运用Quantity One 软件分析日本血吸虫不同发育时期蛋白组分差异

目的应用Quantity One软件进行图像分析,阐明日本血吸虫不同发育时期蛋白组分的差异。方法以日本血吸虫尾蚴人工感染昆明鼠,分别收集感染前和感染后第8、12、16、20、24天和第28天虫体,用SDS-PAGE平行分离各时点虫体蛋白,用图像分析软件Quantity One4.4比较分析其区带差异。结果图像分析软件Quantity One4.4分析7个不同时点的虫体蛋白区带显示:区带数在0、8、12、16、20、24d和28d虫体中分别为27、30、33、32、31、36条和29条,各时点虫体特异性区带在0、8、12～24d和28d虫体中分别为7、4、8、3条,虫体特异性区带多为低表达量的条带。结论运用图像分析软件能够快速获得日本血吸虫不同发育时期蛋白泳道条带的分析图形,自动计算出蛋白区带数、区带光密度值大小和分子量。     

肝细胞癌门静脉癌栓相关血清小分子量蛋白质标志物的筛选

目的筛选肝细胞癌门静脉癌栓相关的血清小分子量蛋白质标志物。方法收集健康志愿者、肝细胞癌无癌栓患者和肝细胞癌门静脉癌栓患者3组血清各l2份，用16％SDS-PAGE进行双向电泳，得到3组血清小分子量蛋白质表达图谱；经Image Master软件比对分析后，用基质辅助激光解析飞行时间质谱对差异点进行鉴定。结果在16％SDS-PAGE凝胶中，3×10^3～20×10^3区域内蛋白质条带间距较12．5％SDS-PAGE明显增宽，条带数目明显增多，且3组血清小分子量蛋白质表达图谱中均可清晰显示〈20×10^3的小分子量蛋白质斑点。组间比较显示，3组血清共有15个小分子量差异蛋白质点，经鉴定为5种蛋白质。与健康组比较，无癌栓组中载脂蛋白A-I、脂蛋白CⅢ、转甲状腺素蛋白和DNA拓扑异构酶Ⅱ表达降低，而结合珠蛋白-2表达增高；门静脉癌栓组5种蛋白质表达均较无癌栓组降低。结论在肝细胞癌的发生和发展过程中，血清小分子量蛋白质表达谱发生明显变化，差异表达的小分子量蛋白质有可能为肝细胞癌和门静脉癌栓早期预测及治疗监测提供参考。     

高通量技术筛选主动脉夹层生物标志物的研究

目的:通过iTRAQ联合Label-free法筛选主动脉夹层潜在诊断标志物。方法:入选急性主动脉夹层及对照组(急性冠状动脉综合征)血清各50例。将两组患者中各15例血清标本用于iTRAQ及Label-free分析筛选表达差异蛋白。对所有收集血清进行差异蛋白的免疫吸附测定(ELISA)验证。结果:两组血清标本使用iTRAQ方法共鉴定出84种差异表达蛋白质,Label-free方法共鉴定有或无差异蛋白20种。通过Panther软件进行生信分析与主动脉夹层发病机制9种相关蛋白作为候选生物标志物。进行ELISA验证后得出2种差异蛋白Lumican、PI16有统计学差异,且特异性和敏感性较高。结论:蛋白Lumican、PI16可能成为主动脉夹层潜在的诊断标志物。     

类风湿关节炎合并干眼病患者血清中差异蛋白的分析

目的筛选类风湿关节炎(RA)合并干眼病(DED)患者血清中差异蛋白,分析其功能及生物学过程。方法选取RA患者20例纳入对照组,同时选取RA(病程1～20年,平均10年)合并DED患者20例纳入观察组,用非标记(Label-free)定量蛋白质组学技术对两组血清中蛋白进行鉴定和定量分析,筛选差异蛋白;通过生物信息学分析差异蛋白功能及参与RA合并DED发病的生物学过程。结果共鉴定到345种蛋白,筛选出13种差异表达蛋白,其中上调蛋白9种、下调蛋白4种。13种差异蛋白在细胞代谢、生物调节、生物学过程中发挥重要作用,并具有分子结合功能,在RA合并DED发病过程中参与氧化应激、免疫和炎症反应、脂类代谢等过程。结论用Label-free定量蛋白质组学技术筛选出的相关血清差异蛋白,可作为诊断为RA合并DED早期血清学标志物。     

