早期食管癌及癌前病变内镜黏膜下剥离术后食管狭窄预测模型的构建及测试

目的 探讨早期食管癌及癌前病变行内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）后发生食管狭窄的高危险因素,尝试以此构建预测模型并加以验证。方法 2015年1月—2020年4月在郑州大学第一附属医院消化内科行ESD治疗,经病理确诊的421例早期食管癌及癌前病变病例纳入回顾性分析,其中发生术后狭窄者89例（狭窄组）、未发生术后狭窄者332例（非狭窄组）。通过单因素联合多因素Logistic回归分析探寻发生术后食管狭窄的危险因素。通过Lasso算法将独立危险因素作为预测因子构建Nomogram模型图,采用一致性指数（C-index）和校准曲线评估模型的准确性,应用Bootstrap完成内部验证以避免模型过拟合。结果 单因素分析发现,术后病理、浸润深度、标本中位长径、标本中位短径、黏膜环周缺损范围、固有肌层损伤与发生术后食管狭窄有关（P＜0.05）。进一步多因素Logistic回归分析发现,黏膜环周缺损范围≥1/2环周（与＜1/2环周比较：P＜0.01,OR=48.453,95%CI：11.288～207.983）、固有肌层损伤（P＜0.01,OR=4.671,95%CI：2.283～9.557）和纵向长径≥50 mm（与＜50 mm比较：P=0.008,OR=2.741,95%CI：1.299～5.785）是ESD术后发生食管狭窄的独立危险因素。通过Lasso算法将以上因素作为预测因子构建Nomogram模型,原始模型的C-index为0.934（95%CI：0.909～0.959）,经过100次Bootstrap内部抽样验证后C-index为0.931,该模型预测概率和实际观察概率吻合度较好。结论 黏膜环周缺损范围≥1/2环周、发生固有肌层损伤和病灶纵向长径≥50 mm是ESD术后发生食管狭窄的高危险因素,以上3个指标作为预测因子构建的Nomogram模型对早期食管癌及癌前病变ESD术后是否发生食管狭窄的预测效果较好,有助于对术后食管狭窄高风险患者建立提前干预的标准方案。     

早期食管癌内镜黏膜下剥离术后食管狭窄的特征及影响因素探讨

目的 探讨早期食管癌内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）后发生食管狭窄的特征及可能的影响因素。方法 以2011年1月—2018年12月在陆军军医大学第二附属医院消化内镜中心接受ESD治疗的患者为研究对象,通过病历、随访获取患者的病例资料,采用单因素分析和Cox回归分析发生食管狭窄的相关因素。结果 接受ESD治疗的654例患者中79例（12.1%）出现术后食管狭窄,从接受ESD到发生狭窄的中位时间为27（17,43）d。病变形态和病变环周比例是狭窄发生的独立相关因素,其中Ⅱa型病变狭窄发生率是Ⅱc型病变的6.601倍（95%CI：1.518~28.709,P=0.012）,环周比例75%~<100%和100%者狭窄发生率分别是环周比例<75%者的17.408倍（95%CI：8.009~37.839,P＜0.001）和52.439倍（95%CI：23.905~115.029,P＜0.001）。79例狭窄患者中27例为严重狭窄,病变环周比例是严重狭窄发生的独立相关因素,环周比例75%~<100%和100%者严重狭窄发生率分别是环周比例<75%者的7.775倍（95%CI：1.977~30.577,P=0.003）和70.062倍（95%CI：19.879~246.926,P＜0.001）。结论 早期食管癌病变形态和病变环周比例是ESD术后狭窄发生的独立相关因素,病变环周比例是严重狭窄发生的独立相关因素。     

