SWRH72A帘线钢盘条晶粒度测试方法

采用直接淬硬法、直接侵蚀+金相分析法、直接侵蚀+SEM分析法以及EBSD分析法对国内外SWRH72A帘线钢盘条晶粒度进行了研究。结果表明,直接淬硬法显示的是SWRH72A盘条原奥氏体晶粒尺寸;直接侵蚀+SEM分析法,相较于传统金相法,更能合理评价SWRH72A盘条晶粒度;EBSD法可进行快速便捷的自动表征,重构出清晰的晶界,评价的是盘条经控轧控冷后的实际晶粒尺寸。综上所述,用EBSD法评定SWRH72A盘条晶粒度检测和质量控制更有重要价值。     

弹簧钢奥氏体晶粒检验方法的探讨

弹簧钢奥氏体晶粒度按照国标GB/T 6394的规定采用直接淬硬法进行检验,在生产中由于试样表面经侵蚀后形成的黄色膜导致无法进行检验。尝试改进直接淬硬法和使用氧化法进行奥氏体晶粒度检验,试验表明,改进的直接淬硬法、氧化法均可显示奥氏体晶粒度,氧化法显示的晶界比直接淬硬法更清晰、完整,直接淬硬法显示的晶界勉强可作为生产评定,无法作为仲裁评定;氧化法测定的结果非材料基体组织的奥氏体晶粒度,只能表征材料的后续热处理能力。     

82B盘条奥氏体晶粒度检测方法比较

采用氧化法和直接淬硬法对82B系列高碳钢盘条的奥氏体晶粒度进行了研究。结果表明:氧化法和直接淬硬法均能清晰显示82B盘条奥氏体晶界,氧化法的关键在于热处理后的磨抛过程;直接淬硬法的关键在于奥氏体晶界的侵蚀过程。使用氧化法比直接淬硬法测得的82B奥氏体晶粒度大0.5级,其原因为试样表层的脱碳。     

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通过对60Si2CrVAT弹簧钢的直接淬硬法所获得的晶粒度与氧化法中试样表层不同的深度及不同的腐蚀方法所获得的晶粒度的检验比较,分析了用氧化法检验60Si2CrVAT弹簧钢奥氏体晶粒度时出现错误结果的原因,得出用氧化法检验60 Si2 CrVAT弹簧钢奥氏体晶粒度最准确的方法是一定要控制检验面的打磨深度,将检验面最表层氧化铁皮轻微磨掉即可,抛光后直接观察或经1 5％盐酸酒精溶液腐蚀使晶界更清晰后观察评定.     

检测方法对20CrNiMoH钢奥氏体晶粒度的影响

奥氏体晶粒度是衡量钢材质量的一个重要指标,研究了奥氏体晶粒度显示方法对20CrNiMoH渗碳齿轮钢奥氏体晶粒度检测结果的影响。结果表明,氧化法和直接淬硬法检测的奥氏体晶粒度差别较小,渗碳法检测的奥氏体晶粒比氧化法和直接淬硬法低0.2～0.3级,模拟渗碳法检测奥氏体晶粒度存在混晶现象。对造成模拟渗碳法出现混晶的原因进行了分析,并给出了改进措施,确保使用模拟渗碳法检测奥氏体晶粒度仍没有混晶现象出现。     

高碳钢盘条晶粒度检测方法比较

为了准确地检验高碳钢盘条晶粒度大小,分别选用直接侵蚀法和直接淬硬法进行比较。结果表明,直接侵蚀法显示的是珠光体团的大小,而直接淬硬法显示的是原奥氏体晶粒的大小,直接淬硬法较直接侵蚀法显示的晶界清晰,评定的结果真实可信。综合比较建议采用直接淬硬法进行仲裁检测高碳钢盘条原奥氏体晶粒度。     

