2009—2010年深圳市中小学生校内非故意伤害监测结果

目的为探索中小学生校内非故意伤害发生的危险因素,为学生非故意伤害的预防与控制提供依据。方法在2009—2010学年期间对深圳市21所中小学校进行哨点主动监测,学生发生伤害后填写《深圳市中小学生伤害报告》卡,由校医报至疾病预防控制中心。结果报告校内非故意伤害病例212例,发生率为0.53%;伤害病例平均年龄（13.83±3.031）岁;男生伤害发生率高于女生（χ^2=101.18,P〈0.01）。伤害发生部位主要为上肢（49.5%）、下肢（28.8%）和头部（15.6%）;受伤类型主要是跌落或坠落伤（38.2%）,其次是运动伤（18.4%）;伤害的后果为骨折（33.5%）、挫伤或擦伤（24.1%）、开放伤（24.1%）、扭伤或拉伤（15.2%）;93.60%伤后能够完全恢复。结论学生校内非故意伤害的控制与干预应以社区为基础,强调共同责任,需社会多部门、多领域的共同协作,提高学校安全工作管理水平,从而降低非故意伤害在校园内的发生。     

上海市金山区2006-2010学年学生伤害现况

了解上海市金山区学生伤害现状和发展趋势,为完善青少年健康相关危险行为监测体系、制定切实可行的干预措施提供科学依据.方法 对上海市金山区2006-2010学年在校学生伤害个案登记和报告资料进行统计分析.结果 金山区5 a间中小学生伤害发生率逐年下降,小学、初中、高中分别由2006学年的0.52%,0.39%和0.53%下降至2010学年的0.46%,0.28%和0.14%;校内伤害发生数占61.99%,校外伤害发生数占38.01%;伤害发生数构成比前3位的分别是跌落/倒、碰撞/挤压伤和交通事故;男、女生伤害发生率分别为0.55%和0.22%.结论 学生伤害以跌落/倒、碰撞/挤压伤和交通事故为最常见.有必要重点加强预防学生常见伤害的健康教育和安全促进,从伤害源头上抓好伤害干预工作.     

上海市金山区2010—2016学年中小学生伤害监测结果分析

【目的】了解上海市金山区中小学生伤害的发生状况及流行病学特征?为政府和相关部门制订相关伤害干预策略和措施?降低学生伤害发生率提供依据?【方法】收集金山区2010—2016学年全部中小学生伤害个案报告卡提供的数据?分析该人群伤害发生的原因、性质、临床特征等?【结果】2010—2016学年共监测学生伤害1387例?伤害发生率为0.386%?小学生、初中生和高中生伤害发生率分别为0.410%、0.437%和0.169%?差异有统计学意义(χ2=70.186?P0.001)?男生女生伤害发生率分别为0.522%及0.231%?差异有统计学意义(χ2=196.987?P0.001)?伤害原因主要为跌倒/落(69.36%)?其次是碰撞挤压伤(9.22%)、交通事故(9.15%)、烧烫伤(4.04%)?伤害发生时活动以消遣活动为主?占40.45%?其次是体育活动33.02%、日常起居活动13.91%?伤害原因分布表现出性别差异和学段差异?【结论】我区中小学生伤害发生情况在不同性别和学段之间存在差异?需针对性开展干预措施?     

上海市闸北区中小学生伤害流行病学分析

[目的]掌握闸北区中小学生伤害发生流行病学特征及其影响因素,探索闸北区中小学生伤害发生状况,为政府和相关部门出台行之有效的中小学生伤害干预应对策略和措施、降低学生伤害发生率及伤害死亡率提供科学依据。[方法]收集闸北区2006—2009学年期间全部中小学生伤害个案信息,记录"学生伤害个案卡"并对其内容调查登记核实,分析伤害发生的原因、类型和特征。[结果]2006—2009学年监测中小学生伤害计95例,性别比为2.87∶1,其中初中学生为最多,占59%,小学生为41%,高中学生为30%。中小学生伤害主要类型为跌倒528例(55.23%),碰撞/挤压伤268例(28.03%)。伤害发生性质中以骨折较多,占55.71%,中学生发生以脱位、扭伤、拉伤的情况较小学生多。伤害事故发生较多时段分布为:以课(午)间休息发生数最高,为300例(31.38%),其次上课时发生263例(27.51%),节假日发生132例(13.81%),放学后发生130例(13.60%)。伤害部位好发于肩、上肢420例(44.03%),髋、下肢298例(31.24%),头面部189例(19.81%)。[结论]中小学生面临着伤害的严峻挑战,应根据中小学生伤害发生特点,采取针对性干预措施,保护学生健康。     