食管癌内镜黏膜下剥离术后激素预防狭窄

目的 探讨激素对食管癌内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection, ESD)后狭窄预防的疗效,同时评估激素的治疗方案,并确定狭窄的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2018年3月至2022年8月于重庆医科大学附属第二医院因早期食管癌接受ESD治疗的56例患者,其食管黏膜周长缺损大于50%,但不累及全周。患者分为四组,包括单纯ESD组(n=13)、口服激素组(n=28)、激素注射组(n=10)和激素联合治疗组(n=5)。进行Logistic回归分析,以评估食管狭窄的危险因素。结果 单纯ESD组、口服激素组、激素注射组和激素联合治疗组的狭窄率分别为53.8%、17.9%、30.0%和20.0%。使用激素治疗患者的狭窄率明显低于单纯ESD组(20.9%vs 53.8%,P=0.035)。此外,口服激素组的狭窄率显著低于单纯ESD组(P=0.029)。多因素分析显示,食管黏膜周长缺损的程度是ESD后狭窄的重要危险因素(OR=20.67,95%CI:2.35～182.00,P=0.006)。使用激素(OR=0.14,95%CI:0.03～0.67,P=0.014)...     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗SiewertⅡ型胃食管交界早期癌及癌前病变的临床分析

目的 探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal resection,ESD）治疗胃食管交界早期癌及癌前病变的安全性和有效性。方法 回顾性分析2012年7月—2019年6月间在北京大学第一医院内镜中心接受ESD治疗的67例SiewertⅡ型胃食管交界早期癌及癌前病变患者资料,对病变的临床病理特征、整块切除率、完全切除率、治愈性切除率、并发症发生率进行统计分析,并对可能影响治愈性切除的因素进行分析。结果 67例病变中隆起型病变5例,浅表型病变59例,凹陷型病变3例。病变中位直径1.6(1.8)cm,中位手术时间60.0(56.0)min。整块切除率97.0%（65/67）,完全切除率91.0%（61/67）,治愈性切除率82.1%（55/67）。肿瘤最大径（OR=8.457,95%CI：1.227~58.302,P=0.030）及病理类型（OR=15.133,95%CI：1.518~150.870,P=0.021）与非治愈性切除相关。3例（4.5%）患者发生ESD相关并发症,1例术后迟发出血,内镜下止血后好转;2例术后瘢痕狭窄,内镜引导下探条扩张后好转。58例随访患者中1例垂直切缘阳性且未接受后续治疗的患者出现复发;1例患者随访中发现异时性早期胃癌,再次ESD切除。结论 ESD治疗胃食管交界早期癌及癌前病变安全有效,操作前应对病变大小、边界、浸润深度进行准确评判,制定适宜的治疗方式及手术策略。     

口服醋酸泼尼松预防内镜黏膜下剥离术后食管狭窄的疗效观察

目的 观察口服醋酸泼尼松对食管癌前病变及早期癌内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）后食管狭窄预防的有效性以及安全性。 方法 回顾性分析2014年10月至2017年10月于南京鼓楼医院行ESD治疗的病变周径≥3／4周的56例食管癌前病变及早癌患者资料,根据患者术后是否服用醋酸泼尼松预防狭窄分为醋酸泼尼松组（n=26）和对照组（n=30）。2组患者如出现吞咽困难则予内镜下扩张治疗,比较2组临床资料、狭窄发生率、扩张次数以及并发症发生情况。 结果 2组患者在年龄、性别、病变部位、病变长度、病变形态、术后病理以及浸润深度分布方面差异均无统计学意义（P均＞0.05）。醋酸泼尼松组食管全周型病变比例高于对照组［53.85％（14／26）比23.33％（7／30）,χ2=5.53,P=0.02］。醋酸泼尼松组与对照组相比,狭窄发生率下降［30.77％（8／26）比60.00％（18／30）,χ2=4.78,P=0.03］,解决狭窄所需的扩张次数减少［（3.85±2.57）次比（9.83±5.82）次,t=7.22,P=0.00］。2组均无手术相关死亡事件发生,醋酸泼尼松组患者使用激素过程中未出现不良事件。 结论 口服醋酸泼尼松预防食管癌前病变及早期癌ESD术后食管狭窄安全有效。     

