颅内前循环动脉瘤术中诱发电位监测效果评估

目的 探讨全静脉麻醉下经颅电刺激运动诱发电位(TES-MEPs)联合体感诱发电位(SEP)监测颅内前循环动脉瘤手术及预防缺血性卒中的应用价值.方法 47例颅内动脉瘤夹闭手术患者,术中行SEP和TES-MEPs联合监测,以神经功能检查作为评价指标,比较术前和术后神经功能的改变和诱发电位变化之间的关系.结果 43例神经功能未见显著改变,4例神经功能出现不同程度下降,其中3例MEP及SEP同时出现波幅下降＞50%或消失,且手术结束时未恢复至基线水平,与术后神经功能障碍发生具有一致性.结论 术中监测指标的改变可较早地获得脑缺血的证据,联合SEP与MEP监测有利于降低术后缺血性脑卒中的发生.     

术中体感诱发电位监测联合直接皮层电刺激技术在脑功能区手术中的应用

目的:探讨皮层体感诱发电位(SEP)波形位相倒置、术中直接电刺激(DCES)联合监测定位脑功能区的方法及意义.方法:在对37例运动感觉功能区占位患者术中采用SEP波形翻转、DCES定位感觉区和运动区的前提下,手术切除病变.结果:34例病人成功引出SEP,其中25例记录到明确的SEP的位相倒置,藉此定位中央沟,其中23例患者成功引出运动诱发电位(MEP),定位出感觉、运动皮层.有3例既未引出SEP也未引出MEP.术后患者脑功能大部分好转,未出现永久性功能障碍.结论:颅内占位患者术中联合采用SEP波形位相倒置与DCES监测技术定位,能在最大限度切除肿瘤的同时有效保护运动功能.     

大型及巨大型颅内动脉瘤夹闭术中神经电生理监测的应用效果分析

目的探讨大型及巨大型颅内动脉瘤直接夹闭术中神经电生理监测的应用效果。方法回顾性分析我院2013年1月至2015年1月直接开颅手术夹闭的大型及巨大型动脉瘤患者的临床资料共26例,术中均应用体感诱发电位(SEP)及运动诱发电位(MEP)监测。选取我院术中未应用电生理监测的大型及巨大型动脉瘤患者临床资料共25例做对照,比较两组患者动脉瘤夹闭效果及预后。结果应用神经电生理监测的26例中,术中电位均有异常改变并报警,术后动脉瘤夹闭不全4例,2例后交通动脉瘤患者因颈内动脉狭窄大面积脑梗塞死亡,2例前交通动脉瘤患者术后出现尾状核头梗塞,2例大脑中动脉瘤出现额叶非功能区梗塞。对照组25例中,3例后交通动脉瘤行孤立术,直接夹闭22例;夹闭不全6例,2例大脑中动脉瘤及1例后交通动脉瘤患者术后因大面积脑梗塞死亡,2例出现中央区梗塞;3例后交通动脉瘤患者出现内囊后肢梗塞,2例眼动脉瘤患者出现基底节区大面积梗塞。两组病例预后结果差异有显著统计学意义(P0.05)。结论大型及巨大型颅内动脉瘤直接开颅夹闭术中应用神经电生理监测,对评估术中载瘤动脉塑形效果提供重要参考依据,能有效预防载瘤动脉狭窄,减少术后脑梗塞发生,提高手术效果。     

