刺葡萄酒发酵过程中几类多酚成分的含量变化分析

该文以两种湖南刺葡萄品种（米葡萄和甜葡萄）为原料酿造的干红葡萄酒为研究对象,并利用高效液相色谱-质谱联用（HPLC-MS）技术分析在其酿造过程中酚类物质的含量变化。结果显示,在刺葡萄干红葡萄酒样品中共检测到六大类酚类物质共33种,其中包括7种黄酮醇类物质、5种黄烷-3-醇类物质、3种羟基苯甲酸类物质、3种羟基肉桂酸类物质、7种非酰化花色苷类物质、8种酰化花色苷类物质。在整个酿造过程中,两种刺葡萄酚类物质的变化基本一致,苹乳发酵结束后酚类物质均明显上升。其中米葡萄酒的黄酮醇、黄烷醇含量高于甜葡萄酒,而甜葡萄酒的其他四种酚类物质含量比米葡萄酒高。     

黄土高原地区酿酒葡萄果实多酚物质及抗氧化活性分析

以源于黄土高原地区的蛇龙珠和霞多丽葡萄果实为研究对象,通过光谱和液相色谱-质谱联用技术(HPLC-MS/MS)对其理化指标、多酚含量、抗氧化活性及非花色苷单体酚含量进行测定和分析。结果表明,红色品种蛇龙珠果实中的总酚、总类黄酮、总黄烷醇和总花色苷均不同程度地高于白色品种霞多丽,尤其是总黄烷醇含量前者是后者的2.7倍;蛇龙珠果实的抗氧化能力也高于霞多丽品种,在DPPH法和CUPRAC法的测定中,蛇龙珠果实的抗氧化能力分别是霞多丽的1.8和2.7倍;在2个品种中分别检测出25和12种非花色苷酚类物质,其中包括6种黄烷醇、13种黄酮醇、5种羟基苯甲酸和1种羟基肉桂酸物质,它们的组成和含量均有所不同,尤其是儿茶素含量前者是后者的2倍。品种因素对葡萄果实中酚类物质尤其是非花色苷单体酚物质的组成和含量造成不同程度的影响。在选用多种方法对葡萄果实的抗氧化活性进行评价时,测定结果在不同方法间存在协同性与差异性。     

酿酒和鲜食葡萄酿造起泡葡萄酒品质差异研究

选用陕西地区的鲜食葡萄品种户太八号、夏黑和酿酒品种爱格丽、嘉年华、玫瑰香为原料,酿制小容器起泡葡萄酒,并对不同品种葡萄酿造的起泡葡萄酒进行酚类物质、香气物质及感官指标进行定量描述分析（QDA）比较。结果表明：不同品种葡萄果实及起泡葡萄酒总酚含量存在显著差异（P＜0.05）,鲜食葡萄品种的总酚含量高于酿酒葡萄品种,夏黑葡萄果实中的总酚含量最高,为（97.95±2.93） mg/g,5种起泡葡萄酒的基本指标均符合国家标准,其中酿酒品种中嘉年华及鲜食品种里户太八号起泡葡萄酒的酚类物质含量较高;5种起泡葡萄酒共检测出香气物质50种,其中玫瑰香起泡葡萄酒香气物质种类最多（33种）;QDA分析结果表明,爱格丽及夏黑起泡葡萄酒感官品质较佳,分别得分75.99分和81.80分。     

红葡萄酒涩感研究进展

涩感是影响红葡萄酒感官质量及内在品质的关键因素。文章参考国内外研究结果,对比分析了红葡萄酒中的涩感物质、涩感产生机理、涩感强度及质量的影响因素、涩感的评价方法,为改善红葡萄酒质量提供参考。红葡萄酒中的涩感物质包括缩合单宁、水解单宁以及有机酸,涩感是由涩感物质和口腔作用引起的一种干燥的、粗糙的、褶皱的,收敛性的触觉,涩感的强度及质量主要取决于单宁的浓度、聚合度、结构特点,此外还受葡萄品种、产区、酿酒方式影响,涩感的评价方法主要有感官评价、化学分析这2大类,这2种方法往往结合使用以获取最佳分析结果。此外,合理选择葡萄原料及酿造方式也是提升红葡萄酒质量的有效方法。     

