喉的应用解剖研究

本文选用100例成年尸喉(男59,女41)结合临床应用,有针对性地进行解剖和测量,所获数据可为喉的重造手术提供形态依据。     

喉上神经外侧支的应用解剖

目的为甲状腺手术中结扎甲状腺上动脉时防止喉上神经外侧支损伤提供形态学依据。方法对20具(40侧)喉上神经外侧支的发出部位、走行和甲状腺上动脉伴行关系进行解剖观察测量。结果喉上神经外侧支在舌骨大角处由喉上神经分出,在舌骨大角与环状软骨中点连线的上、中段喉上神经外侧支与甲状腺上动脉伴行,有95%(38侧)行于动脉的内侧,在连线下段喉上神经外侧支与甲状腺上动脉分离,喉上神经外侧支进入环甲肌点相距甲状腺侧叶上极(6.5±3.2mm)。结论甲状腺手术中在舌骨大角与环状软骨中点连线下1/3段靠甲状腺侧叶上极表面结扎甲状腺上动脉,可避免损伤喉上神经外侧支。     

甲状腺手术中识别喉返神经的解剖标志

目的探讨甲状腺手术中用以识别喉返神经的5种有效的解剖标志,为手术中避免误伤喉返神经提供形态学资料。方法采用经福尔马林防腐固定的50具成人标本(男40例,女10例)共100侧,用解剖学方法观测甲状软骨下角尖、甲状腺下动脉、甲状腺下极、气管食管沟和甲状腺悬韧带等5种解剖标志与喉返神经的毗邻关系。结果甲状软骨下角距喉返神经入喉处(6.3±1.9)mm;甲状腺下动脉与喉返神经的毗邻关系有五种类型;右侧喉返神经有64.6%、左侧100%直行于气管食管沟内,在颈根部右侧喉返神经偏离气管食管沟2.1~10.2mm;喉返神经与甲状腺下动脉交叉处位于甲状腺下极之上者占81.1%;喉返神经行于甲状腺悬韧带后方者占92.0%。结论甲状腺手术识别喉返神经的五种解剖标志中,以甲状软骨下角尖(或环甲关节)和甲状腺悬韧带较可靠,其次为甲状腺下极、甲状腺下动脉和气管食管沟。     

喉的应用解剖

对30例成年男性、6例成年女性的甲状舌骨膜、声门下区、环甲膜、前连合、声韧带等进行解剖观察和测量;另取2例男性喉声带后端及声带突作组织切片观察。所获主要结果可为喉手术及嗓音医学等提供形态依据;并证实了声韧带后端不终止于杓状软骨声带突顶端,而是与突的弹性软骨的弹性纤维相移行。最后,对声带是否包括杓状软骨声带突部,进行了初步探讨。     

枕下海绵窦MRI与薄层断面及三维重建对照研究

目的：研究枕下海绵窦MRI、断面解剖及三维图像，为临床开展颅颈交界区手术及影像学诊断提供形态学依据。方法：应用MRI及中国数字化可视人体数据集，对枕下海绵窦及毗邻结构进行薄层断面解剖学研究，在SGI工作站上对其进行计算机三维重建。结果：枕下海绵窦在MRI和标本薄层断面中具有良好对应关系，二者各组数据测量值具有较好的一致性。计算机三维重建图像可提供三维立体视觉，显示复杂的空间结构。结论：MRI及中国数字化可视人体数据集能够提供完整而精确的断面数据，三维可视化图像可较好显示枕下海绵窦正常解剖结构及毗邻关系。     

甲状腺手术新麻醉点与颈深部结构的关系

目的：研究甲状腺手术新麻醉点与颈深部结构的关系。方法：３０侧成人标本，分层解剖观察新麻醉点与颈前部深层周围结构的毗邻关系，测量了主要神经血管距麻醉点的距离。结果：注射５ｍｌ染液（浅层３ｍｌ，深层２ｍｌ）着色的结构有胸锁乳突肌前缘、肩胛舌骨肌上腹、胸骨甲状肌上部、甲状舌骨肌下部；颈袢、颈动脉鞘前壁、甲状腺上动、静脉；喉上神经喉外支和甲状腺侧叶上极。结论：①５ｍｌ组迷走神经、颈交感干、膈神经、臂丛和喉返神经均未着色；②１０ｍｌ组（浅深层各５ｍｌ）迷走神经、颈交感干轻染。膈神经和颈神经根未着色     

下颌神经颅外段的应用解剖

目的：为下颌神经手术提供形态学基础。方法：解剖观测２１例（男１３，女８）４２侧成人标本。结果：下颌神经（颅外段）主干长（出卵圆孔至分支处的距离）为１．３±０．４ｃｍ；宽度４．９±１．３ｍｍ，厚度１．９±０．６ｍｍ。还测量了下颌神经各分支起始处的长、宽和厚度。结论：本文结果为切断下颌神经后股和颊神经下（长）支的手术提供了形态学资料。     

颈部Berry韧带区的外科解剖

目的 通过对甲状腺手术中最常发生喉返神经损伤的Berry韧带区的解剖,为甲状腺手术中避免喉返神经的损伤提供解剖学基础.方法 对25例(男性15例,女性10例)固定尸体标本进行大体解剖,记录Berry韧带的起止点及其与喉返神经的位置关系.将甲状腺分别向外侧、前内侧提拉,从甲状腺的内、外侧测量喉返神经距Berry韧带甲状腺...     

