甲型H7N9流感病毒疫苗经不同途径免疫小鼠长期保护效果的比较

目的比较甲型H7N9流感全病毒灭活疫苗和裂解疫苗经3种免疫途径免疫小鼠的长期保护效果。方法采用不同剂量(0. 15和1. 5μg)的甲型H7N9流感全病毒灭活疫苗及裂解疫苗单独免疫或辅以Al(OH)_3佐剂共同免疫,分别经腹腔、肌肉及皮下注射免疫小鼠1次,免疫后不同时间点(3～360 d)收集血清,通过ELISA法检测血清IgG抗体水平。免疫后365 d,用含10×LD_(50)致死量的甲型H7N9流感病毒同源鼠肺适应株A/Shanghai/2/2013(H7N9)经滴鼻攻毒,20μL/只,攻毒3 d,检测小鼠肺洗液的病毒滴度,攻毒21 d,观察小鼠存活和体重丢失情况。结果甲型H7N9流感全病毒灭活疫苗和裂解疫苗接种1次均可诱导小鼠产生较高水平的血清IgG抗体,全病毒灭活疫苗比裂解疫苗IgG抗体滴度峰值高2～8倍,且Al(OH)_3佐剂可有效提高两种疫苗诱导的血清IgG抗体水平。免疫后365 d,全病毒灭活疫苗及含佐剂裂解疫苗免疫均可保护小鼠抵抗同源流感病毒的致死量攻击,且Al(OH)_3佐剂可有效提高H7N9裂解疫苗的保护效果。3种免疫途径中腹腔注射和肌肉注射较皮下注射产生的IgG抗体维持时间更长,免疫剂量相同时,肌肉免疫途径对小鼠的保护效果略优于腹腔和皮下免疫途径。结论 3种途径1次免疫甲型H7N9流感全病毒灭活疫苗或辅以Al(OH)_3佐剂的裂解疫苗,在小鼠模型中可提供至少365 d的保护,腹腔和肌肉免疫途径血清抗体持续时间较皮下途径更长,肌肉免疫途径保护效果略优于另两种途径。     

弓形虫复合黏膜疫苗滴鼻免疫小鼠诱导的特异性抗体动态观察

目的观察弓形虫复合黏膜疫苗滴鼻免疫BALB/c小鼠后诱导的血清IgG、粪便和鼻咽冲洗液中IgA特异性抗体动态,探讨其抗弓形虫感染作用机制。方法96只BALB/c小鼠随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组以弓形虫复合黏膜疫苗(20μl/只)滴鼻免疫,对照组以PBS滴鼻。分别于滴鼻2次(间隔2周)后第1、2、3、4、6、8、10和12周处死小鼠,收集血清、粪便及鼻咽冲洗液,采用ELISA法检测血清IgG以及粪便和鼻咽冲洗液中IgA抗体。结果实验组小鼠血清IgG、粪便及鼻咽冲洗液中IgA均高于对照组,血清IgG水平第3周达高峰,第14、6和8周显著高于对照组;粪便IgA抗体第2周达高峰,第2、3和4周显著高于对照组;鼻咽冲洗液中IgA第1周即达高峰,之后逐渐降低,至第12周仍显著高于对照组。结论弓形虫复合黏膜疫苗滴鼻免疫BALB/c小鼠可诱导高水平的特异性抗体,且可持续较长时间。     

