Extraction of antioxidants and flavonoids from yuzu (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Citrus junos</Emphasis> Sieb ex Tanaka) peels: a response surface methodology study

In the present investigation, extraction of antioxidants and flavonoids from the peels of yuzu fruit using a single factor experiment and a response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design was studied. Four independent variables were evaluated at five levels with total 29 experimental runs, including ethanol concentration (EtOH), ratio of liquid to material (L/S), extraction temperature (T), and extraction time (t). The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), two indicators of antioxidant capacity (FRAP and DPPH), and three individual major flavonoids in yuzu (hesperidin, naringin, and phloretin) served as the response functions. Quadratic polynomial equations were obtained by multiple regression analysis to predict the optimal extraction conditions. The regression analysis showed that >95?% of variations were explained by the models of different responses considered. The responses were significantly influenced by all studied factors. The Multiresponse optimized conditions targeted at maximizing all the responses were found to be EtOH?=?65.550?%; T?=?43.864?°C; t?=?119.673 min; and L/S?=?37.168 ml/g, with a desirability of 0.950. At the optimized conditions, the experimental values of FRAP (964.9?±?23.1 mgTE/g DW), DPPH (453.0?±?5.2 mgTE/g DW), TPC (1161.2?±?25.2 mgGAE/g DW), (TFC393.4?±?mgQE/g DW), hesperidin (337.2?±?4.0 mg/g DW), naringin (244.9?±?1.1 mg/g DW), and phloretin (43.9 mg/g DW) were in a reasonable agreement with the predicted values. The extraction method was applied successfully to extract antioxidants and flavonoids from yuzu peels. It also allows a fast and cost-saving process for extraction of the studied phytochemicals, in addition to improvement of the quantity of the targeted extract.     

Rapid Residue Determination of Cyenopyrafen in Citrus Peel,Pulp, and Whole Fruit Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry

A sample pretreatment method was established to analyze the residues of cyenopyrafen in citrus peel, pulp, and whole fruit using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The target compound was extracted from all matrices with acetonitrile and then cleaned by dispersive solid phase extraction using 10 mg GCB?+?150 mg MgSO₄ for citrus peel; 50 mg PSA?+?150 mg MgSO₄ for citrus pulp, and 50 mg C18?+?50 mg PSA?+?150 mg MgSO₄ for whole fruits. Determination of the target compound was achieved in less than 5.0 min using an electrospray ionization source in positive mode. Average recoveries in citrus peel, pulp, and whole fruit spiked at 0.01, 0.2, and 2 mg kg^?1 ranged from 84.9 to 105.1%, with relative standard deviations (RSD_r) of 0.7–7.9%. The reproducibility (RSD_R) ranged from 2.6 to 6.8%. The limits of detection and quantification ranged from 0.00032 to 0.0012 mg kg^?1 and from 0.0009 to 0.0036 mg kg^?1, respectively. This method was used to determine cyenopyrafen residues in citrus fruits to study its dissipation under field conditions. The trial results showed that the half-lives of cyenopyrafen in whole fruits were 10.2 and 6.2 days in Hunan and Guangxi provinces, respectively. The developed analytical method provides a basis to establish maximum residue limits and monitor cyenopyrafen residue in citrus.     

Phytochemical composition,cellular antioxidant capacity and antiproliferative activity in mango (Mangifera indica L.) pulp and peel

Cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) and inhibition of hepato‐cellular carcinoma (HepG2) proliferation were evaluated for the first time in the pulp and peel of mango cultivars. Comparatively, peel had high flavonoids and tocopherols content and showed significant antioxidant activity. Among all the studied cultivars, the Xiao Tainong peel was predominant with highest fistein, mangiferin and alpha‐tocopherol content and significant cellular antioxidant activity value 2986 ± 380 μmol QE/100 g FW. The HepG2 cells antiproliferation was maximum in the peel of Da Tainong and pulp of Aozhou with lowest EC₅₀ values, 2.35 ± 0.65 (peel) and 185.4 ± 10.9 (pulp) mg mL^?1, in a dose‐dependent manner. Negative associations of flavonoids and tocopherol compounds with CAA and antiproliferative activity in mango confirmed synergistic, additive or antagonistic actions of phytochemicals. The current study suggests that mango peel could be used as a value added ingredient or functional food and may contribute considerably to promote consumer health.     