放汁法同时酿造干红和桃红葡萄酒及其酒质和抗氧化活性分析

以烟台产区的蛇龙珠葡萄为原料,采用放汁法同时酿造干红和桃红葡萄酒,对其发酵进程进行了检测,对陈酿后的葡萄酒进行主要理化指标和抗氧化活性分析。结果表明：桃红和干红葡萄酒均能正常发酵。放汁量不同,其葡萄酒的主要理化指标和抗氧化活性也不同,其中各组之间的干浸出物和总酚含量及还原力均存在显著差异。相关分析表明：葡萄酒的抗氧化活性不仅与酚类物质含量有关,还与干浸出物、蛋白质、酒石酸、总糖和还原糖含量等指标存在显著或极显著相关性。通过因子分析提取了2 个公因子,综合因子得分排名首位的是放汁量30%的干红葡萄酒,其品评得分同样排在首位,总体评价为口感醇厚,酒体丰满,具有明显的单宁结构感;品评得分排名第二的是桃红葡萄酒,其色泽淡雅,香气浓郁,口感清新。放汁法同时酿造干红和桃红葡萄酒值得在生产中推广应用。     

葡萄皮中的酚类物质对葡萄酒中酚含量的影响

采用HPLC法测定了赤霞珠和蛇龙珠葡萄及不同产地的蛇龙珠葡萄酿造的葡萄原酒中的酚类物质的含量。结果表明,赤霞珠葡萄中儿茶素、芦丁、原儿茶酸、咖啡酸和阿魏酸的含量明显比蛇龙珠葡萄皮的含量高;不同产地的蛇龙珠葡萄中的酚含量不同;且不同的单酚浸出率不同;葡萄酒中酚含量主要取决于葡萄皮中酚类物质的含量及各种酚类物质的浸出率。     

闪蒸工艺对干红葡萄酒中多酚含量和感官特性的影响

利用HPLC法和Folin酚比色法分别对经闪蒸工艺和传统工艺进行酒精发酵和苹果酸-乳酸发酵酿造的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒中进行了研究。结果表明,通过闪蒸工艺酿造的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒多数单体酚类物质和总酚要高于传统工艺。与传统工艺酿造的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒相比,其中闪蒸工艺酿造的赤霞珠干红葡萄酒咖啡酸、丁香酸、阿魏酸大幅度提高,没食子酸含量基本未发生变化。感官品评结果也显示,闪蒸处理的葡萄酒的综合感官质量显著高于传统方法处理的葡萄酒。与传统工艺相比,闪蒸工艺酿造的葡萄酒更适合多酚物质的转化,进一步改善酒的风味,实现口感的平衡。     

海拔对黄土高原地区赤霞珠和品丽珠葡萄酒中酚类物质及抗氧化活性的影响

以源于黄土高原地区3种海拔条件下的赤霞珠和品丽珠葡萄酒为研究对象,通过对其理化指标、酚类物质含量、抗氧化活性及非花色苷单体酚物质含量进行测定,比较葡萄园海拔对葡萄酒中酚类物质含量及抗氧化活性的影响。研究结果表明:与2种坡地葡萄酒相比,谷地和平地葡萄酒中总酚、总类黄酮和总黄烷醇含量高;随海拔上升,赤霞珠酒中总花色苷含量增加,而品丽珠酒彼此间无显著差异;2种葡萄酒的抗氧化能力随海拔的上升呈下降趋势;海拔对2种葡萄酒中非花色苷单体酚物质的组成无显著影响,而对其含量有不同程度的影响。谷地和平地的葡萄酒中儿茶素和表儿茶素的含量高于2种坡地的30%以上;坡地葡萄酒的黄酮醇含量也高于平地和谷地条件。海拔对赤霞珠和品丽珠葡萄酒的品质有一定影响,对不同品质指标间的影响存在差异。在黄土高原地区,低海拔葡萄园的赤霞珠和品丽珠葡萄酒中酚类物质含量及抗氧化能力均优于高海拔坡地葡萄酒。     