大鼠急性肺栓塞血清差异表达蛋白的研究

目的研究急性肺栓塞（APE）大鼠血清和正常大鼠血清的差异蛋白表达变化。方法采用血栓颈静脉注入法制备大鼠APE模型,采用双向电泳技术找出差异蛋白,用MALDI-TOF技术和生物信息学技术鉴定差异蛋白,并对部分差异表达蛋白采用Western-blot技术作进一步验证。结果大鼠血清蛋白的2-DE胶银染可分离出1 400多个点,考染可达到1 200个点以上。经图像分析得到的24个差异表达蛋白中有12个蛋白得到鉴定。对部分差异蛋白采用Western-blot方法在蛋白水平的验证结果与2-DE结果基本相符。结论采用比较蛋白质组学的方法可以发现APE大鼠血清中的差异表达蛋白,这些差异表达蛋白分子将为我们寻找新的APE血清学标志物提供重要的线索和依据。     

数字PCR和荧光定量PCR诊断急性期布鲁菌病的灵敏度比较初步研究

目的建立用于布鲁菌检测的数字PCR技术,初步用小样本开展研究,比较数字PCR和荧光定量PCR的灵敏度差异,验证数字PCR作为急性期布鲁菌病诊断技术的可行性。方法选取符合我国急性期布鲁菌病诊断标准的20例患者的血清标本,分别用数字PCR和荧光定量PCR技术进行检测,初步比较2者在急性期布鲁菌病诊断中的灵敏度差异,并分析差异原因。结果20例急性期布鲁菌病患者血清样本中,数字PCR检测阳性20例,荧光定量PCR检测阳性0例。结论初步证实在急性期布鲁菌病患者血清标本检测中,数字PCR检测灵敏度高于荧光定量PCR,有良好的临床应用前景,但也存在一定局限性,尚须进一步扩大样本完成实验诊断技术临床研究,并进行多实验室验证。     

8种血吸虫抗原与感染兔血清的反应性研究

应用酶联免疫印渍技术(ELIB)对8种日本血吸虫抗原的组分蛋白与不同感染度和感染期血吸虫感染兔血清反应性结果表明,日本血吸虫成虫冻融抗原和浸液抗原的组分蛋白反应带数及分子量范围,因血吸虫的性别不同而有所差异,单雄性或雌雄两性者蛋白条带数多及分子量范围大于单雌性者;用重感染兔血清显示的组分蛋白数及分子量反应范围也均多或大于轻感染兔血清者;8种抗原的共同反应组分蛋白分子量为70kD、66kD和31KD;其限定组分蛋白(即特异性组分蛋白)116.7kD、47kD和18kD分别可被后期、早期和中期的感染兔血清呈现特异性的反应带。8种血吸虫抗原的不同组分蛋白对血吸虫感染的不同病期,特别是早期和后期,具有特异的诊断效果。     

基于蛋白组学技术筛选急性主动脉夹层诊断标记物

目的：应用非标记定量蛋白组学比较急性主动脉夹层（AAD）与急性心肌梗死（AMI）和健康人血清中的差异蛋白,筛选并验证潜在的夹层早期诊断标志物。方法：前期预实验收集急性主动脉夹层患者与健康人血清各3例,进行非标记蛋白组学检测,筛选出差异蛋白。之后收集急性主动脉夹层、急性冠脉综合征患者和健康人血清各9例,对目标蛋白进行Elisa验证,同时收集夹层与正常动脉组织进行免疫组化验证。结果：谱图计数（spectral counts）共鉴定出648种蛋白,其中夹层组较健康人组升高4倍的蛋白有12种。对其中升高明显的纽蛋白（vinculin）进行Elisa验证,夹层组（n=9,1366.95±394.85 pg/ml）相比较于心梗组（n=9,2656.91±531.98 pg/ml）、健康人组（n=9,3949.37±314.61 pg/ml）（P＜0.05）,并没有升高;免疫组化发现主动脉发生撕裂部位的纽蛋白（vinculin）分布较未发生撕裂部位密集。结论：非标记定量蛋白质组学技术是寻找AAD循环标志物的一种有效手段;纽蛋白可能参与AAD的发病过程,是一种具有研究价值的AAD潜在循环标志物。     

APP转基因小鼠与正常小鼠脑蛋白质组双向电泳图谱的比较

目的探讨APP转基因小鼠与正常C57小鼠脑蛋白质组双向电泳(2-DE)图谱差异,从蛋白质水平初步探索老年性痴呆发病机制。方法APP转基因小鼠与正常C57小鼠脑组织经蛋白提取后,分别以固相pH梯度等电聚焦为第一向,SDS-PAGE垂直电泳为第二向进行2-DE。图像分析软件ImageMaster 2D Elite分析电泳图谱。结果APP转基因小鼠与正常小鼠脑组织2-DE图谱分别检测出976和947个蛋白点。对两张电泳图进行匹配后,发现有16个蛋白点仅在APP转基因小鼠脑蛋白2-DE图谱检测到表达,而有7个蛋白点只在正常小鼠检测到。部分蛋白在2组小鼠脑组织中含量发生了明显变化。结论差异点的发现初步建立了差异表达蛋白质组学的技术方法;为研究阿尔茨海默病机制及研发新药提供了有益的线索。     