国产b型流感嗜血杆菌结合疫苗PRP-TT加强免疫效果评价

目的评价国产b型流感嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus influenzae type b,Hib)结合疫苗PRP-TT的加强免疫效果。方法分别用安儿宝和呵儿贝两种Hib结合疫苗,对在广西柳州市常住儿童进行3、4、5月龄3针免疫,1年后,进行第4剂加强免疫。分别于3针免疫1年后和加强免疫1个月后采血,分离血清,采用ELISA和体外杀菌实验(Serum bactericidal assay,SBA)分别检测免疫前后血清IgG抗体浓度和加强免疫后SBA抗体滴度。结果安儿宝和呵儿贝疫苗3针免疫1年后,血清IgG抗体几何平均数浓度(Geometric mean concentrations,GMCs)分别为3.17μg/ml和3.00μg/ml,二者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);其中,IgG抗体浓度在1.00μg/ml以上的血清所占的比例分别为79%(62/78)和76%(115/152),二者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。加强免疫后1个月,两种疫苗免疫血清中IgG抗体GMCs分别为71.33μg/ml和65.35μg/ml,二者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);IgG抗体浓度均能100%达1.00μg/ml以上。两种疫苗加强免疫后的血清IgG抗体浓度与各自加强免疫前比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。加强免疫后,两种疫苗免疫血清的SBA抗体滴度分别为5 263和4 637,二者差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两种疫苗免疫后血清IgG抗体浓度和SBA抗体滴度均具有相关性(r值分别为0.696和0.689,P<0.05)。结论 3针免疫1年后,两种疫苗免疫血清中IgG抗体仍保持较高的水平,第4剂加强免疫后,抗体水平迅速显著升高,100%达1.00μg/ml以上,且具有有效的体外杀菌功能。     

抗狂犬病病毒抗体的制备及酶联免疫法的建立

目的制备具有中和活性的抗狂犬病病毒(Rabiesvirus,RV)抗体,并建立检测RV抗原的ELISA法。方法以RV全病毒免疫2只新西兰家兔,制备抗RV多克隆抗体。以RV全病毒免疫BALB/c小鼠,取脾细胞与小鼠骨髓瘤细胞SP2/0融合,建立稳定分泌抗RV单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株。以小鼠中和试验(MNT)检测抗体的中和活性。以ELISA双抗体夹心法和ELISA竞争法检测RV抗原。结果2只家兔的多克隆抗体ELISA效价分别为1∶6.0×103和1∶1.2×104,纯化的兔抗RVIgG中和活性分别为46.3和29.2IU/ml。获得了9株稳定分泌抗RV的单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株,属于IgG1或IgG2b亚型,腹水的抗体ELISA效价为1∶1.0×105~1∶1.0×107。单克隆抗体3E5、4C2和4F8具有中和活性,Westernblot分析提示,单克隆抗体4C2是针对RV糖蛋白线性表位的抗体。以单克隆抗体4C2作为捕捉抗体,兔多克隆抗体作为检测抗体,建立了ELISA双抗体夹心法,检测RV抗原。同时建立了另一种ELISA竞争法,加入固定工作浓度的单克隆抗体4C2,与RV病毒液孵育,以ELISA间接法检测RV病毒抗原。结论所获得的狂犬病毒多克隆和单克隆抗体具有中和活性,可在ELISA中用于检测RV抗原。     

2019—2021年上海市金山区企业人群麻疹风疹联合减毒活疫苗补充免疫效果分析

目的 分析2019—2021年上海市金山区企业人群麻疹风疹联合减毒活疫苗(measles and rubella combined attenuated live vaccine,MR)补充免疫(supplementary immunization activity,SIA)的效果。方法 收集2019—2021年金山区437名企业人员MR疫苗接种前和接种后1个月血清，2 mL/人，ELISA法定量检测麻疹IgG抗体水平，计算几何平均浓度(geometric mean concentration,GMC)。麻疹IgG抗体GMC≥200 mIU/mL时判为抗体阳性，≥800 mIU/mL为保护性抗体阳性；接种MR后，麻疹IgG抗体由阴性转为阳性或麻疹IgG水平升高≥4倍时，判为免疫有效。结果MR接种前麻疹抗体阳性率、保护性抗体阳性率和IgG抗体GMC分别为90.85%、38.44%、795.29 mIU/mL，接种后分别为99.31%、76.20%、1 481.51 mIU/mL。免疫后保护性抗体阳性率(χ²=21.290,P <0.001)和IgG抗体GMC均...     