颞下窝及颅中窝手术入路应用解剖

目的：为颞下窝和颅中窝入路提供相关的解剖依据。方法：测量４０例颅骨,确定颧弓点至颞下窝、翼点至颅中窝内各结构的距离和夹角。结果：测出了颧弓点至颞下窝８项解剖标志、翼点至颅中窝１１项解剖标志的连线长度和各连线与正中矢状面成角。结论：两种手术入路相关数据的测量。有助于设计手术入路,并可为术中准确定位有关结构提供参考依据。     

前列腺及其毗邻结构的三维可视化研究

目的：建立正常人前列腺及其毗邻结构的三维可视化数字模型。为解剖教学、临床诊断和男性盆腔手术提供动态三维形态学资料。方法：采用第三军医大学解剖学教研室的第1例中国数字化可视人体数据集1号（CVH1）盆腔连续断面图像分割出前列腺及其毗邻结构的轮廓数据,运用AMIRA商业软件进行计算机三维重建和可视化显示。结果：重建出了前列腺及其毗邻结构的三维可视化模型,该模型可从任意角度进行观察,清晰地显示前列腺与毗邻结构的空间位置关系。结论：前列腺及其毗邻结构的可视化模型为人体解剖教学和临床泌尿外科应用提供三维数字化工具,为CT、MRI男性盆腔断面影像研究提供了形态学资料。     

兔膝关节神经支选择性切断后对关节软骨的影响

目的观察兔膝关节神经支选择性切断后关节软骨形态学变化。方法在外科显微镜下选择性切断兔膝关节神经支,术后4、8、16周取材,肉眼观察兔膝关节大体结构,组织切片HE染色,光镜下观察关节软骨组织结构,应用显微电脑测量软件测量关节软骨厚度。结果对照组兔膝关节软骨表面光滑,软骨细胞呈四层结构排列,软骨细胞为圆形或椭圆形,表层呈梭形。实验组兔膝关节软骨组织结构未见明显改变,软骨厚度与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论选择性切断兔膝关节神经支对关节软骨组织结构无明显影响,膝关节局部去神经化术治疗具有可行性。     

累及骨和软骨Rosai–Dorfman病2例报告并文献复习

目的:探讨2例累及骨和软骨的结外罗道(Rosai–Dorfman)病的临床病理特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法:复习分别位于右胫骨近端及甲状软骨的2例Rosai–Dorfman病患者的临床和影像学资料,行组织学观察及免疫组织化学分析,并复习相关文献。结果:39岁女性,右胫骨占位及38岁男性,甲状软骨肿物。影像学示前者右胫骨上段溶骨性骨质破坏;CT示后者甲状软骨前实性占位,与甲状软骨界限不清。光镜下前者病变在破碎骨小梁间生长,后者病变包绕并侵犯甲状软骨,并在软骨化骨骨小梁间侵袭性生长。低倍镜下组织细胞显著增生,与浸润的淋巴细胞、浆细胞形成明暗相间的结构,部分组织细胞体积较大,呈多边形或椭圆形;胞浆淡嗜酸性或空亮,泡状核,可见小核仁;部分胞浆内见吞噬完整的淋巴细胞和(或)浆细胞、中性粒细胞等。免疫组织化学标记组织细胞表达S–100蛋白和CD68,不表达CD1a。结论:累及骨和软骨的Rosai–Dorfman病罕见,临床及影像学检查均容易误诊。组织学形态及免疫组织化学检查是确诊的唯一依据。     

骨膜环行切除对骨骺牵张肢体延长的作用

目的：为临床骨延长术提供方向。方法：选用２０只新西兰幼兔在股骨远端骺软骨两侧安装外固定架和力传感器,半数动物在骺软骨近侧作骨膜环行切除,分别向骺软骨施加不同张力,４周后测量股骨长度,Ｘ线摄像,并做骺软骨细胞ＫＳ－４００图像分析。结果：张应力能使兔股骨明显增长,骺软骨厚度增加,其增殖区和肥大区细胞增加,骨骺与干骺端均未见骨折,与骨膜环行切除与否无显著性差异。结论：低张应力牵拉骨骺能实现无骨折下肢体延长,骨骺牵张结合干骺端骨膜环形切除并不能更进一步使肢体增长。     

Comparison of equine articular cartilage thickness in various joints

Purpose: Thicknesses of fresh equine articular cartilage surfaces from the fetlock, carpal and stifle joints were measured employing a needle probe test.