磨削用量对球墨铸铁QT400磨削淬硬层及其均匀性的影响

采用逆磨+顺磨的双程平面磨削方式对球墨铸铁QT400进行磨削淬硬试验,研究了磨削深度a_p和试样进给速度v_w对淬硬层及其均匀性的影响。结果表明,磨削后试样表层存在熔化、完全相变淬硬和未完全相变淬硬等3种情况,其中,熔化层组织为二次渗碳体、残留奥氏体和碳化物,完全相变淬硬层组织为针状马氏体、残留奥氏体和球状石墨,未完全淬硬层组织为针状马氏体、铁素体、残留奥氏体和球状石墨。显微硬度分布曲线中高硬度区的平均硬度值在850~950 HV0.2之间,与基体(190~230 HV0.2)相比,显微硬度提高近3倍。随着磨削深度a_p的增大或试样进给速度v_w的减小,试样表层呈现“完全未淬硬→未完全淬硬→完全淬硬→熔化”的变化规律,显微硬度分布曲线中高硬度区的范围也变宽,淬硬层的深度也增大且均匀性良好。     

抗肿瘤坏死因子单抗对脂多糖诱导的人牙周膜成纤维细胞TRAIL和TNF-α的影响

目的: 观察脂多糖对人牙周膜成纤维细胞(HPLFs )肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)受体相关凋亡诱导配体(TRAIL) 和TNF-α的诱导作用及抗肿瘤坏死因子单抗(抗TNF单抗)对其的影响,探讨TNF超家族参与牙周病的可能作用机制。方法: HPLFs培养至第6代, 加入不同浓度的脂多糖(0、0.1、1、10、100 μg/mL)培养 24 h,分为命名为Z₀组、Z_0.1组、Z₁组、Z₁₀组、Z₁₀₀组,并取Z₁组浓度的脂多糖,在加药的同时加抗TNF单抗 75 μg/mL( Z₁+75组)。分别采用实时荧光定量PCR法或Western blot法测定TRAIL 和TNF-α mRNA或蛋白的表达。结果: Z₁组、Z₁₀组HPLFs TRAIL mRNA的表达水平显著高于Z₀组或Z_0.1 组(均P<0.05),Z₁组与Z₁₀组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05); Z₁₀₀组显著高于Z₀组(P<0.05)且与Z_0.1组、Z₁组和Z₁₀组比较差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。Z₁组或Z₁₀组TNF-α mRNA的表达水平显著高于Z₀组或Z₁₀₀组(均P<0.05);Z₁组与Z₁₀组之间,Z₀组、Z_0.1组和Z₁₀₀组之间差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。HPLFs TRAIL 蛋白的表达水平在Z₁₀₀组0组0.1组1组(均P<0.05 或<0.01);Z₁₀组显著高于Z₀组或Z₁₀₀组(均P<0.01),但与Z_0.1组或Z₁组之间差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。抗TNF单抗治疗后TRAIL mRNA及蛋白和TNF-α mRNA的表达水平显著低于Z₁组(P<0.05 和P<0.01)。TRAIL和TNF-α mRNA的表达水平呈显著直线正相关(r=0.819,n=30, P<0.01)。结论: HPLFs经脂多糖诱导后,其TRAIL和TNF-α的表达呈现先升高后下降,且随脂多糖的浓度变化而相应地变化,这种诱导作用能被抗TNF单抗所抑制。     

淬火与回火工艺对42CrMo钢显微组织和奥氏体晶粒长大规律的影响

研究了860～940℃淬火与200～600℃回火对42CrMo钢显微组织的影响,并用金相截线法对奥氏体晶粒尺寸进行测量,建立了42CrMo钢奥氏体晶粒生长动力学方程。结果表明,随着淬火温度和保温时间的增加,42CrMo钢中残留碳化物数量明显减少,碳化物由片状逐渐变为颗粒状。随着淬火温度的升高,板条马氏体组织变得越来越均匀细小。随着回火温度的升高,钢的显微组织向回火屈氏体、回火索氏体转变,当回火温度为600℃时,得到的回火索氏体组织更均匀密集。基于Beck模型的42CrMo钢奥氏体晶粒生长规律的拟合结果,得出奥氏体晶粒长大激活能为2.62×10³ J·mol^-1。     

钢的奥氏体晶粒度检验方法

采用氧化法和晶粒边界腐蚀法对几种不同的碳钢和合金钢的奥氏体晶粒的显示进行了对比试验。结果表明,该两种方法对碳钢的显示效果差别不大,对合金钢而言,氧化法较晶粒边界腐蚀法所显示的奥氏体晶粒要细。对氧化法中存在的问题提出一些看法。     

Deformation-induced austenite grain rotation and transformation in TRIP-assisted steel

