多巴胺D3受体基因多态性与精神分裂症及其亚型的关联分析

目的：探讨精神分裂症及其亚型与多巴胺D3受体（DRD3）基因Ser9Gly多态性之间的关联。方法：使用病例－对照的关联分析方法，对528例中国汉族精神分裂症患者及241名正常对照者DRD3的多态性进行检测，并进行关联分析。结果：精神分裂症患者Gly9Gly基因型及Gly9等位基因明显高于对照组（患者组及对照组Gly9Gly基因分别为8．5％及4．6％，P＝0．053；Gly9等位基因频率分别为28．4％及23．0％，P＜0．05）；且首次发病为阳性症状者与对照组之间的等位基因的差异也有显著性（Gly9等位基因频率分别为28．6％及23．0％，P＜0．05，OR＝1．337，95％CI＝1．020－1．752）。结论：DRD3基因Ser9Gly多态性与精神分裂症整体存在显著性关联，尤其是与首次发病以阳性症状为主者关系密切。     

多巴胺D3受体基因多态性与精神分裂症亚型及利培酮疗效相关性分析

目的探讨多巴胺D3受体(dopamine D3 receptor,DRD3)基因第一外显子丝氨酸9甘氨酸(Ser9Gly)多态性与精神分裂症临床亚型、药物疗效的关联.方法 241 例汉族首发精神分裂症患者,采用限制性片段长度多态性(restriction fragment length polymorphism,RFLP)技术测定基因型.分析判断基因多态性与精神分裂症的临床亚型、药物疗效的关联. 结果精神分裂症各亚型Ser9Gly等位基因分布存在显著性差异(p <0.05).利培酮疗效不同的患者间Ser9Gly等位基因多态性均无显著性差异. 结论 DRD3受体基因第一外显子Ser9Gly多态性可能与精神分裂症亚型相关,而与患者对药物的反应不相关.     

多巴胺D3受体基因多态性与精神分裂症患者迟发性运动障碍的关联分析

目的　观察广州地区汉族伴或不伴迟发性运动障碍 (TD)的精神分裂症患者多巴胺D3受体 (DRD3)基因Ser 9 Gly多态性分布 ,探讨DRD3基因Ser 9 Gly多态性与TD发生的关系。方法对 1 4 0例精神分裂症患者采用不自主运动评定量表 (AIMS)进行评定 ,其中 53例伴TD ,87例不伴TD。应用聚合酶链反应和限制性内切酶长度多态性方法 ,检测 1 4 0例患者的DRD3基因Ser 9 Gly多态性 ,并对DRD3各等位基因及基因型与精神分裂症患者的TD表型进行关联分析。结果　 (1 )TD组与无TD组患者基因型总体分布的差异无显著性 (χ2 =5 6 ,υ =2 ,P >0 0 5) ,等位基因频数分布的差异有显著性 (χ2 =5 1 1 ,υ =1 ,P <0 0 5)。 (2 )按性别分组后 ,在男性患者中 ,伴TD患者较不伴TD患者 1 / 1基因型和等位基因 1频率的差异有显著性 (χ2 =5 2 4 ,χ2 =5 0 6 ,P <0 0 5) ,等位基因 2的差异有显著性 (χ2 =5 0 6 ,P <0 0 5)。在女性患者中 ,DRD3各基因型及等位基因的频率的差异均无显著性 (P >0 0 5)。结论　DRD3基因Ser 9 Gly多态性可能与精神分裂症尤其是男性患者的TD关联     

多巴胺D3受体Ser9Gly多态性与精神分裂症的关联研究

目的:探讨多巴胺D_3受体(DRD3)基因Ser9Gly(第9密码子丝氨酸被甘氨酸替代)多态性与精神分裂症的相关性。方法:采用聚合酶链反应(PCR),基因扩增的限制性片段长度多态性(Amp-RFLP)方法对精神分裂症56个先证者及其父母组成的核心家系进行检测,并对DRD3基因分型,精神分裂症的DRD3基因Ser9Gly多态性运用传递不平衡(TDT)检验。结果:精神分裂症与DRD3基因无显著关联(TDT值为0.388,P>0.05)。结论:DRD3基因Ser9Gly可能在中国汉族精神分裂症发病机制中不起主要作用。     

