微波固相剥离制备石墨烯及其纳米流体的稳定性

利用简便快捷的微波固相剥离法将氧化石墨烯(Graphene oxide,GO)剥离成石墨烯(Microwave reduced graphene oxide,MRGO),并将得到的石墨烯通过超声分散于不同的基液中。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、透射电镜(TEM)和紫外-可见光谱(UV-vis)对制备的样品进行了表征,发现通过这种方法可以使氧化石墨烯上的大部分含氧官能团得到去除。采用UV-vis,Zeta电位和沉淀物照片捕捉研究了pH值、超声时间和基液对石墨烯纳米流体稳定性的影响,发现经超声粉碎30min的石墨烯纳米流体能够保持均匀稳定达到一个月。此外,还分析了不同质量分数石墨烯-H2O纳米流体在不同温度下的导热系数,结果表明:石墨烯-H2O纳米流体的导热系数随着温度的升高和浓度的增大而提高,60℃时,质量分数为0.1%的石墨烯-H2O纳米流体的导热系数相对于基液提高了64%。     

基于径向基神经网络模型预测CuO-ZnO/(乙二醇-水)混合纳米流体导热系数

采用两步法制备CuO-ZnO质量分数为0~3 wt%的CuO-ZnO/(乙二醇(EG)-水)混合纳米流体。其中,纳米颗粒CuO和ZnO质量比为50∶50不变,基液混合比(EG与去离子水的质量比)变化范围为20∶80~80∶20,分析其导热系数随温度(25~60℃)及基液比的变化规律。然后,以质量分数、温度及基液混合比为自变量,导热系数为因变量,采用径向基神经网络(RBFNN)模型预测导热系数,并与反向传播神经网络(BPNN)模型和多元线性回归(MLR)模型的预测值对比。结果表明,CuO-ZnO/(EG-水)纳米流体导热系数随温度的升高呈非线性增大,当CuO-ZnO质量分数为3 wt%及基液混合比为20∶80时,其导热系数与纯基液相比增大了14.03%~23.47%;但随着基液中的EG含量增大,导热系数非线性下降。总之,CuO-ZnO/(EG-水)纳米流体的导热系数受粒子随机运动和温度变化呈非线性变化。采用RBFNN模型预测CuO-ZnO/(EG-水)纳米流体的导热系数,其结果与BPNN模型和MLR模型对比,RBFNN模型性能评价指标均方根误差(RMSE)、平均相对百分比误差(MRPE)及误差平方和(SSE)更接近于0,多元统计系数R2更接近于1,说明RBFNN模型预测导热系数的精度更高,能够较好地表征不同参数对导热系数的影响,为CuO-ZnO/(EG-水)纳米流体的热物理性能参数的预测提供了一种有效的数据驱动建模方法。      

矩形微流道内Cu/Al核壳结构纳米流体的导热性能

采用还原法制备Cu/Al纳米复合粉,以水-乙二醇为基液,制备不同质量分数的Cu/Al复合纳米流体。利用XRD、SEM、TEM对复合材料的相结构和微观形貌进行了表征,采用紫外-可见分光光度计和热物性分析仪测试了其稳定性,将其应用于矩形流道微通道散热器内,通过实验研究了不同质量分数纳米流体的导热性能。结果表明,采用原位置换还原法制备的Cu/Al纳米复合粉体具有核壳结构,在添加十六烷基三甲基溴化铵分散剂条件下,质量百分数为0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%复合Cu/Al纳米流体均具有良好的分散稳定性;随着Cu/Al质量分数的提高,纳米流体的导热系数增大;相对于基液,当纳米粒子浓度为0.5%时,Cu/Al纳米流体导热系数在矩形微道内最大提高39.6%,传热性能显著增强。     

SiO_2-EG纳米流体的制备及热物性能

将平均粒径为30nm和50nm的SiO2纳米颗粒添加到EG(乙二醇)的基液中制成SiO2-EG纳米流体,利用粒度分析法、吸光度分析法和Zeta电位分析法分析其悬浮稳定性,当超声时间为3h时,其分散性和稳定性最好。对SiO2-EG纳米流体的热物性能参数如黏度、表面张力、导热系数,在不同体积分数、粒度和温度条件下进行测试分析表明,SiO2-EG纳米流体的黏度高于基液的黏度,表面张力低于基液的表面张力,导热系数高于基液的导热系数。在常温下,体积分数为0.5%时,30nm和50nm两种粒径的SiO2-EG纳米流体的粘度比EG粘度分别提高了15.41%和13.17%,表面张力系数比EG分别降低了3.23%和2.54%,导热系数分别提高38.36%和31.47%。进一步研究发现温度的升高导致SiO2-EG纳米流体的粘度和表面张力系数均有所降低,而导热系数却增加。     

