早期食管癌及癌前病变内镜黏膜下剥离术后食管狭窄预测模型的构建及测试

目的 探讨早期食管癌及癌前病变行内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）后发生食管狭窄的高危险因素,尝试以此构建预测模型并加以验证。方法 2015年1月—2020年4月在郑州大学第一附属医院消化内科行ESD治疗,经病理确诊的421例早期食管癌及癌前病变病例纳入回顾性分析,其中发生术后狭窄者89例（狭窄组）、未发生术后狭窄者332例（非狭窄组）。通过单因素联合多因素Logistic回归分析探寻发生术后食管狭窄的危险因素。通过Lasso算法将独立危险因素作为预测因子构建Nomogram模型图,采用一致性指数（C-index）和校准曲线评估模型的准确性,应用Bootstrap完成内部验证以避免模型过拟合。结果 单因素分析发现,术后病理、浸润深度、标本中位长径、标本中位短径、黏膜环周缺损范围、固有肌层损伤与发生术后食管狭窄有关（P＜0.05）。进一步多因素Logistic回归分析发现,黏膜环周缺损范围≥1/2环周（与＜1/2环周比较：P＜0.01,OR=48.453,95%CI：11.288～207.983）、固有肌层损伤（P＜0.01,OR=4.671,95%CI：2.283～9.557）和纵向长径≥50 mm（与＜50 mm比较：P=0.008,OR=2.741,95%CI：1.299～5.785）是ESD术后发生食管狭窄的独立危险因素。通过Lasso算法将以上因素作为预测因子构建Nomogram模型,原始模型的C-index为0.934（95%CI：0.909～0.959）,经过100次Bootstrap内部抽样验证后C-index为0.931,该模型预测概率和实际观察概率吻合度较好。结论 黏膜环周缺损范围≥1/2环周、发生固有肌层损伤和病灶纵向长径≥50 mm是ESD术后发生食管狭窄的高危险因素,以上3个指标作为预测因子构建的Nomogram模型对早期食管癌及癌前病变ESD术后是否发生食管狭窄的预测效果较好,有助于对术后食管狭窄高风险患者建立提前干预的标准方案。     

大范围食管早期癌及癌前病变内镜黏膜下剥离术后发生顽固性狭窄的危险因素分析

目的 探讨大范围早期食管癌及其癌前病变内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）术后发生食管顽固性狭窄的危险因素。方法 2013年7月—2017年12月,在中国医学科学院肿瘤医院内镜科行内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗,病变范围≥3/4食管环周的186例患者（共212处食管早期癌或癌前病变）纳入回顾性分析,根据术后内镜下食管球囊扩张次数分为顽固性狭窄组（69例,扩张≥6次）和非顽固性狭窄组（117例,扩张0～5次）。单因素分析使用t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验、χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法,多因素分析使用Logistic回归。结果 与非顽固性狭窄组比较,顽固性狭窄组在病变纵径、人工溃疡（ESD术后创面）纵径以及病变位置、病变环周范围和固有肌层损伤构成方面差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）。剔除人工溃疡纵径这一因素后（因人工溃疡纵径与病变纵径在临床上存在明显相关性）,多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,病变纵径＞5 cm（P=0.003,OR=3.531,95%CI：1.547～8.060）、病变位于胸上段（与胸下段比较：P=0.001,OR=36.720,95%CI：4.233～318.551）、颈段（与胸下段比较：P=0.003,OR=24.959,95%CI：2.927～212.795）、全周病变（P＜0.001,OR=10.082,95%CI：4.196～24.226）和存在术中固有肌层损伤（P＜0.001,OR=7.128,95%CI：2.748～18.486）的早期食管癌及其癌前病变行ESD术后易发生食管顽固性狭窄。结论 对于大范围（病变范围≥3/4食管环周）早期食管癌及其癌前病变,病变纵径＞5 cm,病变位于胸上段、颈段,全周病变,以及存在术中固有肌层损伤均是ESD术后发生食管顽固性狭窄的独立危险因素。     