大面积食管早期癌内镜下切除术后食管狭窄的影响因素分析

目的 探讨大面积食管早期癌（创面环周黏膜缺损程度≥3/4周）内镜下切除术（endoscopic resection,ER）术后发生食管狭窄的影响因素。方法 2009年5月—2016年4月,63例在解放军总医院第一医学中心消化内镜中心行ER治疗的大面积食管早期癌病例纳入回顾性分析,按术后是否发生食管狭窄分为狭窄组（32例）和无狭窄组（31例）,2组间比较行t检验或卡方检验,P＜0.05的指标以及结合临床专业知识认为可能有意义的指标,一同纳入多因素Logistic回归分析。结果 单因素分析发现,病变长度、创面环周黏膜缺损程度、固有肌层损伤与ER术后发生食管狭窄有关（P＜0.05）。以上3个指标,连同是否采取狭窄预防措施、病理类型、是否整块切除共计6个指标一同纳入多因素Logistic回归分析,结果显示,创面环周黏膜缺损程度≥7/8周（与3/4～＜7/8周者比较：P=0.028,OR=0.317,95%CI：0.114～0.884）和未采取狭窄预防措施（P=0.002,OR=0.153,95%CI：0.046～0.512）是大面积食管早期癌ER术后发生食管狭窄的独立危险因素。结论 创面环周黏膜缺损程度≥7/8周是导致大面积食管早期癌ER术后发生食管狭窄的主要因素。对于大面积食管早期癌患者来说,采取适当的狭窄预防措施能有效减少ER术后食管狭窄发生。     

内镜下黏膜切除术后食管狭窄的危险因素分析

目的 分析食管病变内镜下黏膜切除术后食管狭窄的可能的危险因素.方法 2008年至2009年间,共对219例食管早期癌或癌前病变进行内镜下黏膜切除术治疗,其中9例出现食管狭窄,对这9例患者（狭窄组）的病变性质、范围、治疗情况等进行回顾性分析,并与其它术后无狭窄患者（对照组,n=202,有8例术后病理证实有黏膜下层浸润,转外科手术,未纳入比较）进行比较.结果 两组患者在性别、年龄、病变位置、病变长度及术后病理方面无显著差别,但狭窄组创面范围＞3/4食管周径的比例（8/9,88.9%）明显高于对照组（9/202,4.5%,P＜0.01）.结论 对内镜治疗后范围超过食管周径3/4的早期食管癌或癌前病变,内镜下黏膜切除术后发生食管狭窄的风险明显增加.     

食管内镜黏膜下剥离术后狭窄的发生机制及临床防治的研究进展

随着内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）的发展,较大范围的食管癌前病变和早期食管癌已可实现完整有效的内镜下切除。与外科手术相比,食管ESD具有创伤小、痛苦少和恢复快等优点;与内镜下黏膜切除术（EMR）相比,ESD整块切除率和治愈性切除率更高,也便于精确的组织学评估。但较大范围的食管ESD术后并发症尤其是狭窄和吞咽困难发生率高,不仅影响患者生活质量,而且制约了ESD技术的进一步推广。因此,食管ESD术后狭窄的防治已成为近年来研究的热点问题,本文就食管ESD术后狭窄的发生机制及临床防治的研究进展做一综述。     

食管全周浅表癌内镜黏膜下剥离术后长期保留胃管对食管狭窄的预防及治疗作用

为探讨食管全周浅表癌行内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）后长期保留胃管对食管狭窄预防及治疗的影响,回顾性分析2018年1月—2021年12月在南京医科大学第一附属医院行ESD的食管全周浅表癌患者,术后置入胃管患者15例（胃管置入组）,无胃管置入患者23例（无胃管置入组）,比较两组患者基础情况、病变位置、病理分期、术后并发症、食管狭窄程度（进水情况）、疼痛情况、住院次数及医疗费用等资料。结果显示,两组患者在年龄、性别、病变位置及术后病理分期的构成方面差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。与无胃管置入组相比,胃管置入组患者可进水率较高（11/15比6/23,P<0.05）,发生疼痛次数较少［（7.3±3.1）次比（10.7±3.6）次,t=3.00,P<0.05］,ESD后至食管支架置入前及置入后的住院次数和医疗总费用均明显低于无胃管置入组（P<0.05）。ESD后迟发性出血率、穿孔率以及首次狭窄出现时间,两组差异均无统计意义（P>0.05）。研究结果初步表明食管全周病变患者行ESD后长期保留胃管可减轻食管狭窄程度,具有较良好的安全性。     