Materials and methods: Eighty-seven samples used in measurement were cultivated from fetlock, carpal and stifle joints of 12 deceased within 4?h of death. After approximately three minutes of exposure to air during dissection, all cartilage samples were preserved in a saline solution to keep the articular cartilage hydrated for testing. The thickness was measured on five different spots on the same sample. The thicknesses of the fetlock, carpus and stifle were compared.

Results: The articular cartilage of the stifle was thicker than the fetlock and carpus, while the fetlock and the carpus had similar thickness values. The average thickness of the fetlock, carpal and stifle joint are 0.86, 0.87 and 2.1?mm, respectively. They were statistically compared using the Student t-test. The differences on the articular cartilage thicknesses between the fetlock and stifle, and carpus and stifle were “very highly significant” (p?相似文献   

全喉切除术中保留甲状软骨膜对手术进程和术后恢复影响的探讨

目的：探讨保留甲状软骨膜对全喉切除手术进程和病人术后恢复情况的影响。方法：在甲状软骨膜下游离甲状软骨并切断其上角。不结扎和切断舌骨下肌群和喉上动脉。保留之甲状软骨膜用以加强修复咽壁黏膜。结果：本组病例较经典全喉切除术手术时间缩短30min以上。手术中出血在100ml以下。患者术后第2d下床活动，第4d开始进食流质。手术创口均一期愈合。结论：全喉切除术中保留甲状软骨膜可有效地简化手术步骤，减少创伤和出血。利用甲状软骨膜加强咽壁黏膜缝合口，进一步减少了咽漏的发生.     

Long-term durable repaired cartilage induced by SOX9 in situ with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Background: Microfracture is a common procedure for cartilage repair, but it often produces inferior fibrocartilage. We previously reported that a super positively charged SOX9 (scSOX9) promoted hyaline-like cartilage regeneration by inducing bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into chondrocytes in vivo. Here we examined the long-term efficacy of cartilage repair induced by microfracture with scSOX9 by assessing the biomechanical property of the repaired cartilage.Methods: A cartilage defect was created at the right femoral trochlear groove in New Zealand female rabbits and microfracture was performed. The scSOX9 protein was administered at the site of microfracture incorporated in a collagen membrane.Results: At 12 and 24 weeks, scSOX9 treatment induced hyaline-like cartilage while collagen-membrane alone induced fibrocartilage and mutant scSOX9-A76E poorly induced cartilage repair. The cartilage matrix in scSOX9-treated group showed highly enriched proteoglycan content. Consistent with the histological feature and the thickness of the repaired cartilage, the mechanical property of scSOX9-induced cartilage was also similar to that of normal cartilage.Conclusion: This long-term in vivo study demonstrated that in combination with microfracture, scSOX9 was able to induce reparative tissue with features of hyaline cartilage which was durable in long-term. This technology has the potential to translate into clinical use for cartilage repair to prevent progression to osteoarthritis.     

Automatic Articular Cartilage Segmentation Based on Pattern Recognition from Knee MRI Images

An automatic method for cartilage segmentation using knee MRI images is described. Three binary classifiers with integral and partial pixel features are built using the Bayesian theorem to segment the femoral cartilage, tibial cartilage and patellar cartilage separately. First, an iterative procedure based on the feedback of the number of strong edges is designed to obtain an appropriate threshold for the Canny operator and to extract the bone-cartilage interface from MRI images. Second, the different edges are identified based on certain features, which allow for different cartilage to be distinguished synchronously. The cartilage is segmented preliminarily with minimum error Bayesian classifiers that have been previously trained. According to the cartilage edge and its anatomic location, the speed of segmentation is improved. Finally, morphological operations are used to improve the primary segmentation results. The cartilage edge is smooth in the automatic segmentation results and shows good consistency with manual segmentation results. The mean Dice similarity coefficient is 0.761.     