布地奈德凝胶预防食管内镜黏膜下剥离术后 大面积狭窄的价值

目的评估布地奈德凝胶（budesonide viscous suspension,BVS）预防食管内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）术后大面积狭窄的有效性和安全性。 方法回顾性分析2014年10月—2018年12月于福建省立医院行ESD,术后黏膜缺损超过1/2周的62例早期食管癌或癌前病变的患者临床资料。根据术后有无接受BVS治疗,分为接受BVS治疗组（BVS组,24例）和未给予BVS组（对照组,38例）。对比两组狭窄发生率、术后探条扩张次数、并发症发生率,并对术后食管狭窄危险因素行Logistic回归分析。结果BVS组术后狭窄发生率明显低于对照组［16.7%（4/24）比47.3%（18/38）,P=0.005],BVS组术后探条扩张次数少于对照组（1.50±0.58比2.70±1.09,P=0.039）。BVS组未发生与BVS相关的严重不良事件,如穿孔和大量出血。经多因素Logistic回归分析,环周≥3/4（OR=37.970, 95%CI：6.338~227.482）及术后未予BVS处理(OR=20.962,95%CI：3.374~130.243）是导致术后食管狭窄的独立危险因素。结论吞服BVS可减少食管ESD术后的大面积狭窄发生率及所需的探条扩张次数,且安全、耐受性良好。     

早期食管癌及上皮内瘤变内镜黏膜下剥离术后食管狭窄的危险因素

目的 探讨早期食管癌及上皮内瘤变行内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)后发生狭窄的危险因素,为临床防治狭窄提供依据。方法 将2015年1月至2020年12月,在中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九六〇医院行早期食管癌及上皮内瘤变ESD治疗的155例患者纳入回顾性分析。收集患者一般资料、病变特征、手术及食管狭窄发生情况等资料,用单变量和多变量Logistic回归分析ESD术后狭窄的相关危险因素。结果 155例患者中23例(14.8%)出现食管狭窄,多因素分析表明,ESD术后食管狭窄与病变环周范围>3/4、肿瘤浸润深度m3～sm1、病变纵向长径≥50 mm、食管内镜黏膜切除术(EMR)/ESD病史显著相关。结论 病变环周范围>3/4、肿瘤浸润深度m3～sm1、病变纵向长径≥50 mm、食管EMR/ESD病史是ESD术后食管发生狭窄的独立危险因素。     

食管病灶内镜黏膜下剥离术手术时长的影响因素分析

目的探讨影响内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）治疗食管病灶所需时长的各项因素。方法选取2015年1月至2017年10月于北京友谊医院消化内科因术前怀疑早癌而行食管单一病灶ESD治疗的160例患者作为研究对象,回顾性收集包括患者年龄、性别、病灶部位、大体形态、病灶大小、环周切除大小、术者经验、手术时间（麻醉时间）及术后病理类型、分化程度、浸润深度等临床信息。按手术时间是否超过120 min分为长时间手术组及短时间手术组,通过单因素和多因素分析探索影响食管ESD手术时间的因素。结果160例患者中包含男120例（750%）、女40例（250%）,患者年龄（6265±848）岁。病灶中位大小为170（100,265）cm。ESD手术中位时间为11354(8125,16875)min。单因素分析显示年龄＞65岁、Ⅱa+Ⅱc/Ⅱc型病灶、病灶长轴＞2 cm及剥离面积＞1/2食管环周与食管ESD手术时间较长相关（P＜005）,而患者性别、病灶部位、组织类型、分化程度、浸润深度及术者经验与手术时间长短无关（P＞005）。多因素分析则显示病灶呈Ⅱa+Ⅱc/Ⅱc型（OR=247,95%CI：101~606,P=0047）、病灶＞2 cm（OR=341,95%CI：134~864,P=0010）及剥离面积＞1/2食管环周（OR=424,95%CI：162~1111,P=0030）是手术时间>120 min的独立危险因素。结论Ⅱa+Ⅱc/Ⅱc型病灶,病灶长轴＞2 cm及剥离面积＞1/2食管环周是食管ESD手术时间超过120 min的独立危险因素。     

