传统米散射激光雷达近距离探测盲区大的缺陷,设计一款同轴的米散射激光雷达气溶胶探测系统。首先,通过美国标准大气模型和激光雷达系统参数对系统回波信噪比进行了数值模拟研究。主要讨论激光脉冲能量、雷达接收口径、脉冲累加数对回波信噪比的影响。仿真结果表明,提高发射激光脉冲能量、增加雷达接收口径、增加脉冲累加数都可以提高回波信噪比,其中,增加雷达接收口径对回波信噪比的提升最为明显。其次,设计平衡探测器对散射回光进行光电转换。最后,基于系统结构搭建了可移动式米散射激光雷达实验平台,对大气气溶胶进行初步探测,试验结果表明：提高发射激光脉冲能量对探测距离的影响不大,该系统的有效探测距离在约10 km;平衡探测法相对于直接探测法信噪比提高了2.7倍;系统的同轴设计使得近距离探测盲区几乎为0,空间分辨率可以达到120 m。     

一种基于FPGA的自然场景的实时SAR回波模拟器

为了降低测试雷达系统的成本,设计出一种实时雷达回波模拟器对测试雷达系统的各项参数有很大的帮助。文中采用等效散射体回波模拟算法设计了一种基于FPGA的SAR回波模拟器。通过优化回波模拟算法,实时实现了SAR的回波模拟。实验结果表明,该设计模拟器可以在10.7 s内模拟出一帧1 024×1 024的自然场景的回波数据。最后对回波数据成像质量评估,证明了该回波模拟器的正确性。     

地海交界分区域复合粗糙面的布儒斯特效应研究

通过随机粗糙面建模理论, 研究地海交界分区域复合粗糙面的布儒斯特效应.采用蒙特卡罗方法, 利用高斯谱函数模拟陆地粗糙面, 利用Pierson-Moskowitz(PM)海洋谱模拟海面部分, 运用加权反正切函数滤波处理以平滑交界, 构建了地海交界分区域复合粗糙面的几何模型.考虑到粗糙陆地表面与海面各自内部面元的耦合作用以及区域之间和交界处面元的相互耦合, 提出了一种基于地海交界分区域面元的迭代物理光学法, 快速求解地海交界分区域复合粗糙面的镜向散射, 分别就陆地粗糙面的均方根高度、相关长度, 海面的风速、风向对其布儒斯特效应的影响进行了分析, 发现了地海交界分区域复合粗糙面上的“布儒斯特融合效应”, 并发现陆地粗糙面的均方根高度与海面风速能够显著影响布儒斯特角的“融合”现象.本研究为探测地海交界区域的真实环境提供了理论基础, 数值仿真结果对抗多径干扰、雷达目标的探测与识别、遥感信息处理具有借鉴意义.     

甚高频雷达回波对海冰的检测

通过推导海冰层的全极化脉冲波时域Mueller矩阵解,提出空基甚高频（VHF,30MHz～300MH。）雷达窄脉冲检测海冰层的方法。海冰层的雷达脉冲极化回波主要由海冰上下两层随机粗糙面、海冰层中空气泡的体散射以及面一体相互作用几种散射机制的回波组成。通过改变海冰的特征参数（海冰层厚、含盐量、介电常数、界面粗糙度等）,对海冰雷达回波进行数值模拟来验证本文提出的方法是否可行。结果表明,本模型可用于检测海冰,对海冰的层厚和分层结构进行反演或者估算。     

高效星载TOPSAR场景回波信号模拟方法

星载TOPSAR回波信号模拟中时域逐点法运算效率低,而2维频域法又无法直接模拟星载TOPSAR回波信号。针对这个问题,该文提出了一种高效的星载TOPSAR模式场景回波模拟方法。该方法在距离向上利用参考点回波与场景散射矩阵卷积完成,在方位向上采用对逐个慢时间进行模拟和存储。文中详细给出该方法的处理流程,分析了该方法的运算量,同时还对比了点目标模拟结果与精确的时域模拟方法的差异,最后利用模拟回波信号的成像及干涉结果验证了该文方法的有效性。     

A numerical model for electromagnetic scattering from sea ice

A numerical model for scattering from sea ice based on the finite difference time domain (FDTD) technique is presented. The sea ice medium is modeled as consisting of randomly located spherical brine scatterers with a specified fractional volume, and the medium is modeled both with and without a randomly rough boundary to study the relative effects of volume and surface scattering. A Monte Carlo simulation is used to obtain numerical results for incoherent υυ backscattered normalized radar cross sections (RCSs) in the frequency range from 3 to 9 GHz and for incidence angles from 10° to 50° from normal incidence. The computational intensity of the study necessitates an effective permittivity approach to modeling brine pocket effects and a nonuniform grid for small scale surface roughness. However, comparisons with analytical models show that these approximations should introduce errors no larger than approximately 3 dB. Incoherent υυ cross sections backscattered from sea ice models with a smooth surface show only a small dependence on incidence angle, while results for sea ice models with slightly rough surfaces are found to be dominated by surface scattering at incidence angles less than 30° and by scattering from brine pockets at angles greater than 30°. As the surface roughness increases, surface scattering tends to dominate at all incidence angles. Initial comparisons with measurements taken with artificially grown sea ice are made, and even the simplified sea ice model used in the FDTD simulation is found to provide reasonable agreement with measured data trends. The numerical model developed ran be useful in interpreting measurements when parameters such as surface roughness and scatterer distributions lie outside ranges where analytical models are valid     