JY佐剂对人乳头瘤病毒18型L1蛋白病毒样颗粒黏膜免疫效果的影响

目的探讨JY佐剂对人乳头瘤病毒(Human papillomavirus,HPV)18型L1蛋白病毒样颗粒(Virus-like parti-cle,VLP)黏膜免疫效果的影响,并观察鼻腔反复免疫后与HPV58、11和6型的免疫交叉反应。方法用含或不含JY佐剂的HPV18 L1 VLP分别经肌肉和鼻腔免疫BALB/c小鼠,并设PBS对照组,于第0、3、6周各免疫1次,免疫后第2、5、8周采血,ELISA法检测血清IgG抗体滴度;于第8周分离脾淋巴细胞并收集呼吸道灌洗液,采用IFNγELISPOT试剂盒检测细胞免疫效果,ELISA法检测黏膜免疫效果;鼻腔免疫各组取5只小鼠,继续免疫10次,每次间隔3周,收集第14、20、26、32和38周的血清,ELISA法检测HPV18 L1蛋白与HPV58、11和6型的免疫交叉反应。结果免疫3次后,不含或含有佐剂的HPV18 L1蛋白经肌肉免疫后的血清IgG抗体滴度(均为104.6)高于经鼻腔免疫后的血清IgG抗体滴度(分别为101.9和102.8)。含有佐剂的HPV18 L1蛋白经鼻腔免疫后呼吸道灌洗液中sIgA抗体浓度(30.06μg/ml)明显高于不含佐剂的HPV18 L1蛋白鼻腔免疫组(23.47μg/ml)(P<0.01),但肌肉免疫组未检测到sIgA抗体。含有佐剂的HPV18 L1蛋白经鼻腔免疫诱导的细胞斑点数明显高于不含佐剂的HPV18 L1蛋白鼻腔免疫组(P<0.01),不含佐剂与含佐剂的HPV18 L1蛋白肌肉免疫组诱导的细胞斑点数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。HPV18 L1免疫小鼠后的血清与HPV58、11和6型之间均有交叉反应,在第32周血清特异性IgG抗体滴度最高。结论 HPV18 L1 VLP经肌肉免疫后,其血清抗体水平高于鼻腔免疫组,但该蛋白鼻腔免疫后细胞免疫反应和黏膜sIgA抗体水平均高于肌肉免疫组;JY佐剂能增强HPV18 L1蛋白经鼻腔免疫后的小鼠细胞反应及黏膜sIgA抗体应答,但肌肉免疫组佐剂作用不明显;HPV18 L1蛋白反复鼻腔免疫后,可拓宽抗原保护谱。     

氢氧化铝和PolyIC佐剂在结核亚单位疫苗中的佐剂效应

目的观察重组抗原Ag85b和ESAT6-CFP10(EC)联合氢氧化铝佐剂(Al)和PolyIC(IC)佐剂诱导小鼠的免疫效果及对豚鼠结核的预防作用。方法将BALB/c小鼠随机分为6组:PBS组、Pro组(Ag85b+EC)、Al+IC组、Pro+Al组(Ag85b+EC+Al)、Pro+IC组(Ag85b+EC+IC)、Pro+Al+IC组(Ag85b+EC+Al+IC),经小鼠后肢内侧肌肉注射,共注射3次,间隔10 d。末次注射后2周,摘眼球采血,分离血清,采用间接ELISA法检测IgG抗体效价;同时处死小鼠,无菌取脾,分离淋巴细胞,采用ELISPOT法检测抗原特异性的IFNγ水平。将豚鼠随机分为3组:NS组、BCG组和Pro+Al+IC组,NS组和Pro+Al+IC组免疫3次,间隔10 d;BCG组仅免疫1次,于前两组第3次免疫时进行免疫。末次免疫30 d后经皮下注射结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis,Mtb)菌液,攻毒41 d后,处死豚鼠,解剖,检测肝、脾、肺的病变程度,并进行评分,同时分离脾脏Mtb,计算每只豚鼠的脾菌分离对数值。结果经Ag85b多肽和EC多肽刺激后,Pro+Al+IC组IFNγ斑点形成细胞(spot forming cell,SFC)数均显著高于其他各组(P0.000 1或0.05),同组间经Ag85b多肽刺激后的SFC均高于经EC多肽刺激后的SFC。Pro+Al+IC组血清Ag85b特异性IgG抗体效价最高,与Pro+Al组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),但与Pro+IC组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);Pro+Al+IC组血清EC特异性IgG抗体效价最高,与Pro+Al和Pro+IC组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);同组间Ag85b特异性IgG抗体效价高于EC特异性IgG抗体效价。Pro+Al+IC组豚鼠脏器综合病变指数和脾菌分离对数值均显著高于BCG组(P0.000 1),略低于NS组,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论氢氧化铝佐剂和PolyIC佐剂联合使用可协同增强结核分枝杆菌抗原Ag85b和EC的细胞免疫应答及体液免疫应答;但Ag85b和EC配伍构成的重组亚单位疫苗对豚鼠预防性保护力较弱,不适合用作暴露前预防。     