广州管圆线虫中间纤维蛋白的体外表达和初步免疫学鉴定

目的对广州管圆线虫中间纤维蛋白(intermediate filament,IF)基因进行体外表达、纯化、鉴定和抗原性质分析。方法将IF基因的重组表达载体pET-IF在大肠杆菌中表达,表达产物经组氨酸亲和层析纯化,SDS-PAGE鉴定蛋白质分子量,质谱分析氨基酸序列,生物信息学分析蛋白质结构,Western blot鉴定与人、大鼠和小鼠感染血清及人IgG4亚类的抗原反应性。结果SDS-PAGE、质谱分析和Western blot证明本研究获得的纯化蛋白为预期蛋白IF,其分子量为47.8kDa,肽指纹图谱与秀丽杆线虫IF蛋白家族具有高度同源性,并具有典型的IF结构特征,且IF结构的尾部存在抗原决定簇,融合蛋白IF能与大鼠感染血清、小鼠感染血清和患者血清IgG结合,也能与患者IgG4亚类结合。结论体外获得了抗原IF纯化蛋白,研究显示其可用于人类外周血检测并有助于检测现症感染和疗效考核。     

Identification of fibrosis-relevant proteins using DIGE (difference in gel electrophoresis) in different models of hepatic fibrosis

Proteomics became a more and more important technique for the large-scale analysis of proteins during the last years. Two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis as a major tool of proteomics is a powerful method to compare two different biological stages (e. g. healthy and diseased tissue) and to find differences in their protein pattern. One major problem in proteomics is the gel to gel variation of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, which could cause artefacts in the detection of expression differences. The "difference in gel electrophoresis" (DIGE) technique allows the separation of two proteomes in the same gel. The protein pools were labelled with different fluorescent dyes and equal amounts of protein were separated in the same gel. Another advantage of DIGE is the possibility to separate an internal standard labelled with a third dye in the same gel to allow quantitative expression analysis. We compared proteomes of three different fibrosis models with the appropriate control (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) overexpressing HepG2 cells in comparison to a HepG2 control, freshly isolated HSC in comparison to activated HSC and healthy mouse liver in comparison to fibrotic mouse liver). Among the differentially expressed proteins several were already found to be relevant for fibrosis but we also detected some proteins like the selenium binding protein 2 which might be relevant for hepatic fibrosis.     

肺结核患者外周血单个核细胞蛋白质差异的表达

目的 应用比较蛋白质组学方法筛选出肺结核患者发病免疫相关蛋白质,为阐明结核病的发病的免疫机制和诊断治疗提供理论依据.方法 收集10例肺结核患者和10名健康志愿者外周血单个核细胞(PBMC),采用双向凝胶电泳分离细胞总蛋白,运用Image Master 2D Elite 5.0图像分析软件识别差异表达的蛋白质点,应用基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱获取肽质量指纹图谱,检索数据库鉴定差异表达的蛋白质点,并对差异表达的蛋白质用Western blot进行验证.两组间比较采用秩和检验.结果 建立了重复性良好的肺结核患者和健康志愿者PBMC的双向凝胶电泳图谱,找出14个表达量有明显差异的蛋白质点并鉴定出共12种蛋白质,其中冠蛋白1A等10种蛋白在肺结核组中表达上调,普列克底物蛋白(PLEK)和Ras基因抑制蛋白1(RSU1)在肺结核组中表达下调;Western blot法验证PLEK在肺结核组表达下调,与双向凝胶电泳结果一致.结论 对肺结核患者PBMC的比较蛋白质组学研究鉴定出冠蛋白1A、PLEK等12种差异蛋白质,其中PLEK和冠蛋白1A可能通过对单核巨噬细胞吞噬作用的调节在肺结核发病中起着重要作用.     