Physical and Antioxidant Characterization of Edible Films Added with Red Prickly Pear (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Opuntia ficus-indica</Emphasis> L.) cv. San Martín Peel and/or Its Aqueous Extracts

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of the addition of peel powder and/or its aqueous extract on physical and antioxidant characteristics of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) edible films. Prickly pear peel powder and aqueous extract (2 and 4%) were characterized in color, bioactive compounds (betalains and total phenolic compounds), antioxidant capacity and reducing power. Edible films were prepared with CMC, glycerol, varying the dissolution medium (0, 2, or 4% aqueous extract from prickly pear peel) and peel powder (0, 1, or 2%) using a face-centered central composite design. Physical, mechanical, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant capacity properties were investigated in edible films. Prickly pear peel powder presented 58.8 ± 0.08 mg of betacyanins/100 g, 53.8 ± 0.2 mg of betaxanthins/100 g, 967.8 ± 20 mg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g for total phenolic compounds, an antioxidant capacity equivalent to 420.9 ± 4.9 mg GAE/100 g and a reducing power of 879.1 ± 115.9 mg ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE)/100 g. High concentration of aqueous extract and peel powder in CMC films increased the bioactive compounds content, antioxidant capacity and reducing power. Films mechanical properties were not affected by the aqueous extract; nevertheless, were strongly affected by the peel powder. Response surface methodology was used to optimize edible films formulation with high antioxidant characteristics, being the optimal formulation 1.7% of peel powder plus 3.3% of aqueous extract. This study may be the base for exploitation of prickly pear peel as source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant capacity for their use in edible coatings.     

Antioxidant Activity and Determination of Phenolic Compounds from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eugenia involucrata</Emphasis> DC. Fruits by UHPLC-MS/MS

Fruits have been the focus of several studies aimed at finding new antioxidant sources for protection against the damage caused by reactive species. In this study, the antioxidant activity and the presence of phenolic compounds in all parts (peel, pulp, and seeds) of Eugenia involucrata DC. fruits were evaluated. DPPH^·, ABTS^·+, and ORAC methods were used to determine the antioxidant activity, and an UHPLC-MS/MS method was developed for determining the phenolic compounds (gallic, chlorogenic, ferulic, p-coumaric and ellagic acids, quercetin, and myricetin). In the determination of both antioxidant activity and phenolic composition, the efficiency of solvents with different polarities—methanol/H₂O (80:20, v/v), ethanol/H₂O (80:20, v/v), methanol/acidified water with phosphoric acid pH 3.00 (80:20, v/v), and ethyl acetate—for the extraction of the phenolic compounds, was also evaluated. All parts of E. involucrata fruits showed antioxidant activity, in the range of 36.68 ± 1.44 to 873.87 ± 18.24 μmol TE g^?1, being the highest values found in the seeds and peel when more polar extraction solvents were used. Six, five, and three phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in the pulp, peel, and seeds, respectively, with the highest abundance as p-coumaric acid (14 ± 2 mg kg^?1) in the pulp, quercetin (47 ± 5 mg kg^?1) in the peel, and gallic acid (74 ± 4 mg kg^?1) in the seeds, also when more polar solvents were used. Although antioxidant activity methods suggested that the peel and seeds have more antioxidant potential, a wider variety of compounds were determined in the pulp.     

冬红海棠果实不同部位多酚含量及抗氧化能力的比较

目前,人们对开发天然抗氧化剂的兴趣日益浓厚,多酚是植物资源中含量较高的活性物质,由于其结构特征而具有抗氧化活性.采用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术对冬红海棠果实不同部位中18种多酚类物质进行分离和定量分析,并检测其抗氧化能力.结果 表明,3个果实部位(果皮、果肉和种子)中,果皮总酚含量最高((4.03±0.20)mg G...     