2014年全国伤害监测系统老年跌倒/坠落病例特征分析

目的 了解2014年全国伤害监测系统(NISS)≥60岁老年人跌倒/坠落病例分布特征,为制定老年人跌倒/坠落预防控制策略措施提供依据。方法 对2014年因跌倒/坠落首次在NISS监测点医院门/急诊室就诊的≥60岁老年人病例,采用全国伤害管理软件统一录入监测数据,利用SPSS 19.0软件进行描述性分析。结果 2014年老年人跌倒/坠落病例41 073例,占该人群全部非故意伤害病例的52.81%,且该比例随年龄增长而增大。病例性别比为0.77;女性比例随年龄增大而增加。老年人跌倒/坠落发生高峰时间段是8:00-11:59(占全天病例的33.31%)。跌倒/坠落发生地点构成前三位是家中(55.66%)、公共居住场所(20.52%)、公路/街道(11.64%)。跌倒/坠落发生时活动的构成前两位是休闲活动(68.94%)和家务/学习(16.14%)。受伤部位构成前三位的是下肢(29.28%)、头部(24.40%)、躯干(20.04%)。跌倒/坠落造成挫伤/擦伤为主(45.76%),其次是骨折(29.52%)、扭伤/拉伤(13.28%)。跌倒/坠落伤害的严重程度以轻度为主(64.20%),随年龄增加,中重度伤害比例逐渐增加。结论 跌倒/坠落是我国老年人伤害的主要原因,其在老年人群全部非故意伤害中的构成比例随年龄增大而增加;跌倒/坠落预防应作为老年人伤害预防控制的优先工作。     

2006—2010年乌鲁木齐市伤害监测结果分析

目的掌握乌鲁木齐市伤害的流行特征,为制订伤害预防与控制措施提供科学依据。方法在乌鲁木齐市选择三级甲等医院1家,二级医院2家,作为伤害监测哨点医院,所有在哨点医院就诊的首诊伤害患者为监测对象。结果伤害发生前5位原因依次为跌倒/坠落(38.92%),机动车车祸(18.11%),钝器伤(14.93%),刀/锐器伤(12.00%),其他(4.68%);伤害性质以挫伤/擦伤(40.43%)为主,其次为骨折(21.53%),和锐器伤/咬伤/开放伤(15.52%);伤害发生地点主要是公路/街道(30.28%),其次是家中(21.90%)和公共居住场所(21.29%);以休闲活动时发生伤害为主(62.54%);非故意伤害占81.70%;50.42%的伤害病例经治疗后回家,观察/住院和死亡分别占47.95%和0.29%。结论乌鲁木齐市0～14岁和65岁以上居民伤害以跌落为主,男性青壮年以交通事故伤害为主。提高中小学生和老年人的安全防范意识,完善交通安全管理,培养良好的交通安全行为是主要的预防措施。     

2010—2014学年上海市金山区中小学校学生校园伤害监测分析

目的通过了解金山区中小学校学生校园伤害现状及特点,为制定切实可行的干预措施提供科学依据。方法采用学校、社区二级监测报告网络,汇总分析2010—2014学年金山区中小学校校园伤害监测数据。结果 2010—2014学年,金山区中小学校学生校园伤害发生率0.18%,5年间伤害报告率总体呈上升趋势,由0.12%上升到0.22%,各年度伤害报告率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=20.045,P0.01)。发生伤害首位原因是跌倒/跌落,占79.35%;以骨折最常见,占68.83%。各学段发生伤害时伤者活动分布差异有统计学意义(χ~2=39.249,P0.01)。结论有针对性开展校园伤害预防干预措施,可减少伤害发生,促进学生健康。     

2006 - 2015年间西藏自治区伤害监测报告病例分析

目的 分析2006 - 2015年间西藏自治区伤害监测点报告病例分布情况,为西藏自治区开展伤害干预工作提供依据。方法 依据《全国伤害监测工作手册》的相关标准和定义,对2006 - 2015年3所哨点医院的监测数据进行描述分析。结果 伤害以男性（70.18%）,年龄20～45岁者（66.5%）为主,商业、服务业者（17.3%）以及小学学历者（39.1%）是伤害的常见人群。伤害发生原因主要为跌倒/坠落（29.7%）、机动车车祸（27.5%）、钝器伤（16.9%）,在2007 - 2015年间,伤害发生原因顺位没有发生变化;地点主要为公路/街道（33.9%）、公共居住场所（17.4%）及家中（15.1％）,在每年的伤害发生地点中,公路与街道始终位居首位;伤害发生时活动主要为家务（36.9%）、休闲活动（20.2%）、学习（19.8％）;伤害性质主要为挫伤/擦伤（43.3%）、锐器/咬伤/开放伤（22.7%）及骨折（15.7％）,10年间,伤害性质的顺位基本不发生变化;部位主要是头部（30.3%),始终居于首位;伤害意图每年都以非故意(77.8%)为主;严重程度每年都以轻度(71.3%)为主。结论 男性青壮年是干预的重点人群,公路/街道是干预的重要地点,跌倒/坠落是干预的重要原因,头部是重要干预部位,需积极采取高危人群-高危地点-高危原因-高危部位四位一体综合防控干预措施。     