多巴胺D5受体基因多态性与精神分裂症的关联研究

目的　探讨昆明地区汉族人群多巴胺D5受体 (DRD5 )基因多态性与精神分裂症的关系。方法　对 79例精神分裂症患者 (患者组 )和 75名正常对照者 (对照组 )采用聚合酶链反应 (PCR)扩增DRD5基因二核苷酸多态性片段 ,并通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对PCR扩增产物进行多态性分型鉴定。比较患者组与对照组DRD5基因各等位基因分布频率。结果　 ( 1)患者组与对照组之间等位基因分布的差异无显著性 ( χ2 =12 2 6 ,P >0 0 5 )。 ( 2 )女性患者比男性患者及对照组 14 0bp等位基因有更高的分布频率 ;与男性患者比较 ,相对危险度 (RR) =2 73( χ2 =5 33,P <0 0 5 ) ;与对照组比较 ,RR =2 0 1( χ2 =4 5 9,P <0 0 5 )。结论　未发现汉族人群中DRD5基因多态性与精神分裂症存在明显关联 ,但该基因多态性可能影响不同性别间的疾病易感性     

多巴胺D3受体基因Ser9Gly多态性与阿立哌唑及利培酮治疗效应的关联研究

目的比较阿立哌唑与利培酮治疗女性首发精神分裂症患者的疗效和血浆催乳素水平变化及其与多巴胺D3受体(DRD3)基因Ser9Gly(rs6280)多态性的关联。方法选择完成8周阿立哌唑或利培酮治疗的女性首发精神分裂症患者各60例,于治疗前和治疗8周后分别评测阳性与阴性症状量表(positive and negativesymptom scale,PANSS)。采用放射免疫法检测血浆催乳素水平,DNA测序技术检测DRD3基因Ser9Gly多态性,分析DRD3基因Ser9Gly多态性与两药疗效及血浆催乳素变化的关联。结果治疗8周后,两组PANSS减分率的差异无统计学意义[(59.79±23.48)vs.(63.30±22.66),P>0.05],但利培酮组血浆催乳素的变化值高于阿立哌唑组[(26.92±9.48)vs.(-25.25±8.07),P<0.05]。利培酮组中C等位基因携带者的血浆催乳素的增加明显高于未携带者[(52.48±27.01)ng/mL vs(36.07±17.46),P<0.05];而阿立哌唑组中未见此差异[(-23.27±8.36)vs.TT(-26.05±8.11),P>0.05]。两组8周后PANSS减分率(%)与DRD3基因Ser9Gly的差异均无统计学意义:阿立哌唑组[CC+CT(57.83±19.94)vs.TT(56.84±18.46),P>0.05];利培酮组[CC+CT(53.94±21.08)vs.TT(60.38±19.37),P>0.05]。结论阿立哌唑治疗女性首发精神分裂症疗效与利培酮相当,但引起血浆催乳素水平变化的幅度较小;利培酮引起血浆催乳素水平增加可能与DRD3基因Ser9Gly多态性有关联。     

多巴胺D_3受体基因多态性与精神分裂症临床表型

目的：探讨多巴胺D3受体（DRD3）基因多态性与精神分裂症临床表型的关系。方法：对73个精神分裂症核心家系83例精神分裂症患者（患者组）及其146名父母（父母组）应用聚合酶链反应、限制性内切酶消化方法、琼脂糖凝胶电泳结合紫外凝胶成像系统检测DRD3基因中的3个位点（Ser9Gly、Ala38Thr和-205A/G）的多态性;采用阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）评定精神分裂症临床表型。结果：两组DRD3基因中3个位点的基因型分布及等位基因的频率分布差异无显著性;但在患者组中,对Ser9Gly位点3种基因型（Ser9Ser、Ser9Gly和Gly9Gly）进行分组比较时,Gly9Gly组的PANSS抑郁因子评分明显高于Ser9Ser组和Ser9Gly组,3组间比较,差异有显著性（P=0.042）。对Ala38Thr位点3种基因型（Ala38Ala、Ala38Thr和Thr38Thr）进行分组比较,PANSS总分及各因子分在Ala38Ala、Ala38Thr和Thr38Thr组间差异均无显著性。对-205A/G位点3种基因型（A/A、A/G和G/G）进行分组比较,G/G组的PANSS反应缺乏因子评分明显高于A/A组和A/G组,3组间比较,差异有显著性（P=0.048）。结论：DRD3基因变异可能与精神分裂症的病理症状有关。     