不同采收期对梅尔诺葡萄和葡萄酒酚类物质及抗氧化活性的影响

在葡萄酒生产控制环节,葡萄原料采收期的确定是影响葡萄酒质量的重要因素之一。通过研究酿酒葡萄主栽品种梅尔诺在不同采收期果实及相应葡萄酒的基本理化成分,主要功能性成分——酚类物质及其抗氧化能力的变化,利用主成分分析法确定梅尔诺的最佳采收期。研究结果显示,葡萄中的总酚、总黄酮、总黄烷醇及总花色苷均在9月30日采收时含量最高,DPPH清除力以及铜离子还原力在9月30日采收时最强,铁氰化钾还原力以及羟自由基清除力在10月6日采收时最强;对于葡萄酒,总酚、总黄酮及总黄烷醇在10月6日含量最高,DPPH清除力、铜离子还原力、铁氰化钾还原力在10月6日采收时最强,总花色苷在10月9日含量最高,羟自由基清除力在10月9日最强。主成分分析结果表明,梅尔诺葡萄的最佳采收期在10月6～9日。     

干红葡萄酒色泽的形成

干红葡萄酒的酿造是以红葡萄为原料,酿造过程中采用果浆浸提技术,尽可能多的将果皮中所含的色素类物质浸提出来,并采取各种措施使色素类物质稳定。本文仅就红葡萄酒色泽的形成进行探讨。1 红葡萄酒中的色素类物质葡萄酒的色泽主要由来自于葡萄各部分及橡木桶中的色素物质构成。葡萄酒中的色素物质是一种酚类化合物。酚类物质是影响红葡萄酒品质的主要因素,它不仅赋予葡萄酒颜色,而且使葡萄酒具有复杂的口感和味感特性。葡萄中酚类物质很多,而且易于变化,其中主要有酚酸、类黄酮和单宁多聚体。酚酸中有两类主要的物质,即羟基肉桂酸和羟基苯…     

产地与品种对葡萄酒中酚类物质含量的影响

选取同一产地(天水)3 个葡萄品种：“西拉(Shiraz)”、“蛇龙珠 (Carbernet Gernischet)”、“赤霞珠(Cabernet Sauvignon)”所酿制的新鲜干红葡萄酒以及5 个不同产地(天水、和硕、玛纳斯、延庆和怀来)赤霞珠葡萄酒,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法分析葡萄酒中11 种酚酸、5 种黄烷-3- 醇、10 种黄酮醇和2 种黄酮的含量。结果表明：同一产地不同品种和同一品种不同产地间的葡萄酒中酚类物质的含量都存在显著差异。其中,赤霞珠葡萄酒是3 个葡萄品种中酚类物质含量最高的品种;在5 个不同产地中,延庆赤霞珠葡萄酒中酚酸含量最高,黄烷-3- 醇含量最高的为和硕赤霞珠葡萄酒,而怀来赤霞珠葡萄酒中所含黄酮醇含量最高。     

Effect of ripening stage of grapes on the low molecular weight phenolic compounds of red wines

Different red wines were elaborated to study the effect of the date of the grape harvest on the levels of individual low molecular weight phenolic compounds, which are chiefly responsible for the wine color. Two red grape varieties and two consecutive years were studied at three different harvesting stages of grapes, and the changes during the 18 months of wine aging (12 months in oak barrels and 6 months in the bottle) were also followed. The results showed that the wines made from grapes harvested 1 week later than the usual date generally had higher contents of some simple phenols, which can act as cofactors that can maintain the color intensity and violet tonalities in aged wines. Besides, these wines had lower levels of caftaric and coutaric acids, which are two of the main substrates for oxidation and browning processes.     

