辙叉用贝氏体钢的氢脆特性及去氢退火工艺

根据氢在铁中的溶解度以及扩散行为,制定了辙叉用贝氏体钢的去氢退火工艺.通过慢应变速率拉伸试验研究了辙叉用贝氏体钢的临界氢含量和氢脆敏感性.研究结果表明,通过去氧退火使试验用钢的组织得到细化,塑性和韧度得到大幅度提高.含W贝氏体钢的氢含量由1.2×10-4%降低到0.5×10-4%,低于该钢发生氢脆的临界氢含量0.7×10-4%.含Mo贝氏体钢氢含量由1.6×10-4%降低到0.4×10-4%,低于此种钢发生氢脆的临界氢含量0.6×10-4%.含W钢比含Mo钢的氢脆敏感性低.     

贝氏体钢辙叉的宏观失效机理

对铁路线路上非正常失效有代表性的贝氏体钢辙叉进行系统分析研究,发现造成贝氏体钢辙叉非正常失效的形式主要是表面脆性剥落、大尺寸裂纹、表面塑性变形、快速磨损等。其原因主要是化学成分不合理、钢的冶炼质量低、氢含量高、热处理工艺不当、含有微量元素硼等。     

贝氏体合金钢轨与PD3钢轨闪光焊接工艺

研究了贝氏体合金钢轨与PD3钢轨两种异种材料闪光对接焊工艺。通过试验确定了保证焊接接头质量的焊接工艺和热处理工艺。整体焊接接头的强韧性达到了《时速200公里客运专线60AT钢轨焊接暂行技术条件》的要求,可以满足提速或准高速贝氏体钢焊接辙叉制造技术标准的要求。贝氏体钢焊接辙叉经过试验、跟踪、分析和改进,已在重载线路中使用,已通过运量总重2亿t以上。贝氏体钢与钢轨异种钢闪光接触焊接技术,可以推广到大号码道岔尖轨焊接和可动心轨焊接辙叉制造中。     

正火处理对贝氏体钢辙叉铝热焊接头性能和组织的影响

利用Gleeble-3500试验机模拟了贝氏体钢辙叉铝热焊热影响区各位置的热循环过程,研究了焊后正火工艺对热影响区性能与组织的影响. 热模拟结果表明,铝热焊后对接头进行900 ℃的正火处理,可以使焊接热影响区重新转变为贝氏体组织,提高了冲击韧性并改善硬度分布均匀性,强度值也达到或接近母材水平. 根据热模拟试验结果,对贝氏体钢辙叉和U75V钢轨进行了实际的铝热焊接. 结果表明,900 ℃火焰加热正火处理后,焊缝及热影响区软化区的硬度和抗拉强度值均有明显提高,这对提高焊接接头的使用寿命有重要作用.     

重载辙叉用贝氏体钢的组织及性能

对自行研制的重载辙叉用贝氏体钢进行了组织和力学性能分析。结果表明:此种材料在锻造态下的组织为无碳化物贝氏体与少量残留奥氏体。该试验钢在锻造态下具有1340 MPa的屈服强度和1440 MPa的抗拉强度,伸长率为18.5%,断面收缩率为53%;试验钢在锻后回火态下的屈服强度为1362 MPa,抗拉强度为1460 MPa,伸长率为20%,断面收缩率为54%;夏比V型冲击试验显示,试验钢锻造态下的常温冲击吸收能量为43.4 J,-50℃时的冲击吸收能量为11.4 J,能满足重载贝氏体钢辙叉低温状态下的使用要求。研究结果表明,该重载辙叉用贝氏体钢具有优良的综合力学性能。     

用等温淬火改善整铸辙叉使用性能的初步探索

辙叉是工作条件最为严峻的铁路轨道部件之一。以贝氏体钢取代奥氏体锰钢制造辙叉具有较大的意义。用ＰＤ３钢轨钢作为基本材料，进行贝氏体化热处理，随着等温淬火温度的不同可获上贝氏体、下贝氏体或贝氏体与屈氏体混合组织，它们的力学性能可与奥氏体钢相媲美。     

辙叉用新型贝氏体钢的滚动接触疲劳性能

分别对用普通冶炼工艺和电渣重熔工艺得到的辙叉用新型贝氏体钢进行滚动接触疲劳性能试验,结果表明由电渣重熔工艺得到的新型辙叉用贝氏体钢具有更加优良的接触疲劳性能,且两种工艺的材料接触疲劳寿命都随试验应力的增加而降低。相较于纯滚动试验,滑差的存在将增大材料的塑性变形和造成材料温度升高,引起材料接触疲劳寿命的显著下降。通过观察发现,新型辙叉用贝氏体钢的主要失效形式为麻点剥落和浅层剥落。     

基于贝氏体焊条修复辙叉心轨堆焊性研究

为了满足贝氏体辙叉心轨现场补焊和修复的需要,本文用自制的贝氏体焊条单层和多层堆焊辙叉心轨,分析研究了其堆焊层组织和性能的变化.实验表明:用自制的贝氏体焊条堆焊辙叉心轨,堆焊前不用预热,焊后不用热处理;电弧稳定,焊接性能好;其修复层硬度优于辙叉心轨;多层堆焊的性能比单层堆焊的性能更好.     

铲齿用新型空冷贝氏体钢的热处理工艺

为了解决铲齿使用寿命短的问题,对新型贝氏体组织铲齿用钢及其热处理工艺进行了研究。通过火花直读光谱仪和热膨胀仪检测了贝氏体钢的化学成分和相变点,采用正交试验的方法研究了正火温度、回火温度、回火时间对贝氏体钢韧性的影响,确定了最优的热处理工艺,借助扫描电镜(SEM)、Image-J软件、X射线衍射仪(XRD)及数显显微硬度仪等检测了铲齿用贝氏体钢的组织和组织中相组成比例以及其硬度。研究结果表明贝氏体铲齿用钢在热处理过程中影响冲击性能最主要的因素为正火温度,其次为回火温度、最后为回火时间,得到的最优热处理工艺制度为1080 ℃正火后在250 ℃回火90 min,此热处理条件下贝氏体钢具有良好的韧性(18.45 J)和硬度(46.85 HRC)结合,其组织中马氏体含量为23.985%,残留奥氏体含量为9.850%。     

Mn-Si-V系贝氏体辙叉钢的连续冷却转变特性

在Gleeble-1500热模拟机上采用热膨胀法,测定了一种Mn-Si-V系贝氏体辙叉钢的连续冷却转变曲线。利用DMI 5000M型光学显微镜、Hitachi H-800透射电镜和显微维氏硬度计对不同冷速下试验钢的显微组织和硬度进行分析,并就合金元素对贝氏体相变和显微组织的作用进行讨论。结果表明,试验贝氏体钢的相变点为:Ac_1=730℃、Ac_3=873℃、Ms=320℃。以0.05℃/s的冷速冷却时,试验贝氏体钢获得以上贝氏体为主的组织;在0.05~1.0℃/s的冷速范围内,试验贝氏体钢可以获得以无碳化物贝氏体为主的组织;当冷速大于1.0℃/s,试验贝氏体钢得到无碳化物贝氏体/马氏体复相组织,并且随冷速增加马氏体含量增大;当冷速达到8.0℃/s,试验贝氏体钢获得以低碳马氏体为主的组织。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.