精神分裂症与多巴胺D4受体基因及载脂蛋白E基因的关联分析

目的　探讨上海地区汉族人群载脂蛋白E(apoE)基因、多巴胺D4 受体 (DRD4)基因与精神分裂症的易患性、患者的性别、发病年龄以及病程之间的关系。方法　应用聚合酶链反应扩增技术及限制性片段长度多态性对 80例精神分裂症患者和 80名正常人分别测定apoE、D4基因型和等位基因。结果　 (1 )患者组apoE等位基因ε2 频率明显高于对照组 ,与精神分裂症呈显著正关联 [相对危险度 (RR) =2 0 1 ,P <0 0 5] ;而且患者组男性等位基因ε2 频率明显高于对照组男性 ,与精神分裂症呈显著正关联 (RR =8 5l,P <0 0 5)。 (2 )DRD4基因与精神分裂症无关联 ,但是发病年龄与A2 ,A4等位基因及性别与 4/ 4基因型有关联 (P <0 0 5) ;(3)患者组与对照组携带ε4 与非携带ε4 间比较 ,DRD4基因的基因型和等位基因频率均无差异。患者组和对照组的组内携带ε4 与非携带ε4 间比较的差异均有显著性 ,对照组携带ε4 组的DRD4基因型 4/ 4 (85 % )和等位基因A4(89% )频率均明显高于非携带ε4组 (55 % ,67% ) ,而非携带ε4 组的等位基因A2 (2 9% )频率高于携带ε4 组 (1 2 % ) ;患者组非携带ε4 组的DRD4基因型 2 / 2 (1 3 % )和等位基因A2 (2 4 % )频率均高于携带ε4 组 (0 % ,8% )。结论　 (1 )apoE基因可影响精神分裂症患者的易患性     

RAGE基因多态性与高血压左室肥厚、血清esRAGE水平的相关性研究

目的探讨晚期糖基化终末产物受体(RAGE)基因Gly82Ser多态性与EH-LVH患者及其血清内源性分泌型RAGE(esRAGE)水平的相关性。方法应用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段多态性(PCR-RLFP)的方法,检测94例EH患者(其中38例伴LVH)及50例对照组RAGE基因Gly82Ser多态性,同时采用ELISA法测定血清esRAGE水平。结果与正常对照组相比,EH组基因型频率和等位基因频率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);EH-LVH组RAGE基因Gly82Ser位点的GS基因型频率和82Ser等位基因频率明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);EH-LVH和EH组Gly82Ser SS基因型血清es-RAGE水平与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05)。结论 RAGE基因Gly82Ser多态性与EH的发生发展无关;EH-LVH患者RAGE基因Gly82Ser GS基因型和82Ser等位基因增多,提示82Ser等位基因可能是EH-LVH发病的易感基因;RAGE基因Gly82Ser多态性与血清esRAGE水平显著相关。     

多巴胺D2、D3受体基因多态性与汉族人精神分裂症相关研究

目的探索多巴胺D2受体(Dopamine D2receptor,DRD2)基因第8外显子Taq I A位点多态和多巴胺D3受体(Dopamine D3receptor,DRD3)基因第5内含子Msp I位点多态与汉族人群精神分裂症是否关联及其在不同性别是否存有差异。方法使用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(Polymerase chain reaction-re-striction fragment length polymorphism,PCR-RFLP)及DNA测序技术,对317例精神分裂症患者及310名对照DRD2Taq I A基因多态性和DRD3Msp I位点基因多态性进行检测。结果患者组与对照组间DRD2 Taq I A位点等位基因分布差异显著(P<0.01)、两两基因型对比(A1/A2与A1/A1相比:P<0.05;A2/A2与A1/A1相比:P<0.01)及两基因型联合对比(A1/A2+A2/A2与A1/A1:P<0.01)组间差异也显著。性别分层研究DRD2Taq I A位点女性组间差异显著(P<0.01),男性组间差异无意义(P>0.05)。DRD3Msp I位点的基因型频率、等位基因分布及性别分层分析等所有数据均显示患者组与对照组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。风险因子趋势检验结果DRD2Taq I A位点等位基因A2:P<0.01;DRD3Msp I位点等位基因2:P>0.05。结论所得数据支持DRD2Taq I A位点等位基因A2可能为精神分裂发生的风险因子,特别对女性而言。数据分析不支持DRD3Msp I位点基因与精神分裂发生有关。此结果需更进一步研究证实。     