Uniaxial straining experiments were performed on a rolled and annealed Si-alloyed TRIP (transformation-induced plasticity) steel sheet in order to assess the role of its microstructure on the mechanical stability of austenite grains with respect to martensitic transformation. The transformation behavior of individual metastable austenite grains was studied both at the surface and inside the bulk of the material using electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) by deforming the samples to different strain levels up to about 20%. A comparison of the XRD and EBSD results revealed that the retained austenite grains at the surface have a stronger tendency to transform than the austenite grains in the bulk of the material. The deformation-induced changes of individual austenite grains before and after straining were monitored with EBSD. Three different types of austenite grains can be distinguished that have different transformation behaviors: austenite grains at the grain boundaries between ferrite grains, twinned austenite grains, and embedded austenite grains that are completely surrounded by a single ferrite grain. It was found that twinned austenite grains and the austenite grains present at the grain boundaries between larger ferrite grains typically transform first, i.e. are less stable, in contrast to austenite grains that are completely embedded in a larger ferrite grain. In the latter case, straining leads to rotations of the harder austenite grain within the softer ferrite matrix before the austenite transforms into martensite. The analysis suggests that austenite grain rotation behavior is also a significant factor contributing to enhancement of the ductility.     

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 以CR600TRIP工业成品钢为研究对象,利用彩色金相、SEM、TEM和EBSD等技术手段,在详细考察TRIP钢的微观组织特别是残余奥氏体分布规律的基础上,进一步利用分阶段拉伸试验,对钢中残余奥氏体在应力作用的相变行为进行了考察分析。研究发现,钢中残余奥氏体的相变行为表现出显著的选择性：既有按其本身的稳定性由小晶粒到大晶粒逐步递进的总体趋势,更与应力应变的发展方向,以及所处晶界的曲率有着直接联系。     

氧化时间对低合金弹簧钢奥氏体晶粒度测定的影响

氧化法可用于钢中晶粒度的测定。研究控制氧化时间对弹簧钢50CrV奥氏体晶粒度的影响。结果发现,氧化过程大致分为3个阶段:第一阶段,过剩铁素体相不断转变为奥氏体;第二阶段,基体与氧化膜之间的阴阳离子再次加快扩散,下层金属基体继续氧化脱碳,部分之前试样表面的奥氏体晶界被替代;第三阶段,一、二阶段的奥氏体晶粒逐渐长大,新旧氧化膜叠加生长,并在55SiCr、60Si2Mn、65Si2CrV钢得到验证。在不影响检测结果准确性的情况下,氧化时间可以由标准的60 min缩短至一半左右,再通过修正可得到晶粒度为10.96级,此结果与直接腐蚀法11.00级和氢致沿晶断口法11.09级相近。     

Effect of grain size on the properties of manganese austenite steel 110G13L

Castings of steel 110G13L produced by many plants have coarse austenite grains (from −1 to +1 points in accordance with GOST 5639-82) which are not regulated and not controlled. However, it has been shown that ladles of mining machines, drags in particular, have a diminished operating stability. The present paper is devoted to the effect of grain size on the mechanical properties, the intensity of strain hardening, and the abrasion strength under impact loading of manganese austenite steel 110G13L. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 5, pp. 18–20, May, 1997.     

GH738合金冷变形及中间退火再结晶行为研究

通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜、电子背散射衍射、显微硬度计等手段,系统研究了GH738合金不同冷轧变形量后中间退火组织演变规律。研究表明:变形量是影响加工硬化的主要因素;经过不同冷轧变形后,1000℃退火奥氏体未发生再结晶;在1040～1080℃进行退火处理,可得到均匀细小的等轴晶。建立了GH738合金冷加工本构方程和再结晶晶粒长大方程。     

含Al中锰TRIP钢原始组织对临界退火后组织与力学性能的影响

利用Factsage软件、SEM、XRD等研究了不同原始组织的0.2C-5.0Mn-0.5Si-1.0Al中锰TRIP钢经临界区退火处理后的显微组织与力学性能。结果表明,经热力学计算、设计的不同预处理工艺处理后试验钢的组织分别为:铁素体+块状残留奥氏体(700 ℃预处理10 min)、铁素体+马氏体+少量残留奥氏体 (800 ℃预处理5 min) 和马氏体+少量碳化物 (900 ℃预处理5 min)。不同预处理工艺处理后试样能获得不同形貌的残留奥氏体,700 ℃预处理+临界退火试样得到块状残留奥氏体,其他两种工艺下为膜状残留奥氏体。800 ℃预处理+临界退火试样拥有最佳力学性能,屈服强度为840 MPa,抗拉强度为1121.5 MPa,伸长率为33.25%,强塑积达到37.29 GPa·%。残留奥氏体形貌对中锰钢的加工硬化性能有显著影响,700 ℃预处理+临界退火试样的块状残留奥氏体稳定性较差,表现出高的加工硬化率,但持续区间较短;而800 ℃预处理+临界退火试样的膜状残留奥氏体稳定性更好,试样呈现较高的加工硬化率且持续区间较长。     