SEP监测在大脑前、中动脉动脉瘤栓塞术中的应用价值

目的探讨躯体感觉诱发电位(SEP)在颅内动脉瘤栓塞术中的应用价值。方法 2007年3月至2010年12月血管内栓塞治疗大脑中动脉(MCA)动脉瘤患者31例和大脑前动脉(ACA)动脉瘤患者25例,均行术中SEP监测,分析术中SEP的异常情况。结果共24例患者SEP发生异常(波幅下降>50%和潜伏期延长>10%),其中MCA动脉瘤栓塞时16例,ACA动脉瘤栓塞时8例。MCA动脉瘤栓塞时上肢SEP异常10例(32.3%),下肢SEP异常1例(3.2%),上下肢SEP均异常5例(16.1%)。ACA动脉瘤栓塞时,下肢SEP异常7例(28.0%),上下肢均异常1例(4.0%)。两组动脉瘤栓塞时上肢及下肢SEP异常率均差异明显(P<0.05)。MCAM1段动脉瘤栓塞术中SEP异常率最高,达37.5%(9/24)。SEP异常患者经术中干预后,21例SEP完全恢复正常,其中19例无新发神经功能障碍,1例下肢轻瘫,1例出现头晕;3例SEP部分恢复,术后出现相应的神经功能障碍。结论颅内动脉栓塞术中SEP监测有利于及时发现脑组织缺血(SEP异常)并及时给予术中干预,对降低患者脑梗死发生率及改善患者预后有重要意义。     

运动诱发电位联合体感诱发电位监测在脊髓髓内肿瘤手术中的应用

目的 探讨全静脉麻醉下运动诱发电位(MEP)联合体感诱发电位(SEP)术中监测应用于脊髓髓内肿瘤手术的优越性、可靠性及临床应用价值.方法 对72例脊髓髓内肿瘤患者术中行SEP和MEP联合监测,参照McCormick评分标准对术前、术后脊髓功能的改变和诱发电位变化之间的关系进行统计分析.结果 14例脊髓神经功能改善,18例术后脊髓神经功能下降者与诱发电位监测结果具有一致性(P＜0.05).结论 对脊髓髓内肿瘤手术进行SEP与MEP监测有利于避免"假阴性/假阳性"结果及术后神经功能障碍的发生.     

颅内动脉瘤术中诱发电位监测的初步探讨

目的 初步探讨颅内动脉瘤手术中躯体感觉诱发电位、脑干听觉诱发电位及运动诱发电位的临床应用价值.方法 在16例动脉瘤手术中开展诱发电位监测,观察术中电生理信号改变与术后神经功能状态的关系.结果 11例术中未出现电生理信号异常改变,5例术中出现了异常信号,其中信号未能恢复正常的4例术后均出现新发神经功能障碍.结论 诱发电位监测可实时了解颅内动脉瘤手术中有无脑缺血所致的神经功能障碍,对指导手术及评估预后均有重要意义.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the application of intraoperative neuroelectrophysiological monitoring on somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP), brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) and motor evoked potentials (MEP) during intracranial aneurysm surgery.Methods SEP, BAEP or MEPs were monitored during operations on 16 patients with intracranial aneurysms.The relationship between the intraoperative changes of electrophysiological signals and the postoperative outcomes of neurological deficits was evaluated.Results 11 patients without abnormal intraoperative electrophysiological signal changes demonstrated no new neurological deficits after surgery.However, in the left 5 patients, abnormal changes of intraoperative electrophysiological signals were detected.Among these 5 patients, 4 with abnormal electrophysiological signals which were not recovered intraoperatively demonstrated new developed functional deficits immediately after surgery.Conclusion During intracranial aneurysm surgery, the monitoring on SEP, MEP and BAEP is beneficial not only to timely detecting neurological functional deficits resulted from intraoperative cerebral ischemia, but also to properly guiding surgical manipulation, and to reliably predicting postoperative outcome as well.     

复合监测下颈内动脉内膜剥脱术治疗重度颈内动脉狭窄的临床研究

目的 探讨复合监测下颈内动脉内膜剥脱术治疗重度颈内动脉狭窄的应用价值。方法 对63例颈内动脉重度狭窄患者行颈动脉内膜剥脱术(Carotid endarterectomy, CEA)治疗,术中联合经颅多普勒(Transcranial dopple, TCD)和体感诱发电位(Somatosensory evoked potential, SEP)、运动诱发电位(Motor evoked potential, MEP)监测,用TCD监测并记录手术侧大脑中动脉(Middle cerebral artery, MCA)血流动力学的变化及栓子脱落情况,通过电生理监测记录术中SEP,MEP波幅的变化;神经外科医生进行术后脑缺血事件评估：(1)术后第1、3、5 d美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National institutes of health stroke scale, NIHSS)评分较术前≥4分,认为发生神经功能缺损;(2)颅脑磁共振成像(Magnetic resonance imaging, MRI)或计算机断层扫描(Computed tomography, CT)显示同侧大脑新发梗死灶。...     