布地奈德凝胶预防食管内镜黏膜下剥离术后 大面积狭窄的价值

目的评估布地奈德凝胶（budesonide viscous suspension,BVS）预防食管内镜黏膜下剥离术（endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD）术后大面积狭窄的有效性和安全性。 方法回顾性分析2014年10月—2018年12月于福建省立医院行ESD,术后黏膜缺损超过1/2周的62例早期食管癌或癌前病变的患者临床资料。根据术后有无接受BVS治疗,分为接受BVS治疗组（BVS组,24例）和未给予BVS组（对照组,38例）。对比两组狭窄发生率、术后探条扩张次数、并发症发生率,并对术后食管狭窄危险因素行Logistic回归分析。结果BVS组术后狭窄发生率明显低于对照组［16.7%（4/24）比47.3%（18/38）,P=0.005],BVS组术后探条扩张次数少于对照组（1.50±0.58比2.70±1.09,P=0.039）。BVS组未发生与BVS相关的严重不良事件,如穿孔和大量出血。经多因素Logistic回归分析,环周≥3/4（OR=37.970, 95%CI：6.338~227.482）及术后未予BVS处理(OR=20.962,95%CI：3.374~130.243）是导致术后食管狭窄的独立危险因素。结论吞服BVS可减少食管ESD术后的大面积狭窄发生率及所需的探条扩张次数,且安全、耐受性良好。     

Association of esophageal cancer and esophageal varices

Of the 312 cases of esophageal cancer seen over 2 years, four patients had associated varices. Three patients gave history of alcohol abuse. All had malnutrition and splenomegaly. Endoscopic biopsies were safe in the presence of varices. External radiation did not have any untoward effect on the varices. Prophylactic sclerotherapy was not required in these patients. The association between esophageal carcinoma and varices could be secondary to alcohol consumption or merely coincidental.     

Congenital esophageal stenosis associated with esophageal atresia

Congenital esophageal stenosis (CES) is a rare clinical condition but is frequently associated with esophageal atresia (EA). The aim of this study is to report the diagnosis, management, and outcome of CES associated with EA. Medical charts of CES‐EA patients from Lille University Hospital, Sainte‐Justine Hospital, and Montreal Children's Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Seventeen patients (13 boys) were included. The incidence of CES in patients with EA was 3.6%. Fifteen patients had a type C EA, one had a type A EA, and one had an isolated tracheoesophageal fistula. Seven patients had associated additional malformations. The mean age at diagnosis was 11.6 months. All but two patients had non‐specific symptoms such as regurgitations or dysphagia. One CES was diagnosed at the time of surgical repair of EA. In 12 patients, CES was suspected based on abnormal barium swallow. In the remaining four, the diagnostic was confirmed by esophagoscopy. Eleven patients were treated by dilation only (1–3 dilations/patient). Six patients underwent surgery (resection and anastomosis) because of failure of attempted dilations (1–7 dilations/patient). Esophageal perforation was encountered in three patients (18%). Three patients had histologically proven tracheobronchial remnants. CES associated with EA is frequent. A high index of suspicion for CES must remain in the presence of EA. Dilatation may be effective to treat some of them, but perforation is frequent. Surgery may be required, especially in CES secondary to ectopic tracheobronchial remnants.     

Effect of esophageal erosion on esophageal electrocardiogram

We recorded an esophageal electrocardiogram in a rabbit before and after producing esophageal erosion. The erosion caused an increase in P wave and R wave height and inversion of the T wave. Esophageal erosion can thus cause false positive repolarization changes in the esophageal electrocardiogram.     