腮腺炎减毒活疫苗（F-基因型）免疫血清中和抗体效价与特异性IgG浓度的比较分析

目的 对腮腺炎减毒活疫苗(F-基因型)免疫血清中和抗体效价及特异性IgG浓度进行比较分析，评价二者作为相互验证指标的可能性。方法 选取194份人免疫血清，包括疫苗组98份[腮腺炎减毒活疫苗(F-基因型)，免疫前后各49份]和安慰剂组96份(不含腮腺炎病毒，其他成分与疫苗组相同，免疫前后各48份)，采用ELISA法和中和试验分别检测血清腮腺炎病毒特异性IgG浓度和中和抗体效价，并对两个指标的检测结果进行比较。以中和抗体效价为纵坐标，IgG浓度为横坐标绘制散点图，通过逻辑回归分析二者的相关性。以中和抗体效价为标准采用ROC曲线对各组特异性IgG浓度进行分析，评价以特异性IgG浓度判定中和抗体阳转的可靠性。结果 安慰剂组免疫前血清特异性IgG浓度(t=-0.977,P> 0.05)及中和抗体效价与免疫后比较，差异均无统计学意义(Z=-1.405,P> 0.05)，疫苗组免疫后血清特异性IgG浓度(t=-9.959,P <0.001)及中和抗体效价(Z=-5.696,P <0.001)均明显高于免疫前。安慰剂组免疫前后及疫苗组免疫前IgG阳转率均明显高于相应中和抗体阳转...     

结核分枝杆菌分泌蛋白抗原免疫电化学检测方法的建立

目的建立一种新型、快速的结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis,MTB)分泌蛋白抗原85B(Ag85B)免疫电化学检测方法。方法先在玻碳电极(Glassy carbon electrode,GCE)表面电沉积一层纳米金,通过静电吸附固定普鲁士蓝壳聚糖(Chitosan-prussian blue,CS-PB)纳米复合物,利用壳聚糖的氨基功能团固定微米金磁微粒(Au-Fe3O4),再吸附兔抗Ag85B多克隆抗体,制得电流型免疫传感器。测定电极制备过程的电化学特征,通过原子力显微镜对免疫传感器进行表征,确定免疫传感器的最佳pH值、反应时间、检测线性响应范围及检测下限,验证该方法的特异性和重复性,并与ELISA检测结果进行比较。结果原子力显微镜结果表明,Au-Fe3O4与兔抗Ag85B多克隆抗体可连接到电极表面。在最佳pH值(pH7.5)和反应时间(12min)的条件下,该传感器响应的峰电流值与Ag85B浓度在10～500ng/ml的范围内呈良好的线性关系,检测下限可达10ng/ml,且具有良好的特异性和重复性。免疫传感器与ELISA检测结果的吻合性较好。结论已成功制备了检测Ag85B的免疫传感器,该传感器制备简单,操作便捷,灵敏度高。     

喷鼻三价流感裂解疫苗在小鼠体内的免疫原性及免疫保护性

目的 评价喷鼻三价流感裂解疫苗在小鼠体内产生的免疫原性及免疫保护性。方法 选用H1N1、H3N2、B型3种裂解抗原联合后,与佐剂壳聚糖季铵盐(HTCC)水凝胶等体积混合,制备三价流感裂解疫苗。经喷鼻免疫BALB/c小鼠,免疫剂量为每种单价抗原2μg/只,第0及14天各免疫1次,于末次免疫后第14天制备小鼠血清及鼻、肺、阴道灌洗液。血凝抑制法检测小鼠血清的血凝抑制抗体(HI)效价;ELISA法检测小鼠血清中Ig G及其亚型抗体效价和小鼠鼻、肺、阴道灌洗液中sIgA效价;末次免疫14 d,用H1N1流感病毒进行攻毒,观察小鼠体重变化及死亡率。结果 经喷鼻免疫三价流感裂解疫苗的小鼠血清可产生较高效价的HI抗体,IgG抗体亚型以IgG1与IgG2a为主,小鼠鼻、肺、阴道灌洗液中均可检测到特异性sIgA。攻毒后小鼠体重变化较小,14 d后全部存活。结论 经喷鼻免疫三价流感裂解疫苗可激发小鼠产生体液、细胞及黏膜免疫反应,具有良好的免疫保护性。     

A ruthenium(II) complex with bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)dithioacetate built layer-by-layer on silver and gold surfaces

A ruthenium(II) complex with bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)dithioacetate was self-assembled layer-by-layer on silver and gold surfaces. The two-step process and the ability of the complex to scavenge nitric oxide were studied by cyclic voltammetry.     

The electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance as a sensor in the gold thiosulfate leaching process

A technique was developed for measuring the thiosulfate concentration in gold thiosulfate leaching solutions containing copper and ammonia. The method, which is based on the relationship between thiosulfate concentration and the oxidation rate of silver, was firstly studied using the rotating electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (REQCM). It was found that the measured silver oxidation rate is directly related to the thiosulfate concentration. The silver oxidation rate was also shown to be unaffected by the presence of other species likely to be found in gold leach solutions. The technique was then evaluated for use as a method of flow injection analysis, utilizing a flow through electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) cell.     

铁锰型金银矿的浸出工艺及电化学研究

低品位铁锰型金银矿由于金银被铁锰等矿物包裹,传统浸金银的方法无法达到目的。采用两矿加酸法对矿预先浸锰,破坏原矿物结构,降低体系的氧化还原电位,然后用硫脲同时浸出金银,可达理想浸出效果。考察了硫脲用量、硫酸钠用量及氧化还原电位等对金银浸出率的影响,优惠条件下金银的浸出率分别达到98.0%和45.0%。同时用电化学和配位化学的理论对硫脲浸出金银的过程进行了描述。     

铜阳极泥脱铜渣中金、银、钯含量测定

建立了连续测定铜阳极泥脱铜渣中金、银、钯含量的分析方法,并与火试金法进行比较。首先,利用硝酸+乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）+酒石酸消解铜阳极泥脱铜渣,得到含有银、钯和少量金的消解液,考察了硝酸、EDTA和酒石酸用量对消解效果的影响。结果表明,硝酸、EDTA和酒石酸用量分别为30mL、3mL、1.5g时,消解效果最好。然后,利用王水对残渣进行二次消解,得到含有金和少量银、钯的消解液,考察了王水用量对消解效果的影响。结果表明,王水用量为15mL时即可完成消解。最后采用火焰原子吸收光谱仪测定消解液中的金、银、钯含量。采用本方法测定铜阳极泥脱铜渣,Au、Ag、Pd各元素相对标准偏差均小于1%（n=10）,加标回收率在95.57%～98.70%之间,实验结果准确可靠、重现性好,与火试金法测定结果相一致。     

Pretreatment with Ozone for Gold and Silver Recovery from Refractory Ores

In this work ozonization was studied as pretreatment for two Mexican refractory ores in order to increase the gold and silver extraction. Two methods for contacting ozone with the mineral were studied (indirect and direct). The indirect method did not change the precious metals recoveries for mineral sample A, but increased those of mineral B (from 53 to 88% for gold and from 26 to 78% for silver). The direct pretreatment, only tested in mineral A, did not affect gold and silver recoveries but decreased the extraction time from 40 to 24 hours for maximum metal recovery.     

On Homogeneous Gold/Palladium Catalytic Systems

Two substrates containing an aryl iodide and an allenoate ester were prepared and the gold‐induced cycloisomerisation to vinylgold(I) species and their proto‐deauration as well as the intramolecular palladium‐catalysed cross‐coupling reactions were investigated. Switching to catalytic amounts of gold and palladium and stoichiometric amounts of silver did indeed furnish the product of a cycloisomerisation/intramolecular cross‐coupling. Control experiments revealed that silver cannot substitute for gold or palladium in these reactions, but a different palladium catalyst in a different oxidation state also afforded the cycloisomerisation/intramolecular cross‐coupling products in only slightly reduced yields. By ICP analysis the palladium was shown to contain gold only at the sub‐ppm level. This shows how carefully results obtained with such systems have to be interpreted. Then a series of allylic and benzylic o‐alkynylbenzoates were investigated in gold‐ and palladium‐catalysed reactions. For esters of benzyl alcohol and cinnamyl alcohol no palladium co‐catalyst was needed for the conversion. All reagents were thoroughly checked for palladium traces by ICP analysis in order to thoroughly exclude a gold/palladium co‐catalysis. Optimisation of the gold complex, counter ion and solvent showed that gold(I) isonitrile pre‐catalysts and silver triflate as activator in dioxane are suitable to convert a number of substrates with aryl, alkyl and even cyclopropyl substituents. Crossover experiments proved an intermolecular allyl transfer.     