大面积食管早期癌内镜下切除术后食管狭窄的影响因素分析

目的 探讨大面积食管早期癌（创面环周黏膜缺损程度≥3/4周）内镜下切除术（endoscopic resection,ER）术后发生食管狭窄的影响因素。方法 2009年5月—2016年4月,63例在解放军总医院第一医学中心消化内镜中心行ER治疗的大面积食管早期癌病例纳入回顾性分析,按术后是否发生食管狭窄分为狭窄组（32例）和无狭窄组（31例）,2组间比较行t检验或卡方检验,P＜0.05的指标以及结合临床专业知识认为可能有意义的指标,一同纳入多因素Logistic回归分析。结果 单因素分析发现,病变长度、创面环周黏膜缺损程度、固有肌层损伤与ER术后发生食管狭窄有关（P＜0.05）。以上3个指标,连同是否采取狭窄预防措施、病理类型、是否整块切除共计6个指标一同纳入多因素Logistic回归分析,结果显示,创面环周黏膜缺损程度≥7/8周（与3/4～＜7/8周者比较：P=0.028,OR=0.317,95%CI：0.114～0.884）和未采取狭窄预防措施（P=0.002,OR=0.153,95%CI：0.046～0.512）是大面积食管早期癌ER术后发生食管狭窄的独立危险因素。结论 创面环周黏膜缺损程度≥7/8周是导致大面积食管早期癌ER术后发生食管狭窄的主要因素。对于大面积食管早期癌患者来说,采取适当的狭窄预防措施能有效减少ER术后食管狭窄发生。     

食管射频消融术后发热的影响因素分析

目的　探讨食管内镜下射频消融术（radiofrequency ablation,RFA）后患者发热的独立危险因素。方法　2016年1月—2021年4月,因早期食管癌就诊于长海医院消化内科,且病变范围超过食管3/4环周的51例病例纳入病例对照研究。患者均行RFA治疗,按术后是否发热分成发热组（n=15）和未发热组（n=36）,主要收集患者一般情况、消化道肿瘤家族史、病变长度、病变范围、消融能量和消融次数用于单因素分析,其中P<0.1的变量再进一步纳入多因素Logistic回归分析探究RFA术后发热的独立危险因素。结果　单因素分析发现,病变长度（t=-3.89,P<0.001）、病变范围（χ2=11.52,P=0.001）和消融能量（P=0.001）在2组间差异有统计学意义。Pearson相关性显示,病变长度与病变环周长度存在明显正相关（r=0.71,P<0.001）,而病变范围由病变环周长度决定,因此最终将病变长度和消融能量这两个变量纳入Logistic回归方程。Logistic回归分析结果显示,食管病变长度每增加1 cm,患者发生RFA术后发热的风险是前者的1.21倍（95%CI：1.01～1.43,P=0.037）;术中使用12 J消融能量者,发生RFA术后发热的风险是使用10 J消融能量者的0.43倍（95%CI：0.22～0.85,P=0.015）。结论　病变长度和消融能量是导致食管RFA术后发热的独立危险因素。长节段早期食管癌者更易发生RFA术后发热,术中使用低消融能量者更易发生RFA术后发热。     

体外自助式扩张球囊预防食管大面积病变内镜黏膜下剥离术后狭窄的长期疗效分析

目的 评估体外自助式扩张球囊预防食管大面积病变内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）后食管狭窄的长期有效性和安全性。方法 前瞻性纳入2018年1月—2019年12月在解放军总医院第一医学中心行ESD且术后黏膜缺损≥5/6食管环周、长度30～100 mm的早期食管癌或癌前病变患者,术后使用体外自助式扩张球囊预防食管狭窄。ESD术后食管黏膜缺损分为2级:1级为≥5/6环周但未累及全环周;2级累及全环周。观察术后狭窄发生率,狭窄出现时间,内镜下球囊扩张（endoscopic balloon dilations,EBD）或放射状切开（radial incision and cuttings,RIC）治疗狭窄的次数,以及其他不良事件发生率。结果 共27例患者纳入研究,随访14～38个月,其中术后黏膜缺损范围1级的患者3例,2级24例。术后黏膜缺损长度（73.7±18.4）mm,球囊放置时间（92.0±20.0）d;总狭窄发生率为18.5%（5/27）,其中术后黏膜缺损2级的患者狭窄发生率为16.7%（4/24）。球囊取出到发生狭窄的中位时间为17 d,其中2例狭窄患者分别进行了3次EBD治疗,其余3例患者分别接受了2次、1次和2次RIC治疗。所有患者在佩戴球囊过程中未出现穿孔和迟发性出血。结论 对于ESD术后黏膜缺损≥5/6食管环周且长度≤100 mm的食管大面积病变患者,体外自助式扩张球囊是一种安全有效的预防术后狭窄的方法。     