No association between the DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism and schizophrenia

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between a Ser9Gly polymorphism of the dopamine D3 receptor gene (DRD3) and schizophrenia. METHODS: 408 schizophrenic patients and 172 control subjects were compared with regard to their DRD3 Ser9Gly genotypic and allelic frequencies. In addition, we carried out a family-based association study including 183 pedigrees (472 subjects) using the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT). RESULTS: No significant differences of genotype or homozygosity distribution were identified between patients and controls. When patients were stratified according to gender, response to treatment, age at onset, no significant differences were observed. Neither allele A (Ser), or G (Gly) were preferentially transmitted from parents to affected offspring. CONCLUSION: The hypothesis that the DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism plays a predisposing role in schizophrenia is not supported by this study.     

Mutation and association analysis of the 5' region of the dopamine D3 receptor gene in schizophrenia patients: identification of the Ala38Thr polymorphism and suggested association between DRD3 haplotypes and schizophrenia

Although the association between the Ser9Gly polymorphism of the dopamine D3 receptor gene (DRD3) and schizophrenia has been investigated by many research groups, it is not known whether the Ser9Gly polymorphism alone or a variation in linkage disequilibrium may effect susceptibility to schizophrenia. We searched the 5' region of the DRD3 gene and found three novel polymorphisms: -712G/C, -205A/G, and Ala38Thr. The Ala38Thr polymorphism is located in the first transmembrane region and is conserved in the monkey, mouse, and rat. Case-control comparisons in 153 Japanese schizophrenia patients and 122 Japanese controls did not suggest an association between Ala38Thr and schizophrenia. However, there was a marginally significant association between the Ser9 allele of the Ser9Gly polymorphisms and schizophrenia (P = 0.02). Furthermore, there was a highly significant association between haplotypes of the -712G/C, -205A/G, and Ser9Gly polymorphisms and schizophrenia (P = 0.0007, corrected P = 0.007). These positive findings were replicated in an additional 99 Japanese schizophrenia patients and 132 controls (P = 0.04 and 0.0004, respectively). The most allelic differences of the Ser9Gly polymorphism between patient and control groups arose from the chromosome carrying specific alleles of the other three polymorphisms. This study indicates unknown variant(s) in linkage disequilibrium with the DRD3 haplotypes associated with schizophrenia.     

The Ser9Gly polymorphism of the dopamine D3 receptor gene and risk of schizophrenia: an association study and a large meta-analysis

Dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) binds antipsychotic drugs and is abundant in the limbic system of the brain. It has been shown to play important roles in schizophrenia. A number of studies investigated the Ser9Gly polymorphism of the DRD3 gene to test its possible association with schizophrenia; however, the results were inconsistent. Our study aims to further evaluate the possible association between the Ser9Gly polymorphism and schizophrenia using a case-control association study within the Han Chinese population as well as a meta-analysis covering all previous studies. Our study, based on 329 schizophrenic patients and 288 controls, found no significant difference in the genotype or allele distributions of Ser9Gly polymorphism, the meta-analysis showed that the Ser9Gly polymorphism was not associated with Schizophrenia. Our study does not support the contention that the Ser9Gly polymorphism of the DRD3 gene plays a major role in schizophrenia in the Chinese population.     

Allelic variation in the human prodynorphin gene promoter and schizophrenia

Experimental and clinical studies suggest an involvement of the opioid neuropeptide system in schizophrenia. In particular, the prodynorphin (PDYN), the precursor of the dynorphin opioid peptides, has been shown to play an important role in several aspects of human mental diseases. Recently, a functional polymorphism in the promoter of PDYN gene has been described. We studied the possible relationship between this polymorphism and schizophrenia and we found no significant difference in allelic and genotype distributions between schizophrenic patients and control subjects. However, we observed a significant interactive effect with the receptor 3 of dopamine gene (DRD3); in particular, the frequency of subjects carrying PDYN allele 3 being also homozygotes for DRD3 Gly allele (of Ser9Gly polymorphism) was significantly greater in patients than controls. We conclude that PDYN gene polymorphism alone does not alter the risk for schizophrenia but, by an epistatic interaction with the Gly allele of DRD3 gene, may contribute to the susceptibility to this disorder.     