癫(癎)性痉挛发作的头皮及颅内脑电图特点

目的:研究难治性癫(癎)性痉挛发作患者的头皮及颅内脑电图(EEG)特点,探讨与痉挛发作相关的EEG变化及其与发作间期放电、神经影像学之间的关系.方法:回顾性分析经外科手术治疗的11例患者的临床资料,分析头皮同步视频脑电图(V-EEG).此11例患者均行术中皮层EEG监测30-60min,其中4例术前行颅内电极长程EEG...     

荧光造影和脑电监测在术中闭塞载瘤动脉时的作用

目的 探讨术中脑电图(EEG)监测和吲哚菁绿(ICG)血管荧光造影在颅内动脉瘤术中闭塞载瘤动脉时的作用.方法 2008年5月至11月,5例颅内动脉瘤患者术中遭遇载瘤动脉闭塞或拟牺牲载瘤动脉,2例只应用了EEG监测,1例只应用了术中ICG脑咀管荧光造影,2例同时应用了EEG监测和术中ICG脑血管荧光造影,对牺牲载瘤动脉的安全性进行评价.结果 1例术中EEG监测提示脑侧枝循环不良者行脑血管重建;1例闭塞载瘤动脉者,术中ICG脑血管造影提示侧枝循环不良,术后出现了脑缺血并发症;3例EEG监测和(或)ICG脑血管荧光造影提示侧枝循环良好者,单纯行闭塞载瘤动脉,术后无相应脑缺血后遗症.结论 术中EEG监测和ICG脑血管荧光造影可以作为术中闭塞载瘤动脉安全性的评价手段,联合应用更有价值.     

诱发电位监测技术在脑干及其附近肿瘤手术中的应用

目的探讨诱发电位技术在脑干及其附近肿瘤手术中的应用价值。方法选择静脉麻醉下脑干及其附近病变手术病人18例,术中监测脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)7例,体感诱发电位(SEP)18例,运动诱发电位(MEP)5例。当术中波形发生明显异常时,即通知术者调整或停止操作。结果本组术中诱发电位监测均顺利完成。BAEPⅤ波变化6例,其中波形逐渐恢复5例,术后均未出现新的神经功能障碍;未恢复1例,术后轻度意识障碍,3d后清醒。SEP波形变化4例,其中手术结束时恢复至基线水平3例,术后未发现异常;未恢复1例,术后病人昏迷。MEP出现变化1例,调整刺激后恢复。结论在脑干及其附近病变手术中应用多种诱发电位技术,可及时、有效地监测并保护脑干功能。     

皮质和头皮脑电监测研究前循环载瘤动脉临时阻断的安全时限

目的在皮质脑电和头皮脑电监测下,研究前循环动脉瘤术中载瘤动脉临时阻断的安全时限。方法在常温、常压下对行开颅手术的52例（58个）前循环动脉瘤病人行术中头皮脑电和皮质脑电双相监测,对术中有无临时阻断、阻断时间、术中脑电变化及术后有无阻断动脉相关缺血事件等进行综合分析。结果18例（19支血管）临时阻断后皮质脑电出现明显变化。皮质脑电重度变化在各主要血管阻断后均有出现。皮质脑电提示严重皮质缺血时,在10min内恢复脑血流者术后均未出现阻断载瘤动脉相关的缺血性并发症。结论在皮质脑电出现重度变化时,10min是最长的阻断安全时限。就个体而言,各主要血管对于临时阻断的耐受时限无区别。     