The expression of collagenase 3 (MMP-13) mRNA in the synovial tissue is associated with histopathologic type II synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis

The histopathologic analysis of the synovial tissue is important to distinguish rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from other forms of synovitis and to provide information about prognosis and therapeutic strategies at early stages of the disease. In this context, the present study was performed to investigate the correlation between immunohistopathological and morphological features of synovitis and the expression of collagenase 3 (MMP-13) known to contribute significantly to cartilage degradation in RA. In the histopathologic scoring system used in this study, type I synovitis is characterized by B lymphocyte infiltration and an intact lining, and is only mild destructive to cartilage and bone. Type II shows marked diffuse infiltrations of macrophages and T lymphocytes, an ulcerated lining, fibrin exudation, and invasive growth into cartilage and bone tissue. Investigating 36 patients with RA, 21 patients (58%) were positive for the expression of collagenase 3 mRNA in the synovial tissue. Among these patients, 19 showed a histopathologic type II synovitis and only 2 patients had undifferentiated synovitis. In contrast, synovial tissue samples from patients without collagenase 3 mRNA expression were characterized in 6 cases by type I, in 5 cases by type II and in 4 cases by undifferentiated synovitis. The analysis of the clinical data revealed that RA patients with a histopathologic type II synovitis and synovial tissue collagenase 3 mRNA expression had elevated levels of systemic markers of inflammation and received stronger therapies. The data suggest, that collagenase 3 expression and the histopathologic type II synovitis are associated with a severe and destructive course of RA.     

急性创伤后2周软骨下骨未发生明显力学变化

背景：既往研究主要集中于退行性软骨损伤及软骨下骨的修复机制,而对于急性创伤后软骨下骨的组织、形态研究比较少。 目的：观察软骨急性损伤后软骨下骨的早期组织形态学、分子生物、生物力学的变化。 方法：健康成年新西兰兔24只,建立股骨头软骨缺损模型,分别收集模后即刻、造模后4,7,14 d兔股骨头软骨及软骨下骨标本,大体观察造模后兔股骨头软骨及软骨形态变化,番红-固绿染色观察软骨及软骨下骨形态变化、免疫组织化学法测定骨转换标志物骨保护素/核因子κB受体活化因子配体的表达、Micro-CT扫描分析软骨下骨超微结构改变、力学检测法评估软骨下骨机械强度变化。 结果与结论：大体粗测可见股骨头缺损模型于造模后7 d出现软骨缺损面积扩大,深度增加及退变表现,利用染色法观测进一步证实了造模后7 d其软骨厚度降低,软骨下骨骨小梁吸收。免疫组织化学及免疫荧光检测发现,造模后7-14 d软骨下骨中骨保护素表达明显减少,核因子κB受体活化因子配体表达量显著增加,骨保护素/核因子κB受体活化因子配体比值降低,提示骨转化减弱甚至逆转。采用Micro-CT分析发现造模后7-14 d软骨下骨的骨小梁数量增加,骨小梁数目及间距减小,通透性降低。抗压力学试验分析抗压强度和弹性模量未见统计学差异。结果提示,软骨损伤后软骨下骨可在早期造模后7 d后即发生显著组织形态变化和骨转换能力的下调,从而导致软骨进一步破坏;造模后2周内未见软骨下骨从在明显力学改变,基于此的修复手段可为软骨损伤修复提供治疗靶点。     

Discontinuities in the endothelium of epiphyseal cartilage canals and relevance to joint disease in foals

Cartilage canals have been shown to contain discontinuous blood vessels that enable circulating bacteria to bind to cartilage matrix, leading to vascular occlusion and associated pathological changes in pigs and chickens. It is also inconsistently reported that cartilage canals are surrounded by a cellular or acellular wall that may influence whether bacterial binding can occur. It is not known whether equine cartilage canals contain discontinuous endothelium or are surrounded by a wall. This study aimed to examine whether there were discontinuities in the endothelium of cartilage canal vessels, and whether canals had a cellular or acellular wall, in the epiphyseal growth cartilage of foals. Epiphyseal growth cartilage from the proximal third of the medial trochlear ridge of the distal femur from six healthy foals that were 1, 24, 35, 47, 118 and 122 days old and of different breeds and sexes was examined by light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunohistochemistry. The majority of patent cartilage canals contained blood vessels that were lined by a thin layer of continuous endothelium. Fenestrations were found in two locations in one venule in a patent cartilage canal located deep in the growth cartilage and close to the ossification front in the 118‐day‐old foal. Chondrifying cartilage canals in all TEM‐examined foals contained degenerated endothelial cells that were detached from the basement membrane, resulting in gap formation. Thirty‐three percent of all canals were surrounded by a hypercellular rim that was interpreted as contribution of chondrocytes to growth cartilage. On LM, 69% of all cartilage canals were surrounded by a ring of matrix that stained intensely eosinophilic and consisted of collagen fibres on TEM that were confirmed to be collagen type I by immunohistochemistry. In summary, two types of discontinuity were observed in the endothelium of equine epiphyseal cartilage canal vessels: fenestrations were observed in a patent cartilage canal in the 118‐day‐old foal; and gaps were observed in chondrifying cartilage canals in all TEM‐examined foals. Canals were not surrounded by any cellular wall, but a large proportion was surrounded by an acellular wall consisting of collagen type I. Bacterial binding can therefore probably occur in horses by mechanisms that are similar to those previously demonstrated in pigs and chickens.