Electromagnetic Scattering From Multilayer Rough Surfaces With Arbitrary Dielectric Profiles for Remote Sensing of Subsurface Soil Moisture

Radar remote sensing of soil moisture content at low frequencies requires an accurate scattering model of realistic soils, which often involves multilayer rough surfaces and dielectric profiles. In this paper, a hybrid analytical/numerical solution to two-dimensional scattering from multilayer rough surfaces separated by arbitrary dielectric profiles based on the extended boundary condition method (EBCM) and scattering matrix technique is presented. The reflection and transmission matrices of rough interfaces are constructed using EBCM. The dielectric profiles are modeled as stacks of piecewise homogeneous dielectric thin layers, whose scattering matrices are computed by recursively cascading reflection and transmission matrices of individual dielectric interfaces. The interactions between the rough interfaces and stratified dielectric profiles are taken into account by applying the generalized scattering matrix technique. The scattering coefficients are obtained by combining the powers computed from the resulting Floquet modes of the overall system. The bistatic scattering coefficients are validated against existing analytical and numerical solutions. Field-collected soil moisture data are then used for numerical simulations to investigate the penetration capability at different frequencies and to address the potential of low-frequency radar systems in estimating deep soil moisture. In particular, soil moisture profiles during dry ground, wet ground, and wet subsurface layer conditions are examined. The results show that both backscattering coefficients and copolarized phase difference at low frequencies are sensitive to the roughness of subsurface interfaces and deep soil moisture. Also, much larger depth sensitivity can be achieved using copolarized phase difference than scattering coefficients     

Wave diffraction by a rough boundary of an arbitrary plane-layeredmedium

The problem of electromagnetic (EM) wave scattering by a slightly rough boundary of an arbitrary layered medium is solved by a small perturbation method. The bistatic amplitude of scattering as well as scattering cross sections for a statistically rough surface are calculated for linear and circular polarized waves. Along with the scattering into the upgoing waves in the homogeneous medium, the scattering cross sections in the downgoing waves into a layered medium are obtained. Analytical results are applied to the modeling of natural layered media (ice and sand layers) remote sensing problems employing global positioning system (GPS) technics     

Study of Millimeter-Wave Radar for Helicopter Assisted-Landing System

Landing helicopters on rough unprepared terrain has always been considered hazardous, since the massive dust cloud generated by wind drafts from the helicopter's rotors completely obstructs the pilot's view of the landing area. This article presents a performance assessment of a proposed millimeter-wave (MMW) three-dimensional imaging radar system, specifically meant for helicopter assisted landing. The assessment includes simulation of radar backscattering from the underlying rough terrain, in addition to the signal attenuation and scattering from dust clouds generated by the helicopter's rotors. Terrain scattering is simulated in two steps: 1) generation of a two-scale random rough surface according to prescribed statistics of a large-scale undulation and a small-scale surface roughness; and 2) simulation of the returned signal, including the effects of the real-aperture radar parameters and the terrain-backscatter response. Details of the three-dimensional imaging algorithm are presented. Single-scattering theory is used to simulate the effects of a dust cloud - including signal attenuation and backscatter clutter generation - on the radar's performance. It is shown that operating in the upper millimeter-wave regime (70 GHz-220 GHz) is the most practical solution for a compact, high-resolution, three-dimensional imaging system for this problem.     

粗糙面与导弹目标复合电磁散射仿真计算

提出了一种求解粗糙面和三维目标复合电磁散射问题的通用仿真方法。将描述粗糙面上电磁波反射的基尔霍夫-赫姆霍兹方程与目标表面的电场积分方程相结合,得到新型的混合方程,进而采用矩量法求解,通过数值算例验证了该方法的精度和效率。采用此方法研究了两种典型导弹目标与粗糙面的复合散射特性,分析计算结果可得:粗糙面粗糙度参数对复合散射特性有着重要的影响作用。     

非均匀不稳定表面粗糙目标的太赫兹波段散射特性分析

研究了不同粗糙度的非均匀不稳定表面粗糙导体目标在太赫兹波段的散射特性,区别于采用经验公式的建模方法,提出把随机粗糙面的建模理念应用到太赫兹波段的非均匀不稳定表面粗糙目标的建模中,用描述随机粗糙面的均方根高度(h)和相关长度(l)两个物理量来调节目标表面的粗糙度变化.首先用高斯随机粗糙面模拟非均匀不稳定粗糙目标的表面,然后采用物理光学和等效电流相结合的方法进行仿真计算,分别对不同入射角、不同频率和不同粗糙度的不同非均匀不稳定表面粗糙导体目标,在太赫兹波段散射特性进行了分析,最后得出相关的结论.     

地面粗糙起伏对分布式小卫星SAR回波信号相关性影响分析

该文讨论了地面的粗糙和起伏对分布式星载SAR回波信号相关性的影响。首先利用小平面单元理论建立了粗糙地面的散射模型,并对其统计特性进行了分析;之后,以服从瑞利分布的二维相关随机过程作为地面的起伏模型对分布式星载SAR起伏地面回波信号的相关性进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明当分布式小卫星基线垂直航向分布时,地面的起伏对回波间的相关性影响较大;而分布式小卫星基线沿航线分布时,地面起伏对其回波间的相关性影响则相对较小。