High hydrostatic pressure treatment: An artificial accelerating aging method which did not change the region and variety non-colored phenolic characteristic of red wine

The effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment on the region and variety non-colored phenolic characteristics of red wine was investigated in this study. After HHP treatment, many changes occurred in the non-colored phenolic compounds in red wines. Changes in total phenolic acids and the contents of eleven phenolic acids among different regions and varieties varied and showed an overall upward trend, while chlorogenic acid decreased in several wines. The total flavan-3-ols and five flavan-3-ols largely decreased among the different regions and different varieties, while EGC slightly increased. In addition, HHP treatment did not change the grape variety and grape geographic origin discrimination based on phenolic acids and flavan-3-ols, which suggests that HHP treatment had no effect on the region and variety of non-colored phenolic characteristics of red wine. These results could expedite the use of HHP processing in the wine industry.Industrial relevanceHHP is an important technology which could simulate the traditional aging process in wine industry and could shorten a lot of time and save great economic costs. However, no HHP-treated wine has been introduced in the market throughout the world so far. This is due, in large part, to the lack of correlation studies. In this study, we proved that HHP didn't change grape variety and grape geographic origin phenolic characteristics, hence it could be used in geographic indication wines and varietal wines. With these results, we hope HHP technology could be successfully used in wine industry as early as possible.     

不同皮渣浸渍发酵时间对葡萄酒中缩合单宁构成及感官品质的影响

为明确不同皮渣浸渍时间对葡萄酒中缩合单宁的影响,以赤霞珠和西拉为材料,进行不同浸渍发酵时间处理,对葡萄皮和葡萄籽以及葡萄酒中缩合单宁的含量、组成、缩合单宁以及相关口感指标等进行了分析。结果表明,不同葡萄品种中缩合单宁的初始含量、聚合度及没食子酰化率都有显著差异（P<0.05）。葡萄皮中缩合单宁的平均聚合度显著高于葡萄籽（P<0.05）,而葡萄皮缩合单宁的没食子酰化率则显著低于葡萄籽缩合单宁（P<0.05）。葡萄皮和葡萄籽中缩合单宁组成的最大差异是葡萄籽缩合单宁中不含有（?）-表棓儿茶素亚单元,而且末端单元主要是由（+）-儿茶素、（?）-表儿茶素和（?）-表儿茶素没食子酸酯组成。皮渣浸渍时间对葡萄酒中缩合单宁的组成及含量都有明显影响。随着浸渍时间的延长,葡萄酒中缩合单宁的总含量呈上升趋势,而平均聚合度则呈下降趋势。不同品种的葡萄酒之间缩合单宁含量也存在显著差异（P<0.05）,这与不同葡萄品种中酚类物质的可浸提率有关。葡萄酒中葡萄皮缩合单宁的占比一直显著高于籽粒缩合单宁的占比（P<0.05）,说明葡萄皮中缩合单宁比葡萄籽缩合单宁更容易浸提到葡萄酒中。相对于苦味和酸味,不同浸渍时间处理对葡萄酒的涩味影响更为显著（P<0.05）,综合考虑酒体的丰满度和口感的平衡,皮渣浸渍时间选择14 d左右更好一些。     

Phenolic characterisation of red wines from different grape varieties cultivated in Mendoza province (Argentina)

BACKGROUND: Knowledge of the chemical composition of wine and its association with the grape variety/cultivar is of paramount importance in oenology and a necessary tool for marketing. Phenolic compounds are very important quality parameters of wines because of their impact on colour, taste and health properties. The aim of the present work was to study and describe the non‐flavonoid and flavonoid composition of wines from the principal red grape varieties cultivated in Mendoza (Argentina). RESULTS: Sixty phenolic compounds, including phenolic acids/derivatives, stilbenes, anthocyanins, flavanols, flavonols and dihydroflavonols, were identified and quantified using high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection coupled with electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (HPLC‐DAD/ESI‐MS). Marked quantitative differences could be seen in the phenolic profile among varieties, especially in stilbenes, acylated anthocyanins and other flavonoids. CONCLUSION: The polyphenolic content of Malbec wines was higher compared with the other red varieties. Dihydroflavonols represent a significant finding from the chemotaxonomic point of view, especially for Malbec variety. This is the first report on the individual phenolic composition of red wines from Mendoza (Argentina) and suggests that anthocyanins, flavanols and phenolic acids exert a great influence on cultivar‐based differentiation. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

干红树葡萄酒与干红葡萄酒功能成分及其抗氧化活性对比

分别测定干红树葡萄酒与2种干红葡萄酒(法国干红葡萄酒、国产干红葡萄酒)中的总多酚、总黄酮、白藜芦醇、单宁、酚酸、维生素、花青素及矿物质等功能性成分,采用DPPH法、ABTS法、邻二氮菲法和FRAP法分析3种酒的抗氧化能力,并对其差异进行分析比较。结果表明:干红树葡萄酒与2种干红葡萄酒功能成分种类及含量各有特点和优势。干红树葡萄酒中没食子酸、VA、VC、Mn与Zn含量均极显著高于国产干红葡萄酒和法国干红葡萄酒;法国干红葡萄酒中总多酚、总黄酮、白藜芦醇、儿茶素、咖啡酸、香豆酸、阿魏酸、矢车菊色素及Fe含量均极显著高于国产干红葡萄酒和干红树葡萄酒;国产干红葡萄酒中单宁、VD、飞燕草色素、矮牵牛色素、天竺葵色素、芍药色素、锦葵色素、Ca和Mg含量均极显著高于法国干红葡萄酒和干红树葡萄酒。3种酒抗氧化活性亦各具特色,树葡萄红酒对DPPH·的清除能力最强,法国干红葡萄酒对·OH的清除能力最强,国产干红葡萄酒对ABTS~+的清除能力及对铁离子的还原能力最强。     

多主蔓扇形不同结果部位葡萄酒多酚物质含量变化的研究

以新疆玛纳斯县酿酒葡萄赤霞珠(Cabernet Sauvignon)、梅鹿特(Merlot)、霞多丽(Chardonnay)和贵人香(Italian Riesling)为试材,分析了多主蔓扇形距离地面不同结果部位果实酿造葡萄酒的花色素苷、单宁和总酚等质量指标.结果表明:(1)不同结果部位果实酿造葡萄酒中多酚物质含量存在明显差异.(2)赤霞珠与梅鹿特干红葡萄酒中的总花色素含量均随果实结果部位的提高而呈增加趋势.(3)供试四个品种葡萄酒中总酚与单宁含量均随果实结果部位高度的提高而增加.结论:为了保证树体不同结果部位葡萄酒的质量,建议在酿酒葡萄的栽培中采用结果部位等高的整形方式,并适当提高结果部位.     

Polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of selected China wines

Thirty-seven China wines, produced from different geographical origins, were examined in this study. The antioxidant activity of wines was measured by different analytical methods: oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), reducing power, 2,2-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothialozine-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·), hydroxyl radical-scavenger activity, superoxide radical-scavenger activity, lipid peroxidation and chelating capacity. Furthermore,total phenols, total flavonoids, total flavanols and total anthocyanins of wines were determined. As expected, the red wines had much higher phenolic content and antioxidant capacity than rosé wines or white wines. Among the red wines, Cabernet Sauvignon and Muscat Hamburg, respectively, represented the wines with the highest and lowest phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity. Among the white wines, Italian Riesling had the lowest phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. Taken together, a close relationship between phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity, for all wines, was observed.     

Phenolic compounds and antioxidative properties of selected wines from the northeast of Thailand

The phenolic contents and antioxidative properties of selected wines, produced in the northeast of Thailand, were evaluated and compared, particularly those produced at Suranaree University of Technology (SUT) Farm as a case study. Nine wine varieties were used to evaluate their total phenolic content (TPC) by Folin–Ciocalteu method, free radical scavenging efficacy by DPPH method and reducing power by ferric reducing-antioxidant power (FRAP) method. The red wines had significantly higher (p < 0.05) amounts of total phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activities (AA) compared to white wines. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) was used as a powerful and high performing tool for analysis of principal phenolic compounds in the wines. t-Resveratrol was found in Shiraz, Zinfandel and blended wine varieties. (+)-Catechin was found in all wine varieties, except in Chasselar Dore. (+)-Catechin was present in wines at a higher level than (−)-epicatechin. In red wine, gallic acid was the dominant phenolic acid found.