口服醋酸泼尼松预防内镜黏膜下剥离术后食管狭窄的疗效观察

目的 观察口服醋酸泼尼松对食管癌前病变及早期癌内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）后食管狭窄预防的有效性以及安全性。 方法 回顾性分析2014年10月至2017年10月于南京鼓楼医院行ESD治疗的病变周径≥3／4周的56例食管癌前病变及早癌患者资料,根据患者术后是否服用醋酸泼尼松预防狭窄分为醋酸泼尼松组（n=26）和对照组（n=30）。2组患者如出现吞咽困难则予内镜下扩张治疗,比较2组临床资料、狭窄发生率、扩张次数以及并发症发生情况。 结果 2组患者在年龄、性别、病变部位、病变长度、病变形态、术后病理以及浸润深度分布方面差异均无统计学意义（P均＞0.05）。醋酸泼尼松组食管全周型病变比例高于对照组［53.85％（14／26）比23.33％（7／30）,χ2=5.53,P=0.02］。醋酸泼尼松组与对照组相比,狭窄发生率下降［30.77％（8／26）比60.00％（18／30）,χ2=4.78,P=0.03］,解决狭窄所需的扩张次数减少［（3.85±2.57）次比（9.83±5.82）次,t=7.22,P=0.00］。2组均无手术相关死亡事件发生,醋酸泼尼松组患者使用激素过程中未出现不良事件。 结论 口服醋酸泼尼松预防食管癌前病变及早期癌ESD术后食管狭窄安全有效。     

影响食管鳞状上皮内瘤变和早期癌内镜黏膜下剥离术手术时间的相关因素研究

目的探讨影响食管内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection, ESD)手术时间的因素。方法回顾性分析201例患者(205个病灶)行食管ESD手术的临床资料,包括患者性别、年龄、肿瘤位置、镜下分型、肿瘤直径、环周比例、术中穿孔、病理类型和粘连等。结果单因素分析显示,ESD手术时间与镜下分型(P0.001)、肿瘤直径(P0.001)、环周比例(P0.001)、病理类型(P=0.017)、术中穿孔(P0.001)和粘连(P0.001)密切相关。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,粘连、环周比例≥1/2、肿瘤直径2.0 cm是独立因素,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论食管ESD的手术时间可以通过肿瘤直径、环周比例和有无粘连进行预测。预估手术时间对于安排手术有帮助。     

Association of esophageal cancer and esophageal varices

Of the 312 cases of esophageal cancer seen over 2 years, four patients had associated varices. Three patients gave history of alcohol abuse. All had malnutrition and splenomegaly. Endoscopic biopsies were safe in the presence of varices. External radiation did not have any untoward effect on the varices. Prophylactic sclerotherapy was not required in these patients. The association between esophageal carcinoma and varices could be secondary to alcohol consumption or merely coincidental.     

Effect of esophageal erosion on esophageal electrocardiogram

We recorded an esophageal electrocardiogram in a rabbit before and after producing esophageal erosion. The erosion caused an increase in P wave and R wave height and inversion of the T wave. Esophageal erosion can thus cause false positive repolarization changes in the esophageal electrocardiogram.     

Congenital esophageal stenosis associated with esophageal atresia

Congenital esophageal stenosis (CES) is a rare clinical condition but is frequently associated with esophageal atresia (EA). The aim of this study is to report the diagnosis, management, and outcome of CES associated with EA. Medical charts of CES‐EA patients from Lille University Hospital, Sainte‐Justine Hospital, and Montreal Children's Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Seventeen patients (13 boys) were included. The incidence of CES in patients with EA was 3.6%. Fifteen patients had a type C EA, one had a type A EA, and one had an isolated tracheoesophageal fistula. Seven patients had associated additional malformations. The mean age at diagnosis was 11.6 months. All but two patients had non‐specific symptoms such as regurgitations or dysphagia. One CES was diagnosed at the time of surgical repair of EA. In 12 patients, CES was suspected based on abnormal barium swallow. In the remaining four, the diagnostic was confirmed by esophagoscopy. Eleven patients were treated by dilation only (1–3 dilations/patient). Six patients underwent surgery (resection and anastomosis) because of failure of attempted dilations (1–7 dilations/patient). Esophageal perforation was encountered in three patients (18%). Three patients had histologically proven tracheobronchial remnants. CES associated with EA is frequent. A high index of suspicion for CES must remain in the presence of EA. Dilatation may be effective to treat some of them, but perforation is frequent. Surgery may be required, especially in CES secondary to ectopic tracheobronchial remnants.     