上海金山区中小学生2011-2015学年因病缺课监测分析

分析2011-2015学年金山区中小学生因病缺课的流行特征和原因,为降低学生因病缺课率,制定干预措施提供依据.方法 收集2011-2015学年金山区中小学生因病缺课系统监测数据,描述中小学生因病缺课流行特征,并比较不同性别、不同学段学生因病缺课情况.结果 2011-2015学年金山区中小学生总因病缺课率为0.28%,缺课的首位原因为发热,占全部缺课病例的42.95%;其次为呼吸系统症状/疾病(22.24%)、消化系统症状/疾病(10.60%)以及传染病(6.45%);缺课病例集中于11-12月及3-5月,各种病因所致缺课分布高峰的时间不同;各学年男生缺课率均高于女生(P值均<0.01);不同学段之间,小学缺课率最高,高中最低,各学年不同学段缺课率差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01);传染病和伤害所致的平均缺课天数最多(6.7,5.2d).结论 小学生及男生是缺课的重点关注人群.应根据中小学生缺课的主要病因及其时间分布特点提前采取措施,降低学生缺课率.     

江苏省2006-2013年哨点医院伤害监测

目的 了解2006-2013年江苏省哨点医院伤害监测病例的分布特征。方法 分析江苏省两地区6家全国伤害监测哨点医院2006年1月1日至2013年12月31日收集并审核清理后形成的年度汇总伤害监测数据库。结果 2006-2013年江苏省6家监测哨点医院共报告有效病例448 778例, 男女性别比为1.72: 1, 男性多于女性。伤害发生原因前5位分别为跌倒/坠落伤(27.21%)、道路交通伤(26.23%)、钝器伤(17.50%)、刀/锐器伤(13.87%)和动物伤(6.59%)。伤害发生的月份主要集中在6-8月, 时间集中于08: 00-10: 00。伤害经常发生的地点是公路/街道(31.58%)、家中(23.47%)及工业和建筑场所(21.38%)。伤害发生时主要活动为娱乐活动(36.12%)、驾乘交通工具(25.26%)和有偿工作(24.78%)。伤害意图以非故意为主(92.65%), 其次是故意(暴力/攻击)(6.36%)。结论 2006-2013年江苏省伤害病例数呈现逐年增加趋势, 每年伤害发生的原因均以跌倒/坠落伤和道路交通伤为主, 青少年和老年人的伤害问题日益突出, 应实施有针对性的干预措施。     

Hazing of suburban middle school and high school athletes.

Little is known about the prevalence of hazing behaviors among adolescent athletes. Our survey of 1105 6th-12th grade athletes found that 17.4% had been subjected to practices that qualify as hazing. Many of these teenagers do not comprehend the abusive and potentially dangerous nature of hazing.     

Working to keep school children healthy: the complementary roles of school staff and school nurses

BACKGROUND: Against a background of future uncertainty for school nursing and little previous research, this study aimed to identify and describe the distinctive role of the school nurse in working to keep school children healthy. Particular attention was paid to the 'interface' between nursing and the health-related work of teachers. The research was carried out in four health authority areas in England. METHODS: Seventy-eight semi-structured interviews were carried out with a range of respondents: school nurses, school Heads and teachers, health authority purchasers and NHS Trust managers. Seven focus group discussions were held with parents and eight with young people of secondary school age. RESULTS: Four key elements of the school nurse role were identified: safeguarding the health and welfare of children; health promotion; a pupils' confidante; and family support. In each of these aspects of work, nurses and teachers had shared or complementary roles. An over-arching role for the school nurse as 'health adviser' to pupils, parents and teachers was also identified. Despite these common elements, emphasis in the practice of individual school nurses varied widely. Difficulties for school nurses in developing their role were identified. Parents and young people saw school as an appropriate setting for health-related work. CONCLUSION: The research identified key components of the school nursing role and the complementary roles of nurses and school staff. To optimize school nurses' contribution to child health, a more strategic approach is required, in partnership with education, along with research into the effectiveness of school nursing interventions.     

