退火工艺对射频磁控溅射Bi:YIG薄膜磁性能的影响

对于用射频磁控溅射技术在Si基片上制备的Bi:YIG系薄膜,用快速循环退火方法对其进行晶化处理,研究了退火温度对Bi:YIG薄膜结晶状态和形貌的影响,以及退火气氛和循环周期对薄膜性能的影响.结果表明,用快速循环退火可以在si单晶基片上得到磁性能优良的薄膜(饱和磁化强度139 kA/m,矫顽力6.37 kA/m)并使薄膜形貌有较大改善,在石英基片上制备的薄膜法拉第角比常规退火的薄膜增大了约一倍.     

用Sol—Gel法制备PZT铁电陶瓷及薄膜

用Sol-Gel法制备了Pb(Zr0.5Ti0.5)O3(PZT)铁电陶瓷与薄膜，观察了它们的结晶情况并测定了它们的电学性能。利用Sol-Gel法，可降低PZT陶瓷粉料的预烧温度约200℃，所得陶瓷致密，晶粒均匀；具有较好的介电性能。PZT陶瓷显示弥散相变特征，PZT薄膜的晶化受基底影响很大，基底晶格越完整，与PZT薄膜的晶格失配率越小，PZT薄膜的晶化就越。采用PbTiO3过渡层促进PZT薄膜在镀铂硅片上晶化。PbTiO3过渡层与PZT薄膜的串联电路，其表观电学性能与相应的PZT体材料相近。     

Sm—Fe—Ti薄膜磁体的制备和分析

对于在加热基片上直接晶化的溅射薄膜,就溅射参数作了系统的实验研究,如基片温度、溅射气体压、力、沉积速率及靶与基体间距等。在直接晶化的薄膜中,主相为2-17相,还有几种其他的结晶相,视温度和成份而变。     

新型NPC电池阳极材料:PbTiO3纳米晶薄膜的制备及其光电性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备四方相PbTiO3薄膜,考察了焙烧温度及焙烧时间对所制备的PbTiO3薄膜的晶体结构及晶型的影响,并借助XRD、TG-DSC、TEM、HRTEM、UV-vis、I-V等手段对其晶型结构、结晶度及光电性能等进行表征.XRD结果表明所制备的PbTiO3薄膜为具有钙钛矿结构的四方晶相,且结晶度良好;TEM和HRTEM显示晶体平均粒径为20nm,晶体生长取向于[110]晶面; UV-vis吸收光谱结果表明,PbTiO3薄膜在整个可见光区域内对光均有吸收;光电化学性能测试结果显示,PbTiO3薄膜的开路电压为566mV,填充因子为0.497,其光电性能优于TiO2薄膜.     

PVDF铁电聚合物薄膜的溶液法制备

采用溶液流延法制备了β相聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)铁电聚合物薄膜,研究了不同热处理条件和不同溶剂对薄膜晶相结构形成的影响.利用X射线衍射仪、傅立叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)对晶形结构进行了分析.结果表明,在合适的温度条件下,基片的热诱导作用有利于β晶相形成,而在较高温度下主要形成γ晶相,较低的温度将会抑制PVDF结晶;溶剂的溶度性能对薄膜的结晶能力和晶型的形成有很大影响,采用对PVDF溶解能力较强的溶剂DMSO所制备的薄膜中晶区内β晶型的含量高但其结晶能力差,而采用溶解能力较弱的DMAc溶剂虽然提高了薄膜的结晶度,却降低了β晶型的含量.     

钛酸锶钡(BST)薄膜晶化过程研究

采用射频磁控溅RF-magnetron sputting)法制备了钛酸锶钡(BST)薄膜,用快速热处理(RTA)和常缮规热处理(CFA)对薄膜进行晶化.利用AFM、XRD等技术分析了钛酸锶钡薄膜的晶化过程,以及不同退火温度和退火方法下薄膜的晶粒、晶相特性.实验表明:钛酸锶钡薄膜在500℃开始结晶,到700℃左右时结晶比较完善,晶化过程中没有出现择优取向;从表面形貌和X射线衍射图综合分析,快速退火的晶化效果要优于常规退火.     