基于粒子吸附层的纳米流体有效导热系数模型

基于纳米粒子表面吸附层的分析,构建包含纳米粒子、分散剂层、类固相层和分散基液的导热单元,利用最小热阻法建立纳米流体的有效导热系数模型,推导出其表达式,并分别讨论纳米粒子粒径、分散剂层和类固相层对纳米流体的有效导热系数的影响。结果表明,考虑类固相层的影响得到的纳米流体的有效导热系数比不考虑其影响得到的数值大;添加分散剂后,纳米流体的有效导热系数随着分散剂导热系数的增大而增大,当纳米粒子较小时分散剂在纳米粒子表面的吸附层对纳米流体导热系数的影响更大。     

纳米流体强化对流换热的实验研究

建立了纳米流体对流换热系数的实验测试系统,利用实验系统测量YCu-H2O纳米流体的对流换热系数,探讨了纳米颗粒质最分数、Re数和轴向比对Cu-水纳米流体对流换热性能的影响.结果表明:Cu-水纳米流体的对流换热系数随纳米粒子质量分数的增人而增人,但其对流换热系数的增加明显低于导热系数的增加.随着雷诺数的增人,纳米流体的对流换热系数基本呈线性提高.纳米流体在实验管进口段的对流换热系数提岛值明显高于流体在充分发展段的提高值.纳米流体的导热系数、粘度和纳米颗粒迁移是影响纳米流体对流换热系数的主要因素.     

Ag-TiO_2纳米悬浮液的制备及其导热性与黏性

为了提高TiO_2纳米流体的导热性能,将Ag纳米颗粒与TiO_2纳米颗粒混合,利用两步法制备出不同银钛物质的量比的Ag-TiO_2纳米悬浮液,并研究其导热性能与黏性。采用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜表征Ag-TiO_2纳米颗粒晶型和形貌;通过沉降法、激光粒度分析和吸光度测量法探究Ag-TiO_2纳米悬浮液的稳定性。结果表明:Ag纳米颗粒含量低有利于Ag-TiO_2纳米悬浮液稳定;质量分数为0. 3%的银钛物质的量的比为1∶6、1∶4、1∶2的Ag-TiO_2悬浮液,导热系数在常温下比TiO_2悬浮液导热系数分别增加了0. 83%、1. 66%、2. 33%,而黏度与基液水相比分别增加了37. 5%、27. 5%、22. 5%;银钛物质的量比为1∶2的Ag-TiO_2纳米悬浮液导热系数高于银钛物质的量比为1∶6和1∶4悬浮液的,而其黏度却低于银钛物质的量比为1∶6和1∶4悬浮液的。     

石墨烯纳米片/聚四氟乙烯复合材料的制备及磨损性能研究

以石墨烯纳米片、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)为原料,制备了石墨烯纳米片/聚四氟乙烯复合材料。研究了不同石墨烯纳米片含量(0,0.25%,0.50%,0.75%,1.00%,1.25%(质量分数))对复合材料导热性能、力学性能、摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明,随着聚四氟乙烯中石墨烯纳米片含量的增加,复合材料的微观结构趋于无序,其导热系数逐渐增大,导热性能逐步增强;当石墨烯纳米片含量为0.75%(质量分数)时,复合材料的抗拉强度和断裂伸长率最佳;当石墨烯纳米片含量为1.25%(质量分数)时,复合材料的摩擦系数最小,为0.195,磨损量最低,仅37 mg。磨损实验前后复合材料的碳结构发生了变化,磨损后复合材料的缺陷增大,石墨化程度大大降低,石墨烯纳米片/聚四氟乙烯复合材料具有良好的耐磨损性能。     

基于太阳能低温集热蓄热的相变流体制备及性能研究

基于前期对相变流体的实验研究,选定了以质量分数为20%的烃类相变流体作为基液,制备了多组以TiO_2纳米颗粒为添加剂,SDBS为分散剂的添加纳米颗粒的相变流体。通过改变纳米颗粒质量分数、粒径以及分散剂质量分数,分析不同相变流体随温度变化的热物性及稳定性,最终得出烃类相变流体中分别添加质量分数为0.1%的20 nm TiO_2纳米颗粒及质量分数为0.1%的SDBS分散剂,其热物性及稳定性最佳。为添加纳米颗粒的相变流体的制备及其在太阳能低温集热蓄热领域的应用提供了参考。     

极低体积分数(Au-H2O)纳米流体导热机理研究

纳米流体热物性的研究作为一门新兴交叉学科一直受到关注,然而至今仍没有理论能够准确解释AuH2O这类体积分数极低的纳米流体导热系数极大增强的现象。因此,在前人理论的基础上,提出一种新的算法模型:利用分形理论模拟纳米颗粒分布来解释团聚物对纳米流体导热系数的影响;利用微对流模型以及颗粒扩散修正因子来还原导热系数的动态项。该算法模型充分考虑了团聚、颗粒分布、布朗运动形成的微对流、温度对颗粒和基液分子布朗运动的影响以及颗粒扩散等因素对纳米流体导热系数的影响,能够准确预测出Au-H2O纳米流体导热系数增强的趋势,理论预测值与绝大部分现有实验数据最大偏差不超过1.5%。研究发现,对这类极低浓度纳米流体而言,温度对其影响大于体积分数和粒径的影响,且呈指数形式增长。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。