吲哚菁绿荧光造影和经颅电刺激运动诱发电位联合监测在前循环动脉瘤夹闭术中的应用

目的探讨术中吲哚菁绿荧光造影(ICGA)和经颅电刺激运动诱发电位(TES-MEP)联合监测在前循环动脉瘤夹闭手术中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2013年6月至2014年3月收治的58例前循环动脉瘤夹闭患者的临床资料。其中ICGA和MEP联合监测组(ICGA+MEP组)37例,无监测组(非ICGA+MEP组)21例,手术均采取翼点入路动脉瘤夹闭术。比较两组患者术后预后情况及脑缺血发生率,并观察ICGA和MEP对术中策略的影响。结果按照GOS评价预后,ICGA+MEP组术后GOS分级明显高于非ICGA+MEP组,术后脑缺血发生率明显低于后者;同时ICGA和MEP联合监测对部分患者术中策略调整起着积极的作用。结论 ICGA和MEP联合监测可术中实时调整手术策略,有效降低手术并发症和提高患者术后生活质量,并能相互补充。     

体感诱发电位在复杂动脉瘤血管架桥及重建术中的应用

目的探讨体感诱发电位（SEP）在复杂动脉瘤血管架桥及重建手术中的应用。方法回顾分析2002～2008年24例复杂动脉瘤病人进行动脉瘤血管架桥及重建手术,术中分别采用动脉瘤切除远近端血管吻合,动脉瘤孤立加大隐静脉高流量搭桥或颞浅动脉低流量搭桥等方式处理动脉瘤,实时进行体感诱发电位监测：胫后神经刺激,记录双侧皮层的SEP。将P40波幅下降一半作为脑缺血的预警信号,潜伏期延长3ms作为参考。结果4例行动脉瘤切除远近端血管吻合,16例行大隐静脉高流量血管搭桥术,4例行颞浅动脉低流量血管搭桥。监测结果：Ⅰ型无变化16例;Ⅱ型加重但逐渐恢复：波幅下降一半,但稳定且略有回升4例;Ⅲ型加重无恢复：波幅下降一半,且继续下降,升高血压也无明显改善3例;Ⅳ型波形扁平且无恢复1例;Ⅴ型波形消失0例。结论在复杂动脉瘤手术中,术中体感诱发电位的监测可以提示血流阻断后脑供血情况及功能区脑灌注状态。对颅内动脉瘤手术的安全性提供了一定的保障,减少了手术风险,是一种简便、安全有效的监测技术。     

多重术中监护在前交通动脉瘤手术中的应用

目的 探讨经颅多普勒超声、吲哚菁绿荧光血管造影及神经电生理学等多重术中监测技术在前交通动脉动脉瘤显微外科手术中的应用价值.方法 回顾分析23例单发性前交通动脉动脉瘤夹闭术患者的临床资料、手术方式及术中监测过程,改良Rankin量表评分评价术后神经功能缺损程度.结果 23例患者动脉瘤均夹闭成功.其中,6例术中阻断A1段时运动诱发电位出现异常变化.恢复血流待缺血程度改善后继续手术;2例动脉瘤夹闭过程中经颅多普勒超声及吲哚菁绿荧光血管造影分别探及A2段及前交通动脉血流不畅,1例探及动脉瘤瘤颈残留,经调整动脉瘤夹位置后血流恢复或动脉瘤彻底夹闭,1例术后发生短暂性一侧肢体瘫痪,出院时遗留轻度神经功能障碍.改良Rankin量表评分为1分;其余患者术后均未发生脑出血或脑缺血性改变,出院时改良Rankin量表评分为0分.结论 术中多重监测技术可为前交通动脉动脉瘤夹闭术提供A1段临时阻断是否耐受缺血、动脉瘤是否残留,以及载瘤动脉和穿通支是否损伤,继而造成的脑缺血事件等重要信息.从而提高手术安全性.     

Ischemia changes and tolerance ratio of evoked potential monitoring in intracranial aneurysm surgery

Objective

We assessed the relationship between cerebral ischemia-induced changes in evoked potentials and the degree of ischemia tolerance.

Methods

47 patients underwent somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) and motor evoked potential (MEP) monitoring in intracranial aneurysm surgery. Three duration parameters (time) were recorded: Time 1, from the starting of temporary occlusion unavoidable in aneurysm surgery to the time the evoked potentials decrease from basal level to reaching the warning criterion; Time 2, from evoked potentials reaching the warning criterion to the time the blood flow was resumed; Time 3, after resuming the blood flow, the time it took the evoked potentials to recover to baseline. All three times can be reliably calculated in the SEP recording, but not in the MEP recording which consisted of either unchanged amplitudes or abruptly changing amplitudes, making it impossible to obtain Time 1. The ischemic tolerance ratio (ITR) was calculated as ITR = time 2/time 1 × 100%. New decreasing myodynamia and fresh infarction after the surgery were employed for evaluating neurological deficits postoperatively, and their correlations with the ischemia-induced changes of evoked potentials recorded during the surgery were analyzed.