Relationship between esophageal achalasia subtypes and esophageal clearance

Esophagus - The diagnosis and pathological evaluation of esophageal achalasia have been improved dramatically by the development of high-resolution manometry. It is currently known to be divided...     

Lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction in diffuse esophageal spasm

Although lower esophageal sphincter (LES) dysfunction has been reported in patients with diffuse esophageal spasm, recent changes in manometric criteria for spasm and for LES relaxation suggested a need for reassessment. Moreover, LES relaxation in reflux-associated spasm has not been reported previously. On clinical criteria and independent of manometric findings, 22 patients with spasm were assigned to either idiopathic (I-DES, N = 9) or reflux-associated spasm (R-DES, N = 13) groups. Patients who underwent manometry for chest pain (C-NL, N = 10) or reflux (R-NL, N = 10) and had normal peristalsis served as control groups. Percent LES relaxation was significantly reduced in both spasm groups, and R-DES had significantly lower percent relaxation than I-DES. Post-deglutitive nadir sphincter pressure was significantly greater in R-DES than in I-DES. Duration of relaxation was normal in I-DES, but was significantly decreased in R-DES. This study indicates that 1) LES relaxation may be impaired in I-DES patients meeting current criteria for spasm, 2) the impairment in I-DES is primarily in "amplitude" of relaxation, i.e., percent relaxation and nadir pressure, but not duration, 3) LES relaxation may also be impaired in R-DES, and 4) the impairment in R-DES is to a greater degree than in I-DES patients and may be seen in both "amplitude" and duration of relaxation. This study shows that there is a spectrum of sphincter dysfunction in patients with esophageal spasm. It also suggests that there may be separate mechanisms for LES relaxation in R-DES patients, one with impaired relaxation and the other with near complete relaxation, "transient" or otherwise, to allow for reflux.     

A symptomatic esophageal mucocele after esophageal bypass surgery

We encountered a case of esophageal mucocele with progressive respiratory symptoms which originated from an excluded thoracic esophagus that was closed at both the proximal and distal ends, and which occurred 24 years after esophageal bypass surgery for a spontaneous esophageal rupture. The patient was a 64-year-old male who was treated by a temporary external drainage for relief of his symptoms without subsequent complete resection of the mucocele via thoracotomy, because of the high surgical risks associated with such a procedure. Four-hundred and fifty milliliters of waste removed during the initial external drainage showed no signs of inflammation or malignancy, suggesting that the reason this excluded esophagus was a symptomatic mucocele was not the observed vigorous secretion, because of irritated esophageal mucosal cells or malignant cells, but instead was the result of gradual accumulation of secretions from the normal esophageal mucosa. This case suggests that an excluded esophagus without any inflammation or malignancy could form a large mucocele that can cause serious symptoms, for example respiratory difficulty, even after an extremely long interval. Although he has been both relapse-free and drainage-free for more than 5 years, further long-term follow-up in this case is mandatory.     

Lower esophageal sphincter pressure, esophageal body motor functioning, and esophageal acid sensitivity

Esophageal acid sensitivity is believed to develop as a result of esophageal acid exposure, contributing factors being gastroesophageal reflux and delayed esophageal acid clearance. The relationship among lower esophageal sphincter pressure, motor functioning of the body of the esophagus, and esophageal acid sensitivity was examined by comparing the results from 912 patients and normal subjects studied with both esophageal manometric and Bernstein acid infusion tests. Positive acid infusions were statistically more closely associated with hypotensive lower esophageal sphincter pressures than with any motor abnormality in the body of the esophagus. Of the several esophageal body motor abnormalities considered, only feeble peristalsis had significantly more positive Bernstein tests than did normal esophageal body motor functioning. The findings from this study demonstrate that hypotensive lower esophageal sphincter pressure is more closely associated with an acid-sensitive esophagus than is impaired esophageal body motor functioning.