沉积温度对ZrO2薄膜结构及表面形貌的影响

采用反应磁控溅射方法,在室温～550℃的沉积温度下,在Si(100)和玻璃基片上沉积了厚度在纳米量级的ZrO2薄膜.通过高分辨电子显微镜、原子力显微镜和透射光谱分析,研究了沉积温度对ZrO2薄膜的相结构、表面形貌和折射率的影响.研究结果表明沉积温度低于250℃时,ZrO2薄膜的结构完全呈非晶态,但250℃沉积的薄膜有比较高的致密度;随着沉积温度的升高,薄膜出现了明显的结晶现象,主要为单斜ZrO2相;沉积温度为450℃时,ZrO2薄膜晶化不完全,在晶粒堆砌处有非晶ZrO2相存在;沉积温度为550℃时,ZrO2薄膜完全晶化,在晶粒堆砌处有四方ZrO2相存在.此外,根据薄膜相结构和表面形貌的研究结果,探讨了沉积温度对薄膜生长行为的影响及其物理机制.     

快速热处理对(Ba,Sr)TiO3薄膜晶化行为的影响

采用射频溅射法在Si(111)基片上制备了(Ba,Sr)TiO3(BST)薄膜,并对制备的薄膜进行了快速退火热处理.采用X射线衍射和原子力显微镜分析了退火温度、退火时间和加热速度对BST薄膜晶化行为的影响.研究结果表明,BST薄膜的晶化行为强烈依赖于退火温度、退火时间和加热速度.BST薄膜的结晶度随退火温度的升高而提高.适当的热处理可降低BST薄膜的表面粗糙度,BST薄膜的表面粗糙度随退火温度的升高经历了一个先降低后增大的过程,但退火后BST薄膜的表面粗糙度都小于制备态薄膜的表面粗糙度.BST薄膜的晶粒尺寸随退火温度的升高经历了一个先增大后减小的过程.随退火时间的延长,BST薄膜的特征衍射峰越来越强,薄膜的晶化程度越来越高.随退火时问的延长,BST薄膜的晶粒尺寸和表面粗糙度也经历了一个先增大后减小的过程.BST薄膜的晶粒大小主要由退火温度决定.高的升温速率可获得较小的晶粒.     

氧化钒薄膜在玻璃基片上的生长研究

采用直流反应磁控溅射法, 在平整光滑的普通玻璃基片表面沉积了厚度分别为80nm、440nm和1μm的氧化钒薄膜. 采用原子力显微镜(AFM)、扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对薄膜的表面形貌、结构和结晶化的分析表明, 厚度影响着薄膜的颗粒大小和结晶状态, 随着薄膜厚度的增加, 薄膜的颗粒增大, 晶化增强; 薄膜具有明显的垂直于衬底表面的“柱”状择优生长特征. 对薄膜的方阻和方阻随温度的变化进行了相关分析, 证实了厚度对氧化钒薄膜的电学性能存在明显的影响, 随着薄膜厚度的增加, 薄膜的方阻减小, 方阻温度系数升高, 薄膜的方阻随温度变化的回线滞宽逐渐增大, 薄膜的金属-半导体相变逐渐趋于明显.     

磁控溅射B4C薄膜的制备与力学性能

通过磁控溅射方法在不同基片温度下制备了B4C薄膜,利用傅立叶红外光谱、X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜表征了薄膜的微结构,并采用纳牛力学探针测量了薄膜的力学性能.结果表明,室温下制备的B4C薄膜具有很高的硬度(42.5 GPa)和杨氏模量(300 GPa),薄膜呈现非晶或纳米晶特征.随基片温度的提高,薄膜略有晶化,硬度与杨氏模量相应增加到50.4 GPa和420 GPa.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.