DRD3 and DAT1 genes in schizophrenia: an association study

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of the dopamine receptor 3 (DRD3) and transporter 1 (DAT1) genes in schizophrenia or in modulating its phenotype. METHODS: a Ser9Gly polymorphism in codon 9 of the DRD3 and a VNTR polymorphism in the DAT1genes were examined in two groups of schizophrenic patients, one of excellent neuroleptic responders (N=42) and one of nonresponders (N=64). A group of healthy volunteers screened for major psychiatric disorders was also included (N=89). In addition, age at onset of psychotic symptoms, attention performance and family loading for schizophrenia spectrum disorders were compared between patients with different genotypes in the DRD3 and DAT1 genes. RESULTS: No significant differences in the allelic distribution of the DRD3 and DAT1 polymorphisms were detected between schizophrenic patients and controls. A trend toward an excess of DRD3 genotype Gly/Gly was observed in neuroleptic nonresponder schizophrenic patients compared to controls (chi(2)=3. 30, df=1, p=0.07). No significant differences in age at onset of psychotic symptoms, attention task performance or family loading for schizophrenia spectrum disorders were observed between groups with different DRD3 and DAT1 genotypes. CONCLUSION: These results do not support the role of either of these genes in increasing susceptibility to schizophrenia or in modulating its phenotype in the studied population.     

Association between dopamine D3 receptor gene polymorphisms and schizophrenia in an isolate population

There are several lines of evidence implicating the dopamine D3 receptor in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The Ser9Gly polymorphism of the dopamine D3 receptor gene (DRD3) has been the most extensively investigated DRD3 variant in connection with the disease but results have been inconclusive. Recent reports indicate that the Ser9Gly polymorphism is in linkage disequilibrium with other markers, but association studies between DRD3 haplotypes and schizophrenia have had mixed results. Genetic heterogeneity may be one of the causes of contradicting results. In order to clarify the role of DRD3 alterations in the aetiology of disease, we have investigated three D3 genetic variants (Ser9Gly, -205-G/A, -7685-G/C) in a sample of patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (N=118) and controls (N=162) recruited from a human isolate from Navarra (Northern Spain) of Basque origin. Although no association was found between the Ser9Gly or the -205-A/G polymorphisms and disease, an excess of allele -7685-C was observed in patients (p=0.002 after correction for multiple analyses). Haplotype analysis shows the three markers to be in strong linkage disequilibrium (p<0.0001) and strongly associated with disease (p<1x 10(-5)). These results may suggest that these polymorphisms exert a combined or synergistic effect on susceptibility to schizophrenia, or are in linkage with an unknown causative factor. However, further replication in independent samples is required.     

Effects of the DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism on aripiprazole efficacy in schizophrenic patients as modified by clinical factors

Aripiprazole, a novel antipsychotic agent, has a unique pharmacological action (partial agonist) on the dopamine neurotransmission system. Aripiprazole has high affinity for dopamine D2 and D3 receptors (DRD2 and DRD3). We investigated whether the efficacy of aripiprazole can be predicted by a functional DRD3 gene polymorphism Ser9Gly (rs6280) as modified by clinical factors in Han Chinese hospitalized patients with acutely exacerbated schizophrenia. After hospitalization, the patients (n = 128) were given aripiprazole for up to four weeks. Patients were genotyped for DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) method. Clinical factors such as gender, age, duration of illness, education level, diagnostic subtype and medication dosage were recorded. Psychopathology was measured biweekly with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The effects of genetic and clinical factors on PANSS performance after aripiprazole treatment were analyzed by a mixed model regression approach (SAS Proc MIXED). We found that, although the Ser carriers have numerically larger score reductions when compared with non-carriers in almost all PANSS dimensions, the difference of their effects are statically not significant. However, the clinical factors, including dosage of aripiprazole, age, duration of illness, and diagnostic subtype could influence PANSS performance after aripiprazole treatment. This study suggests that DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism may not contribute significantly to inter-individual differences in therapeutic efficacy of aripiprazole, but some clinical factors may predict treatment efficacy.