3,5-二羟基苯甲酸分光光度法测定水中硝酸盐氮

3,5-二羟基苯甲酸与硝酸根离子在浓硫酸中发生反应,生成砖红色硝基化合物,该砖红色硝基化合物在500～530 nm处有强烈吸收,利用这一现象可以实现对水中硝酸盐氮的测定.为了确定该测定方法的准确度,对反应条件进行试验,校准曲线回归方程R2=0.9995,并对已知硝酸盐氮浓度的水样进行加标回收测定,回收率在97.0％～1...     

磺酸树脂催化合成尼泊金酯的研究

以对羟基苯甲酸(PHBA)和丁醇为原料,用磺酸树脂作催化剂,催化合成了尼泊金丁酯,优化反应条件为:n(丁醇):n(对羟基苯甲酸)=5:1,催化剂磺酸树脂的用量为对羟基苯甲酸质量的21%,反应温度为回流温度,反应时间为5 h。尼泊金丁酯收率可达82.6%,催化剂可重复使用,产品结构用红外光谱图进行了表征。该方法也适合于合成尼泊金戊酯。     

磷钨酸催化合成对羟基苯甲酸丁酯的研究

在催化剂磷钨酸的存在下,研究了对羟基苯甲酸丁酯的合成反应,考察了反应物用量、反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量对酯化反应的影响。最佳工艺条件为:催化剂用量为对羟基苯甲酸重量的8%,对羟基苯甲酸和正丁醇的摩尔比为1∶5,反应时间为3.5h,反应温度为120℃,收率达52.4%。     

催化剂对4-乙酰氧基苯甲酸的合成影响研究

以对羟基苯甲酸(PHB)和乙酸酐(Ac2O)为原料,醋酸(HAc)为溶剂,考察浓硫酸和杂环化合物催化合成4-乙酰氧基苯甲酸(PABA),反应物配比为羟基苯甲酸∶乙酸酐∶醋酸=1∶1.05∶0.5,确定最佳催化剂加入量、反应时间和反应温度。结果表明,浓硫酸为催化剂时,最佳反应时间2 h,反应温度100℃,催化剂加入量为PHB质量的4%,产率67%;杂环化合物P为催化剂时,最佳反应温度80℃,反应时间2 h,催化剂加入量为PHB质量的0.3%,产率99.8%。杂环化合物比浓硫酸对PABA合成有更好的催化活性,反应条件温和,具有较好的工业化应用前景。     

甲苯-4-磺酸催化高效合成尼泊金正丁酯防腐剂

以对羟基苯甲酸和正丁醇为主要原料,甲苯-4-磺酸为催化剂,正丁醇为带水剂,催化合成尼泊金正丁酯。考察了原料对羟基苯甲酸和正丁醇的摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间等对反应的影响。结果表明,适宜的反应条件:以0.02 mol对羟基苯甲酸计,n(正丁醇)∶n(对羟基苯甲酸)=4∶1,m(甲苯-4-磺酸)∶m(对羟基苯甲酸)=0.12∶1,反应温度140℃,反应时间3 h。该条件下,重复实验3次,尼泊金正丁酯收率均达99%以上。     

微波辐射下二丁基锡（Ⅳ）对氨基苯磺酸酯催化合成对羟基苯甲酸异戊酯

以二丁基氧化锡和对氨基苯磺酸为原料合成了二丁基锡（IV）对氨基苯磺酸酯,并以此为催化剂,在微波辐射下合成了对羟基苯甲酸异戊酯。探讨了微波功率、催化剂用量、反应时间、温度及醇酸摩尔比对酯合成收率的影响。结果表明,该有机锡化合物在微波辐射下对酯化反应有良好的催化活性,在辐射功率为550 W,辐射时间为40 min,催化剂用量为0.5 g,醇酸摩尔比为5∶1,反应温度为110℃的条件下,对羟基苯甲酸异戊酯的收率可达94%。     

对羟基苯甲酸丙酯的合成热力学分析

由对羟基苯甲酸与丙醇制备对羟基苯甲酸丙酯为一复合反应体系。用基团贡献法计算了该反应体系的标准气相生成焓、气相绝对熵、理想气体热容、气化热等基础热力学数据；并在此基础上，绘出了反应平衡常数随温度变化的曲线。热力学分析结果对实验室研究及工业化生产有一定的指导意义。     

双活性液晶中间体4-(ω)-羟乙氧基苯甲酸的合成及其工艺研究

以氢氧化钠、碘化钾、2-溴乙醇以及对羟基苯甲酸为基本原料合成了4-（ω）-羟乙氧基苯甲酸,并通过正交实验讨论了反应温度和反应物用量等因素对反应产率的影响,得到了最佳合成工艺,其产率可达到90％以上。最后用IR和1H NMR将所得化合物进行了结构表征,证明所合成化合物是4-（ω）-羟乙氧基苯甲酸。     

6—羟基—1，2，3—苯并噻二唑的合成研究

合成了用于诱导植物系统获得抗性的化合物6－羟基－1，2，3－苯并噻二唑，其合成步骤如下：以对氨基苯甲酸（1）为原料，用乙酰酐作为乙酰化试剂，在加热回流下反应4h，将化合物I的氨基进行保护，得对－乙酰氨基苯甲酸（II），将化合物II在12－15℃下缓慢加入到氨碘酸中去进行氯碘化反应，氯碘酸对化合物II的量比为n(氯碘酸）：n(对－乙酰氨基苯甲酸）＝4：1，反应温度维持在60℃，得化合物2－乙酰氨基－5－羟基苯磺酰氯（Ⅲ），以锌粉加醋酸作为还原剂，在70℃下搅拌回流6h，将化合物Ⅲ还原为3－巯基－4－氨基－苯甲酸（Ⅳ），将化合物Ⅳ在0－5℃下用亚硝酸钠加冰醋酸去进行重氮化反应，然后用乙醚萃取，蒸去溶剂后得红棕色固体产物6－羧基－1，2，3－苯并噻二唑（Ⅴ），产率43％。     

羧酸硒醚、二硒醚及相应硒多糖的合成

用NaBH4还原硒粉得Se2-或-SeSe-,然后在碱性水溶液中与氯乙酸、3-氯丙酸和对-溴甲基苯甲酸在室温下反应,制得相应的羧酸硒醚,收率分别为51.9%、62.6%和58.6%,以及丙酸和对甲基苯甲酸二硒醚,收率67.8%和72.1%。用乙酸硒醚分别与邻氨基苯甲酸和水杨酸反应引入其他基团,收率73.6%和69.8%。最后这些合成的化合物通过形成酰氯与麒麟菜多糖中的羟基醚化得到含硒醚或二硒醚结构的新型硒多糖,收率40%~60%。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.