Results

We found a change in SEPs in 12 patients whose cerebral ischemia was induced by temporary occlusion of the aneurysm's parent artery. We also found the development of postoperative neurological deficits in 4 patients whose ischemic tolerance ratio (ITR) reached over 80%, while no deficits were found in the other 8 patients whose ITR was less than 50%. MEP changes were seen in 4 patients whose cerebral ischemia was caused by accidentally clamping the perforating branches, causing the development of postoperative neurological deficits but not necessarily leading to significant SEP changes.

Conclusion

The Ischemia tolerance ratio (ITR) in SEP recordings is valuable to predicting postoperative neurological deficits caused by temporary occlusion of aneurysm's parent artery. Maintaining the ITR under 50% during operation can effectively avoid postoperative neurological deficits, while an ITR above 80% reliably forecasts postoperative neurological deficits. Complementary to SEPs, MEP recordings are particularly valuable in monitoring ischemic effects caused by accidentally clamping perforating branches. Taken together, this system of monitoring makes it possible to promptly adjust surgery procedures and minimize postoperative neurological deficits.     

Simultaneous multilobar electrocorticography (mEcoG) and scalp electroencephalography (scalp EEG) during intracranial vascular surgery: A new approach in neuromonitoring

OBJECTIVE: Intraoperative neuromonitoring for intracranial vascular surgery is primarily aimed at detecting early ischemic changes to prevent subsequent infarction. Despite various neurophysiological approaches detection of early and focal ischemic changes remains difficult. This study explores the feasibility and sensitivity of intraoperative monitoring using surface EEG (scalp EEG) and multilobar Electrocorticography (mEcoG) recording during intracranial vascular procedures. METHODS: About 21 recordings were acquired in 20 patients undergoing craniotomies for intracranial aneurysms (17), superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery bypass (twice in the same patient) and arteriovenous malformation (2). The recording of scalp EEG (needle electrodes) and EcoG was performed (cupules electrodes) during all of the surgery. Signal was visually analyzed online and using spectral analysis software offline. RESULTS: Good recordings were obtained in all cases, without adding any procedural morbidity. The most common abnormalities on mEcoG were high frequency waves (23-37 Hz; HF-beta3), which appeared just after vascular occlusion and were occasionally followed by slow waves or burst suppression pattern. This focal pattern was seen in a majority of cases (20/21) on the mEcoG, but only in 4 out of 21 cases on the EEG. CONCLUSIONS: Multi-lobe (mEcoG) recording is feasible during craniotomies and detects earlier and more EEG pattern variation than surface EEG monitoring during intracranial vascular manipulations. The authors discuss the high sensitivity of this technique to ischemic changes. SIGNIFICANCE: By detecting earlier and more focal changes than scalp EEG, mEcoG may favor during surgery an increase in interactive strategies and reduction of deleterious event.     

Evoked potential monitoring in carotid surgery: a review of 994 cases.

Intraoperative monitoring of brain function is desirable in carotid artery surgery to detect possible complications, but the monitoring methods must be simple to perform, sensitive, and reliable. Median nerve somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) monitoring fulfills these criteria. Between 1985 and 1990, we performed 994 operations of the carotid artery with SEP monitoring. In 92% of the cases, we were able to obtain viable SEP tracings. In seven cases, irreversible SEP loss was followed by a new neurologic deficit. In one case only, neurologic complications ensued without SEP loss. Although immediate intraoperative therapeutic options are limited, the monitoring enhances patient security by allowing intraoperative detection and postoperative analysis of complications. SEP monitoring appears to be at least as effective as conventional EEG monitoring. The viability, sensitivity, and reliability of newer methods, such as modified spectral EEG analysis, must be measured by this established procedure.