Antioxidant activities and bioactive components in some berries

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and binding effects of gooseberry, a less-studied berry, and to compare with blueberry and cranberry in the model of interaction with human serum albumin (HSA). The relationship between the scavenging properties of dietary polyphenols of the selected berries and their affinities for HSA were investigated by fluorescence analysis. In order to perform the extraction and identification of the antioxidants present in the samples, different types of extraction solvents were used, such as water, ethyl acetate, and diethyl ether. The polyphenols, tannins, anthocyanins and ascorbic acid contents, and the total antioxidant capacities (TACs) of the berry extracts were assessed by using ESI–MS, FTIR, and radical scavenging assays. The contents of bioactive compounds and the levels of TACs in water extracts differed significantly and were the highest in water extracts in comparison with other extracts in all the investigated berries (P < 0.05). Gooseberry water extracts contained: polyphenols (mg GAE/g DW)—5.37 ± 0.6, tannins (mg CE/g DW)—0.71 ± 0.2, anthocyanins (mg CGE/g DW)—12.0 ± 1.2, ascorbic acid (mg AA/g DW)—5.15 ± 0.5, and TACs (μMTE/g DW) by ABTS and FRAP assays were 15.53 ± 1.6 and 6.51 ± 0.7, respectively. In conclusion, the bioactivity of gooseberry was lower than blueberries and cranberries. The antioxidant and binding properties of gooseberries in comparison with widely consumed blueberries and cranberries can be used as a new source for food supplementation.     

红肉与白肉火龙果酚酸组成及其抗氧化活性

为研究火龙果果皮、果肉中的酚酸组成及抗氧化活性,以红肉火龙果和白肉火龙果为研究对象,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定其游离型酚酸(FPA)、可溶共价结合型酚酸(HPA)和束缚型酚酸(BPA)组分与含量,并测定其体外抗氧化活性,包括DPPH清除能力、还原能力和羟自由基抑制能力。结果表明:两种火龙果中酚酸含量顺序为:红肉果肉 > 白肉果肉 > 白肉果皮 > 红肉果皮。火龙果果肉中酚酸主要以HPA形式存在,果皮中酚酸的主要存在形式为BPA。没食子酸是红肉火龙果中的主要酚酸(1700.70 μg/g干重);原儿茶酸是白肉火龙果中主要酚酸(1877.50 μg/g干重)。红肉果皮的BPA对DPPH自由基清除能力最强(2206.37 mg/L),红肉果肉的HPA还原能力最强(A₇₀₀=0.82),白肉果皮的HPA对羟自由基抑制能力最强(77.50 U/mL)。酚酸含量与抗氧化活性的相关性分析表明:DPPH自由基清除能力和还原能力与酚酸的含量呈极显著(P<0.01)正相关,羟自由基抑制能力与酚酸含量无显著相关性。     

Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of different fruit fractions (peel,pulp, aril and seed) of Thai gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng)

Three fractions (peel, pulp and aril) of gac fruit (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng) were investigated for their phytochemicals (lycopene, beta-carotene, lutein and phenolic compounds) and their antioxidant activity. The results showed that the aril had the highest contents for both lycopene and beta-carotene, whilst peel (yellow) contained the highest amount of lutein. Two major phenolic acid groups: hydroxybenzoic acids and hydroxycinnamic were identified and quantified. Gallic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid were found in all fractions. Ferulic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid were most evident in pulp. Myricetin was the only flavonoid found in all fractions. Apigenin was the most predominant flavonoid in pulp (red), whereas rutin and luteolin gave the highest content in aril. The extracts of different fractions exhibited different levels of antioxidant activity in the systems tested. The aril extract showed the highest FRAP value. The greatest antioxidant activities of peel and pulp extracts were at immature stage, whereas those in the seed extracts increased from mature stage to ripe stage. The contents of total phenolic and total flavonoid in peel and pulp decreased during the fruit development stage (immature > ripe fruit) and subsequently displayed lower antioxidant capacity, except for the seed.     

Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of α-Tocopherol Antioxidants from the Fronds of Elaeis guineensis Jacq.: Optimization, Kinetics, and Thermodynamic Studies

This article presents the first report on the extraction and quantification of α-tocopherol from the fronds of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq). In this study, the optimization, kinetic, and thermodynamic data of α-tocopherol extraction by sonication are presented. Response surface methodology coupled with central composite design was used to optimize the experimental conditions for α-tocopherol extraction. Three independent variables, namely sample/solvent ratio (1:20–1:40 g/ml), extraction temperature (30–50 °C), and extraction time (20–50 min) were studied. For optimum conditions of 39.31 °C (~40 °C), 50 min, and 1:23.63 g/mL (~1:20 g/mL), total tocols and α-tocopherol optimal concentrations were 346.49 μg/g oil palm fronds (OPFs) by dry weight (DW) and 28.41 μg/g OPF DW, respectively. The effects of extraction temperature and tocol concentrations on the extraction kinetics and thermodynamic parameters were also studied. From the mass transfer rate equation, the kinetic and thermodynamic data obtained from the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of α-tocopherol from OPF were activation energy, E _a (104.6 kJ mol^?1), UAE rate constant, k (6.886?×?10^?3 min^?1), ΔH (+0.818 kJ mol^?1), ΔS (+27.22 J mol^?1 K^?1), and ΔG (?8.52 J mol^?1). According to this study, the UAE of α-tocopherol from OPF is endothermic, irreversible, and spontaneous.     

Optimisation of extraction conditions for recovering carotenoids and antioxidant capacity from Gac peel using response surface methodology

The peel of Gac fruit is regarded as waste product in the processing of Gac although it contains high level of carotenoids and possesses a significant antioxidant capacity. This study optimised the extraction yields of carotenoids and antioxidant capacity from Gac peel. Different organic solvents were examined to determine the most suitable solvent for the extraction. The extraction conditions including time, temperature and solvent–solid ratio were then optimised for maximising extraction yields of carotenoids and antioxidant capacity from Gac peel using response surface methodology. Ethyl acetate was identified as the most suitable solvent. The optimal extraction time, temperature and solvent–solid ratio were 150 min, 40.7 °C and 80 mL g^?1, respectively. The carotenoid extraction yield and the antioxidant capacity extraction yield were 271 mg/100 g DW and 737 μm TE/100 g DW, respectively. Thus, the extraction using ethyl acetate with the ratio of 80:1 (mL solvent per g Gac peel) for 150 min at 40.7 °C is suggested for recovering carotenoids and antioxidant capacity from Gac peel.     

Chemical evaluation of nutritive value of the fruit of African starapple (Chrysophyllum albidum)

The nutritive value of African starapple, Chrysophyllum albidum, was evaluated chemically. Chemical analyses were carried out on the peel and the edible pulp. The peel was shown to contain 58·9% moisture, 6·1% protein, 12·4% lipid, 4·6% ash, 62·4% carbohydrate and 14·5% crude fibre. The pulp contained 67·5% moisture, 8·8% protein, 15·1% lipid, 68·7% carbohydrate, 4·0% crude fibre and 3·4% ash.Analysis of the fruit for minerals showed the peel to contain (in mg/100 g dry matter): calcium, 250; potassium, 1175; sodium, 12; copper, 2·0; magnesium, 90; zinc, 3·8; iron, 200; and phosphorus, 76·8. The pulp contained (in mg/100 g dry matter): calcium, 100; potassium, 1175; sodium, 10; copper 2·0; magnesium, 75; zinc, 3·2; iron, 10; and phosphorus, 75·4. The peel contained ascrobic acid 239·1 mg/100 g and the pulp, 446·1 mg/100 g. Some toxicants were shown to be present. The peel contained 264 mg/100 g tannins and the pulp, 627 mg/100 g.The total oxalate content in the peel was 211 mg/100 g and in the pulp, 167 mg/100 g. The hydrocyanic acid content was 5·4 mg/100 g in the peel and 6·8 mg/100 g in the pulp. The phytic acid content was 0·8 mg/100 g in the peel and 1·6 mg/100 g in the pulp.The contribution of the fruit of African starapple to the nutrient requirements of consumers is discussed as well as other possible uses for the fruit.     