The development and catalytic uses of N-heterocyclic carbene gold complexes

Gold has emerged as a powerful synthetic tool in the chemist's arsenal. From the early use of inorganic salts such as AuCl and AuCl(3) as catalysts, the field has evolved to explore ligands that fine-tune reactivity, stability, and, more recently, selectivity in gold-mediated processes. Substrates generally contain alkenes or alkynes, and they usually involve straightforward protocols in air with solvents that can often times be of technical grade. The actual catalytic species is the putative cationic gold(I) complex [Au(L)](+) (where L is a phosphorus-based species or N-heterocyclic carbene, NHC). The early gold systems bearing phosphine and phosphite ligands provided important transformations and served as useful mechanistic probes. More recently, the use of NHCs as ligands for gold has rapidly gained in popularity. These two-electron donor ligands combine strong σ-donating properties with a steric profile that allows for both stabilization of the metal center and enhancement of its catalytic activity. As a result, the gold-NHC complexes have been used as well-defined precatalysts and have permitted the isolation of reactive single-component systems that are now used instead of the initial [Au(L)Cl]/silver salt method. Because some are now commercially available, NHC-containing gold(I) complexes are gathering increasing interest. In this Account, we describe the chronological development of this chemistry in our laboratories, highlighting the advantages of this family of gold complexes and reviewing their synthesis and applications in catalysis. We first outline the syntheses, which are straightforward. The complexes generally exhibit high stability, allowing for indefinite storage and easy handling. We next consider catalysis, particularly examining efficacy in cycloisomerization, other skeletal rearrangements, addition of water to alkynes and nitriles, and C-H bond activation. These processes are quite atom-economical, and in the most recent C-H reactions the only byproduct is water. State-of-the-art methodology now involves single-component catalysts, precluding the need for costly silver co-catalysts. Remarkably, the use of an NHC as a supporting ligand has permitted the isolation of [Au(L)(S)](+) species (where S is a solvent molecule such as a nitrile), which can act as single-component catalysts. Some improvements are still needed, as the single components are most often synthesized with a silver reagent. Owing to the stabilizing effect of NHC coordination, some NHC-containing systems can catalyze extremely challenging reactions (at temperatures as high as 140 °C) and react at very low loadings of gold (ppm levels). Our latest developments deal with C-H bond functionalization and hold great promise. We close with a selection of important developments by the community with gold-NHC complexes. As demonstrated by the turns and twists encountered during our own journey in the gold-NHC venture, the chemistry described here, combining fundamental organometallic, catalytic, and organic methodology, remains rich in opportunities, especially considering that only a handful of gold(I) architectures has been studied. We hope this Account will encourage young researchers to explore this emerging area, as the adage "the more you do, the more you have to do" surely holds true in gold-mediated catalysis.     

金银纳米簇制备方法的研究进展

综述了金、银纳米簇新型的荧光纳米材料的制备方法的研究进展,比较了物理方法、化学方法和综合法,指出化学方法中的模板合成法与单分子层保护法能更有效地制备出优良性能的金、银纳米簇。     

金银卡纸的颜色测量及评价

针对金银卡纸的特点,通过使用不同光路的测量仪器对金银卡纸进行了颜色测量和数据特征分析。结果表明,0:45°仪器不能接收体现光泽度的近镜面反射光,不适宜表征光泽度很高的金银卡纸颜色特征;多角度测量仪器测量时易出现异常数据,也不适宜表征光泽度很高的金银卡纸颜色特征。而积分球测量仪器,可给出包含和排除镜面反射光的颜色特性,可由包含和排除镜面反射光的差值体现色样的光泽性和颜色特征,适于表征金银卡纸的高明亮度的特性。     

从矿石中提炼金和银

用汞齐法先提取了矿石中的自然金，然后用氰化法提出微细的金粒和化合态的金银，再经熔炼，可得较纯的金和银。