Relationship between esophageal achalasia subtypes and esophageal clearance

Esophagus - The diagnosis and pathological evaluation of esophageal achalasia have been improved dramatically by the development of high-resolution manometry. It is currently known to be divided...     

Lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction in diffuse esophageal spasm

Although lower esophageal sphincter (LES) dysfunction has been reported in patients with diffuse esophageal spasm, recent changes in manometric criteria for spasm and for LES relaxation suggested a need for reassessment. Moreover, LES relaxation in reflux-associated spasm has not been reported previously. On clinical criteria and independent of manometric findings, 22 patients with spasm were assigned to either idiopathic (I-DES, N = 9) or reflux-associated spasm (R-DES, N = 13) groups. Patients who underwent manometry for chest pain (C-NL, N = 10) or reflux (R-NL, N = 10) and had normal peristalsis served as control groups. Percent LES relaxation was significantly reduced in both spasm groups, and R-DES had significantly lower percent relaxation than I-DES. Post-deglutitive nadir sphincter pressure was significantly greater in R-DES than in I-DES. Duration of relaxation was normal in I-DES, but was significantly decreased in R-DES. This study indicates that 1) LES relaxation may be impaired in I-DES patients meeting current criteria for spasm, 2) the impairment in I-DES is primarily in "amplitude" of relaxation, i.e., percent relaxation and nadir pressure, but not duration, 3) LES relaxation may also be impaired in R-DES, and 4) the impairment in R-DES is to a greater degree than in I-DES patients and may be seen in both "amplitude" and duration of relaxation. This study shows that there is a spectrum of sphincter dysfunction in patients with esophageal spasm. It also suggests that there may be separate mechanisms for LES relaxation in R-DES patients, one with impaired relaxation and the other with near complete relaxation, "transient" or otherwise, to allow for reflux.     

A symptomatic esophageal mucocele after esophageal bypass surgery

We encountered a case of esophageal mucocele with progressive respiratory symptoms which originated from an excluded thoracic esophagus that was closed at both the proximal and distal ends, and which occurred 24 years after esophageal bypass surgery for a spontaneous esophageal rupture. The patient was a 64-year-old male who was treated by a temporary external drainage for relief of his symptoms without subsequent complete resection of the mucocele via thoracotomy, because of the high surgical risks associated with such a procedure. Four-hundred and fifty milliliters of waste removed during the initial external drainage showed no signs of inflammation or malignancy, suggesting that the reason this excluded esophagus was a symptomatic mucocele was not the observed vigorous secretion, because of irritated esophageal mucosal cells or malignant cells, but instead was the result of gradual accumulation of secretions from the normal esophageal mucosa. This case suggests that an excluded esophagus without any inflammation or malignancy could form a large mucocele that can cause serious symptoms, for example respiratory difficulty, even after an extremely long interval. Although he has been both relapse-free and drainage-free for more than 5 years, further long-term follow-up in this case is mandatory.     

Lower esophageal sphincter pressure, esophageal body motor functioning, and esophageal acid sensitivity

Esophageal acid sensitivity is believed to develop as a result of esophageal acid exposure, contributing factors being gastroesophageal reflux and delayed esophageal acid clearance. The relationship among lower esophageal sphincter pressure, motor functioning of the body of the esophagus, and esophageal acid sensitivity was examined by comparing the results from 912 patients and normal subjects studied with both esophageal manometric and Bernstein acid infusion tests. Positive acid infusions were statistically more closely associated with hypotensive lower esophageal sphincter pressures than with any motor abnormality in the body of the esophagus. Of the several esophageal body motor abnormalities considered, only feeble peristalsis had significantly more positive Bernstein tests than did normal esophageal body motor functioning. The findings from this study demonstrate that hypotensive lower esophageal sphincter pressure is more closely associated with an acid-sensitive esophagus than is impaired esophageal body motor functioning.