Evaluation of the Amazonian fruit Ambelania acida: Chemical and nutritional studies

Ambelania acida is native to the Amazon region, with few published studies of its fruits. We examined the proximate composition of its fruits, including minerals, fatty acids, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), as well as its antioxidant capacity. The protein contents (2.61%) of the pulp and seeds (13.6%) were higher than observed in other taxa of the family or in other tropical fruits. Peel and pulp showed high contents of potassium, calcium, and magnesium, and the potassium content in the pulp was 1125 mg/100 g. The peel had higher contents of total phenolics, tannins, and ortho-diphenols than the pulp, as well as better antioxidant activity as evidenced by 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), and Fe²⁺ chelating activity assays. GC-MS analyses identified 42 VOCs in the peel and pulp, with more than 90% being classified as terpenes. Eleven types of fatty acids were identified in the lipid fractions of the peel, pulp, and seeds. Linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid for humans, was the principal fatty acid in the edible portion of the fruit, therefore, evidencing its nutritionally significant profile for the fruits when considering the relationship among polyunsaturated, saturated, and monounsaturated fatty acids. The information gathered here indicates that this native fruit is a healthy food source and its cultivation and consumption should be stimulated.     

Antioxidant activity and acetylcholinesterase inhibition of field and in vitro grown <Emphasis Type="Italic">Musa</Emphasis> L. species

Bananas and plantains (Musa L. species) have medicinal applications against diseases such as hypoglycemia, hypertension, and neurological disorders, especially Alzheimer’s disease. The demand for these plants is growing very fast, resulting in a relatively heavy load on Musaceae genetic resources. The study evaluated and compared the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition and antioxidant activity of field and in vitro plant materials of nine accessions of Musa spp. consisting of Tropical Musa banana (TMb: TMb 106, TMb 145, TMb 8, TMb 82, TMb 55) and Tropical Musa plantain (TMp: TMp 116, TMp 24, TMp 36) from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Musa sapientum (MS) from the University of Ibadan Botanical garden, Nigeria. Musa accessions were estimated onto Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.18 mg/L indole acetic acid (IAA) and 4.5 mg/L benzyl amino purine (BAP). The in vitro grown accessions behaved differently with TMb 8 having the highest average shoot length of 5.03?±?0.66 cm, and average number of leaves of 5.65?±?0.38 cm at the end of 6 weeks. Leaf extracts provide more quantity of phenolics, flavonoids and higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity than the fruit extracts. The AChEI activity of the field plants ranged from 60.54?±?0.54 to 98.46?±?0.09?% and in vitro plants from 61.88?±?0.11 to 76.60?±?0.34?% at 200 µg/mL. Crude methanol extract (CME) of the in vitro plants showed higher DPPH antioxidant activity than the field plants with IC₅₀ (extract concentration providing 50?% inhibition) values ranging from 9.57?±?0.24 to 48.37?±?0.62 µg/mL compared with CME of the field samples, which had IC₅₀ ranging from 75.86?±?1.76 to 162.20?±?3.77 µg/mL. Plant tissue culture can be a reliable alternative cultivation method for mass propagation and conservation of Musa species for the production of antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase metabolites.     

Characterization of Anthocyanins in Fruit of Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A.C. Smith by UPLC/Q-TOF-MS Analysis and Evaluation of Stability of the Major Anthocyanins