溃疡性结肠炎血清差异蛋白的筛选研究

目的 应用蛋白质组学寻找溃疡性结肠炎(UC)血清差异蛋白,初步探索UC可能的生物标志物.方法 收集UC患者30例和健康对照者30名的血清标本,双向凝胶电泳(2-DE)分离等量混合血清的蛋白质,运用图像分析软件进行比较和分析,识别差异表达蛋白质.应用基质辅助激光解吸/电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)鉴定部分差异蛋白质点.结果 UC组和对照组之间年龄、体重指数、吸烟情况和饮酒量的差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).初步筛选出UC患者与健康对照者存在明显差异的39个蛋白点,选择其中9个点,经质谱分析发现触珠蛋白、热休克转录因子2、受体酪氨酸激酶、醛脱氢酶、载脂蛋白C-Ⅲ、中心粒旁物质1在UC患者中表达水平升高,角蛋白1、细丝蛋白A结合蛋白1、肌球蛋白3在UC患者中表达水平降低.结论 采用蛋白质组学2-DE和质谱技术,筛选并鉴定出与UC相关的9个血清蛋白质,为提供新的UC生物学行为研究分子标志物奠定基础.     

Mitochondrial proteomics

Alteration of the mitochondrial proteome and altered mitochondrial function has been implicated in a variety of degenerative diseases, heart disease, aging and cancer. Based upon the human genome there is estimated to be approximately 1000 to 2000 proteins constituting the mitochondrial proteome. Despite the ability of a traditional proteomic approach involving two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) to resolve and identify thousands of proteins in a single gel, just over 600 mitochondrial proteins have been identified and characterized at the molecular level. The limitations and recent advances of 2-DE in its ability to study mitochondrial proteins and create a database of the mitochondrial proteome is discussed, as well as the alternative methods that are being employed, including different mass spectrometry based approaches following both one-dimensional SDS-PAGE and gel-free approaches, blue native gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE), proteome simplification by submitochondrial fractionation, and affinity chromatography. In addition, the successful application of proteomics to the investigation of some specific mitochondrial cardiomyopathies is discussed. Correspondence to: J. E. Van Eyk     

A glycoproteome database of normal human liver tissue

Purpose To extensively investigate the glycoproteins of normal human liver tissue, constructing the glycoprotein profile and database of the normal human liver tissue. Methods The total proteins were extracted from the normal human liver tissue and then subjected to two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). Finally, 2-DE gels were stained according to the methods of multiplexed proteomics (MP) technology. Glycoprotein spots were excised from 2-DE gel and then characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Results The PDQuest software detected 1,011 glycoprotein spots and 1,923 total protein spots in the 2-DE gels of sample from the normal human liver tissue. Furthermore, 116 species of glycoproteins were successfully identified via peptide mass profiling using MALDI-TOF-MS/MS and annotated to our databases. In addition, we also applied bioinformatics softwares to predict N- or O-glycosylation sites of identified glycoproteins. Conclusion This study demonstrates the feasibility of a novel technological platform to contruct glycoprotein databases. These results lay the foundation for future physiological and pathological studies of the human liver.     

Analysis of altered proteins related to blast crisis in chronic myeloid leukemia by proteomic study

Introduction: Chromic myeloid leukemia (CML) blast crisis (BC) and imatinib (IM) resistance is a significant barrier to the effective treatment of the disease. Methods: Expression profiles of differential proteins were identified, and new biomarkers or pathways related to BC in CML were screened through proteomic analysis. Total proteins from primary bone marrow cells of CML patients in chronic phase (CP) and BC were separated via two‐dimensional (2D) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and then analyzed by imagemaster 5.0 software to detect differential protein spots which were already identified by mass spectrometry. Based on the variation of the whole expression profile, some key proteins were picked out for Western blot to confirm the accuracy of proteomics data. Moreover, related signal pathways involving those proteins were investigated. Results: The result indicated that thirteen protein points between CML‐CP and CML‐BC were successfully determined. Results from Western blot of RhoA, hnRNPK, ANXA1, PSMB4, and LTA4H were similar to those from 2D polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Most of those proteins were involved in the proteosome pathway and the small G‐protein pathway. Conclusion: A group of proteins associated with BC can be obtained and the result of this study might provide clues for further research.     

Coronin-1 C蛋白表达与肝癌侵袭和转移相关

目的 采用膜蛋白质组学技术筛选与原发性肝癌侵袭和转移相关的分子,并加以验证.方法 以不同转移潜能的人肝癌细胞HCCLM9和MHCC97L为研究对象,采用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和电喷雾串联质谱技术比较和鉴定差异表达的膜蛋白,进一步行Westernblot、动物模型标本和临床标本验证. 结果电喷雾串联质谱鉴定表达差异条带中蛋白质14个,其中Western blot验证coronin-1 C在人肝癌细胞HCCLM9中灰度值coronin-1 C/整合素α3比值为7.31±0.73,在MHCC97L中为2.84±0.99.coronin-1C在HCCLM9细胞中的表达水平显著性升高(t=6.27,P<0.05).在裸鼠肝癌组织中免疫组织化学提示coronin-1C表达也明显升高.115例临床病理标本免疫组织化学显示,coronin 1C表达越强,肿瘤的侵袭程度越强、临床病期越晚.结论 Coronin-1C与肝癌的侵袭和转移相关.     