Parental and school correlates of binge drinking among middle school students

OBJECTIVES: We examined the prevalence and dynamics of binge drinking among middle school students. METHODS: We analyzed data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The sample was composed of approximately 5300 seventh-and eighth-grade students who were interviewed at 2 points in time. RESULTS: Approximately 8% of seventh graders and 17% of eighth graders reported engaging in binge drinking during the past 12 months. These rates varied as a function of school characteristics. Low scores on the parenting variables-communication quality, use of reasoning, and control and supervision-and binge drinking during middle school also were predictive of binge drinking during high school. CONCLUSIONS: Binge drinking among middle school students is an important phenomenon that for many students forecasts future binge drinking during high school.     

Low accuracy and low consistency of fourth-graders' school breakfast and school lunch recalls

OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy and consistency of fourth-graders' school breakfast and school lunch recalls obtained during 24-hour recalls and compared with observed intake. DESIGN: Children were interviewed using a multiple-pass protocol at school the morning after being observed eating school breakfast and school lunch. SUBJECTS: 104 children stratified by ethnicity (African-American, white) and gender were randomly selected and interviewed up to 3 times each with 4 to 14 weeks between each interview. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Match, omission, and intrusion rates to determine accuracy of reporting items; arithmetic and/or absolute differences to determine accuracy for reporting amounts; total inaccuracy to determine inaccuracy for reporting items and amounts combined; intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) to determine consistency. RESULTS: Means were 51% for omission rate, 39% for intrusion rate, and 7.1 servings for total inaccuracy. Total inaccuracy decreased significantly from the first to the third recall (P=0.006). The ICC was 0.29 for total inaccuracy and 0.15 for omission rate. For all meal components except bread/grain and beverage, there were more omissions than intrusions. Mean arithmetic and absolute differences per serving in amount reported for matches were -0.08 and 0.24, respectively. Mean amounts per serving of omissions and intrusions were 0.86 and 0.80, respectively. APPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: The low accuracy and low consistency of children's recalls from this study raise concerns regarding the current uses of dietary recalls obtained from children. To improve the accuracy and consistency of children's dietary recalls, validation studies are needed to determine the best way(s) to interview children.     

Bullying among middle school and high school students--Massachusetts, 2009

Multiple studies have documented the association between substance use, poor academic achievement, mental health problems, and bullying. A small but growing body of research suggests that family violence also is associated with bullying. To assess the association between family violence and other risk factors and being involved in or affected by bullying as a bully, victim, or bully-victim (those who reported being both bullies and victims of bullying), the Massachusetts Department of Public Health and CDC analyzed data from the 2009 Massachusetts Youth Health Survey. This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which showed significant differences in risk factors for persons in all three bullying categories, compared with persons who reported being neither bullies nor victims. The adjusted odds ratios (AORs) for middle school students for being physically hurt by a family member were 2.9 for victims, 4.4 for bullies, and 5.0 for bully-victims, and for witnessing violence in the family were 2.6, 2.9, and 3.9, respectively, after adjusting for potential differences by age group, sex, and race/ethnicity. For high school students, the AORs for being physically hurt by a family member were 2.8 for victims, 3.8 for bullies, and 5.4 for bully-victims, and for witnessing violence in the family were 2.3, 2.7, and 6.8, respectively. As schools and health departments continue to address the problem of bullying and its consequences, an understanding of the broad range of associated risk factors is important for creating successful prevention and intervention strategies that include involvement by families.     

中文语境下城市中小学生校园欺负行为的定性研究

了解中文语境下我国城市地区中小学生和教师人群对校园欺负行为的理解和看法,为进一步设计定量调查及干预活动提供思路和依据.方法 在上海市公办小学、公办初中、民办进城务工人员随迁子女小学中选取三~八年级学生156名,及其班主任、德育老师、校长,以及所在城区教育管理人员66名,进行一对一半结构式深入访谈,用主题框架法进行分析.结果 随着年龄增大,学生对校园欺负行为的理解越来越全面,由直接可见的身体、言语欺负发展到隐蔽的关系欺负;应对校园欺负的方式越来越隐蔽,高年级学生不愿老师、家长参与其中.部分教师对校园欺负的认知不够全面,容易忽略言语欺负和关系欺负的存在及危害性;教师对校园欺负的干预态度各不相同,有的坚决反对,有的持“不必干预”态度.教师现有的应对方式以说服教育为主,形式单一.无论学生还是老师,都认为有必要从学校、家庭、社区、社会等多个层面进行校园欺负行为的干预.结论 当前我国城市地区中小学生和教师群体对校园欺负的理解、态度、应对方式有其自身的特点.应根据社会生态学理念,从学校、家庭、社区等不同层面制定综合干预措施