Anthocyanins in fruit of Kadsura coccinea (Lem.) A.C. Smith were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole–time of flight mass spectrometry analysis. Contents of anthocyanins in K. coccinea fruit were determined by HPLC analysis. Colour stability, thermal degradation and antioxidant activity of purified cyanidin-3-xylosylrutinoside were further analysed. As a result, four anthocyanins were identified as delphinidin-3-xylosylrutinoside (1), cyanidin-3-glucosylrutinoside (2), cyanidin-3-xylosylrutinoside (3), and cyanidin-3-rutinoside (4). The individual content of anthocyanins identified was 4.36?±?0.06, 3.01?±?0.03, 49.92?±?0.76 and 2.33?±?0.04 mg/500 g deseeded K. coccinea fruit, respectively. Cyanidin-3-xylosylrutinoside was stable at pH around 1. Moreover, cyanidin-3-xylosylrutinoside was very sensitive to temperature change and it was even unstable at room temperature. Cyanidin-3-xylosylrutinoside tended to degrade into cyanidin-3-rutinoside, cyanidin-sambubioside and cyanidin at high temperatures. Cyanidin-3-xylosylrutinoside exhibited much better 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical scavenging activities than those of butylated hydroxytoluene. However, cyanidin-3-xylosylrutinoside and other three anthocyanin components contributed little to the antioxidant activity of K. coccinea fruit.     

Chemometric profiling of pre-climacteric Sri Lankan mango fruit (Mangifera indica L.)

There is no published information on the genotypic variation of major biochemical constituents in mango fruit endemic to Sri Lanka. Accordingly, non-structural carbohydrates, non-volatile organic acids and total phenolics were determined from the peel and pulp of pre-climacteric Sri Lankan mango cultivars (viz. Willard, Karutha Colomban, Vellai Colomban, Ampalavi, and Malgova) at three different maturity stages. Principal components analysis revealed distinct clustering of samples according to their biochemical profiles of peel and pulp at three maturity stages. Sugar concentrations generally declined with maturity in both peel and pulp except for cv. Willard. Fructose was the predominant sugar in both peel (56.2–106 mg/g dry weight (DW)) and pulp (67.4–141 mg/g DW), followed by glucose and sucrose. Starch concentration increased with maturity and was higher in pulp (26.0–55.0% DW) than peel (18.2–38.9% DW) at full mature stage. Dry matter as a proportion of fresh weight (FW) increased with maturity.     

Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Antioxidants from Grape Seeds (Vitis vinifera)

Grape seeds (Vitis vinifera) are rich in phytochemicals that have antioxidant properties. The influence of independent variables such as microwave power (100, 150, and 200 W), extraction time (2, 4, and 6 min), and solvent concentration (30%, 45%, and 60% ethanol) and their interactions on total phenols and the antioxidant activity (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)) were determined; and the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) process was optimized using a central composite design. The total phenols that were expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE), catechin equivalents (CAT), and tannic acid equivalents (TAE) were significantly influenced by the solvent concentration and the time of extraction. A numerical optimization was carried out to obtain the overall conditions for MAE of phenolic antioxidants from grape seed. The response variables were maximized for 6 min of MAE of grape seed (GS) with 32.6% ethanol at 121 W with a desirability function of 0.947. The predicted extraction yields were 13?±?0.89, 21.6?±?1.59, and 15.9?±?1.32 mg GAE, CAT, and TAE, respectively per gram of GS. The predicted antioxidant activity per gram of dry weight GS was 80.9% for the inhibition of DPPH and 135 μM ascorbic acid equivalents for FRAP test. The predicted response values were significantly correlated with the observed ones as follows: GAE r?=?0.995, CAT r?=?0.990, TAE r?=?0.996, DPPH r?=?0.996, and FRAP r?=?0.996.     

Characterization of Valuable Compounds from Winter Melon (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Benincasa hispida</Emphasis> (Thunb.) Cogn.) Seeds Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction Combined with Pressure Swing Technique