Super304H耐热钢时效过程中的奥氏体晶粒长大及力学性能

对经过预变形和短时固溶处理得到的不同晶粒度Super304H管材进行750℃×129 h高温时效处理,以模拟Super304H钢管长时服役过程的奥氏体晶粒长大。采用OM、EBSD、TEM等测试手段表征了奥氏体晶粒晶界特征,探讨了时效过程中奥氏体晶粒长大机制;通过室温及高温拉伸测试研究了时效后不同奥氏体晶粒尺寸对Super304H钢力学性能的影响。结果表明,经预变形和短时固溶后,Super304H耐热钢管试样主要织构为<111>//RD(Rolling direction),时效过程中该取向的奥氏体晶粒以吞噬其他高畸变晶粒为代价进一步生长;经高温时效后,Super304H钢管试样室温、高温拉伸性能随着晶粒尺寸的增大均呈下降趋势,伸长率随晶粒尺寸增大下降明显。伸长率可作为服役态Super304H耐热钢管金属监督的重点指标。     

Effect of prior hot rolling on the microstructures and mechanical properties of duplex stainless steel containing tempered martensite and ferrite

A duplex structure of δ-ferrite and lath martensite with interlath retained austenite film is developed in this study by modifying the alloy addition. The presence of δ-ferrite can further strengthen the grain refinement of austenite during hot rolling. As a result, the amount of retained austenite is enhanced. Tempered martensite embrittlement occurs due to the decomposition of retained austenite, and grain refinement can in fact ameliorate the tempered martensite embrittlement by delaying the onset of the embrittlement to a higher temperature. The combined effect of uniform and small grains as well as a large amount of retained austenite provides a further increase in the mechanical properties. After identical tempering treatments, all mechanical properties measured in the as-rolled condition were found to be higher than those of direct quenching without rolling. After hot rolling, the increase in the hardness and tensile strength was not accompanied by a drop in the ductility and toughness.     

淬火温度对5Cr15MoV钢空冷淬火组织与性能的影响

通过1000~1200 ℃间隔50 ℃的系列加热温度对5Cr15MoV马氏体不锈钢进行空冷淬火试验,并采用光学显微镜、EBSD和洛氏硬度计对不同温度淬火后组织和硬度进行检测,研究了淬火温度对试验钢组织、晶粒尺寸、残留奥氏体含量以及硬度的影响。结果表明,试验钢淬火后组织为马氏体+未溶合金碳化物+残留奥氏体。随着淬火温度升高,马氏体板条尺寸增大,未溶碳化物量逐渐减少直至消失,残留奥氏体含量先增加后减少。试验钢的硬度变化趋势为先增加后显著降低,在淬火温度为1050 ℃达到最大值60.8 HRC。试验钢硬度主要是马氏体的含碳量、晶粒尺寸、残留奥氏体含量和碳化物含量综合作用的结果。     

The role of crystal misorientations during solid-state nucleation of ferrite in austenite

The role of grain and phase boundary misorientations during nucleation of ferrite in austenite has been investigated. Electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) was performed on a high-purity iron alloy with 20 wt.% Cr and 12 wt.% Ni with austenite and ferrite stable at room temperature in order to identify the crystallographic misorientation between austenite grains and between ferrite and austenite grains. It is observed that the specific orientation relationships between ferrite and austenite play a dominant role during solid-state nucleation of ferrite. Ferrite grains nucleate on grain faces independently of the misorientation between austenite grains, although random high-angle grain boundaries have a slightly higher efficiency. Different types of nucleation mechanisms are found to be active during ferrite formation at grain faces. A slight deformation of the austenite matrix was found to triple the number of ferrite nuclei during isothermal annealing.