Enhanced resolution of DNA restriction fragments: a procedure by two-dimensional electrophoresis and double-labeling.

A probe-free method was developed to detect DNA rearrangement in bacteria based on the electrophoretic separation of twice-digested restriction fragments of genomic DNA into a two-dimensional (2-D) pattern. The first restriction enzyme digestion was done in solution, followed by electrophoresis of the restriction fragments in one dimension. A second restriction enzyme digestion was carried out in situ in the gel, followed by electrophoresis in a second dimension perpendicular to the first electrophoresis. The 2-D pattern provides for the resolution of 300-400 spots, which are defined and indexed by an "x,y" coordinate system with size markers. This approach has greatly increased the resolution power over conventional one-dimensional (1-D) electrophoresis. To study DNA rearrangement, a 2-D pattern from a test strain was compared with the 2-D pattern from a reference strain. After the first digestion, genomic DNA fragments from the test strain were labeled with 35S, while those from the reference strain were labeled with 35P. This was done to utilize the difference in the energy emission of 35S and 32P isotopes for autoradiography when two x-ray films were exposed simultaneously on top of the gel after the 2-D electrophoresis. The irradiation from the decay of 35S exposed only the lower film, whereas the irradiation from the decay of 32P exposed both the lower and upper films. Different DNA fragments existed in the test DNA compared with the reference DNA can be identified unambiguously by the differential two 2-D patterns produced on two films upon exposure to the 35S and 32P fragments in the same gel. An appropriate photographic procedure further simplified the process, allowing only the difference in DNA fragments between these two patterns to be shown in the map. We have utilized the difference map obtained from Escherichia coli strains HB101 and HB101 (lambda) genomic DNA to show the incorporation of one copy of phage lambda DNA without the use of a lambda DNA probe. This is the same test system that was used previously.     

Human voltage-dependent anion selective channel 1 is a target antigen for antiglomerular endothelial cell antibody in mixed connective tissue disease

The purpose of this study was to identify the endothelial cell antigens that react with circulating antiendothelial antibody (AECA) in mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). We screened serum AECA reactivity in 23 patients with MCTD using a human glomerular endothelial cell (HGEC) cellular ELISA. Proteomics, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry were used to identify the endothelial cell antigens of HGECs that reacted with serum antibodies from MCTD patients. Sera from 12 patients (52.0%) were positive for anti-HGEC antibody based on cellular ELISA. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry used in combination with immunoblotting using serum antibody revealed one protein spot that represented a 36-kDa cell component of HGECs, with an isoelectric point (IP) of about 9, which had a high homology with the voltage-dependent anion-selective channel 1 (VDAC-1). This protein spot was confirmed to react with the antibody specific to VDAC-1. This is the first report of the presence of antibody to VDAC-1 from HGECs in the sera from MCTD patients. Although future studies will be needed to clarify the disease specificity of the a-VDAC-1 antibody in MCTD, the results show that modern proteomics technology is useful for identifying antigens that react with AECA in autoimmune diseases such as MCTD.     

Human voltage-dependent anion selective channel 1 is a target antigen for antiglomerular endothelial cell antibody in mixed connective tissue disease

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify the endothelial cell antigens that react with circulating antiendothelial antibody (AECA) in mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). We screened serum AECA reactivity in 23 patients with MCTD using a human glomerular endothelial cell (HGEC) cellular ELISA. Proteomics, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry were used to identify the endothelial cell antigens of HGECs that reacted with serum antibodies from MCTD patients. Sera from 12 patients (52.0%) were positive for anti-HGEC antibody based on cellular ELISA. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry used in combination with immunoblotting using serum antibody revealed one protein spot that represented a 36-kDa cell component of HGECs, with an isoelectric point (IP) of about 9, which had a high homology with the voltage-dependent anion-selective channel 1 (VDAC-1). This protein spot was confirmed to react with the antibody specific to VDAC-1. This is the first report of the presence of antibody to VDAC-1 from HGECs in the sera from MCTD patients. Although future studies will be needed to clarify the disease specificity of the a-VDAC-1 antibody in MCTD, the results show that modern proteomics technology is useful for identifying antigens that react with AECA in autoimmune diseases such as MCTD.