In this study, we describe the extraction of different valuable compounds from winter melon seeds using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction combined with pressure swing technique (SCE-PST). The effects of the extraction variables, namely pressure, holding time (HT), and continuous extraction time (CT), were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) to maximize the crude extraction yield (CEY). The optimal conditions were at pressure of 181.35 bar, HT of 9.93 min, and CT of 50.14 min. Under these conditions, the experimental CEY was 235.70?±?0.11 mg g^?1 with a relatively strong antioxidant activity (64.42?±?0.21 % inhibition of DPPH^· radicals, 67.36?±?0.34 % inhibition of ABTS^·+ radicals) and considerable amount of phenolic compounds (42.77?±?0.40 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract). The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed that the bioactive phenolic compounds increased significantly using PST (p?<?0.05), where gallic acid had the highest concentration (0.688?±?0.34 mg g^?1). The extract obtained using optimal SCE-PST conditions contained more than 83.65 % total unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) and linoleic acid accounted for 67.33?±?0.22 % in the total extract. From the results, the SCE efficiency in terms of extract quantity and quality has been enhanced significantly applying PST. Finally, the results were compared with previous published findings using supercritical carbon dioxide, ultrasound-assisted, and Soxhlet extraction. It was found that higher CEY could be achieved using Soxhlet extraction even through the quality of SCE-PST extracts in terms of antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds was better.     

Evaluation of Phenolic Content,Antioxidant Activity,and Nutritional Composition of Cordia evolutior (Clarke) Gamble

The objectives of this study were to determine phenolic content, antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts from different parts of Cordia evolutior (leaf, bark, and fruit), and nutrition composition. The leaf extract showed the highest total phenolic content (25.40 ± 0.34 mg GAE/g extract) and total flavonoid content (69.70 ± 3.37mg RE/g extract) accompanied with the best antioxidant activity through all antioxidant assays. The fruit proximate compositions of crude protein, ash, carbohydrate, fiber, and fat were analyzed. Macro-nutrient contents were found to be higher in the fruit when compared to micronutrients. The analysis also showed the presence of almost all of the essential and non-essential amino acids. Linolenic acid content was higher than stearic acid among the fatty acids in the fruit.     

Chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant studies on Syzygium cumini fruit

Syzygium cumini, widely known as Jamun, is a tropical tree that yields purple ovoid fleshy fruit. Its seed has traditionally been used in India for the treatment of diabetes. Based on the available ethno‐pharmacological knowledge, further studies were extended to understand the chemical composition and antioxidant activities of three anatomically distinct parts of fruit: the pulp, kernel and seed coat. Fruit parts, their corresponding ethanol extracts and residues were evaluated for chemical composition. The alcoholic extract was evaluated for its antioxidant potential against DPPH^?, OH^?, O₂^?? and lipid peroxidation. The whole fruit consisted of 666.0 ± 111.0 g kg^?1 pulp, 290.0 ± 40.0 g kg^?1 kernel and 50.0 ± 15.0 g kg^?1 seed coat. Fresh pulp was rich in carbohydrates, protein and minerals. Total fatty matter was not significant in all three parts of fruit. Detailed mineral analysis showed calcium was abundant in all fruit parts and extracts. Total phenolics, anthocyanins and flavonoid contents of pulp were 3.9 ± 0.5, 1.34 ± 0.2 and 0.07 ± 0.04 g kg^?1, respectively. Kernel and seed coat contained 9.0 ± 0.7 and 8.1 ± 0.8 g kg^?1 total phenolics respectively. Jamun pulp ethanol extract (PEE), kernel ethanol extract (KEE) and seed coat ethanol extract (SCEE) showed a high degree of phenolic enrichment. DPPH radical scavenging activity of the samples and standards in descending order was: gallic acid > quercetin > Trolox > KEE > BHT > SCEE > PEE. Superoxide radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀) of KEE was six times higher (85.0 ± 5.0 µg mL^?1) compared to Trolox (540.0 ± 5.0 µg mL^?1) and three times compared to catechin (296.0 ± 11.0 µg mL^?1). Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀) of KEE was 151.0 ± 5.0 µg mL^?1 which was comparable with catechin (188.0 ± 6.0 µg mL^?1). Inhibition of lipid peroxidation of the extracts was also studied and their activity against peroxide radicals were lower than that of standard compounds (BHT, 79.0 ± 4.0 µg mL^?1; quercetin, 166.0 ± 13.0 µg mL^?1; Trolox, 175.0 ± 4.0 µg mL^?1; PEE, 342.0 ± 17.0 µg mL^?1; KEE, 202.0 ± 13.0 µg mL^?1 and SCEE, 268.0 ± 13.0 µg mL^?1. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry