沁水盆地南部煤层孔隙-裂隙系统及其对渗透率的贡献

基于常规孔渗测试、核磁共振、扫描电镜等分析,研究了沁水盆地南部煤储层孔隙-裂隙系统发育特征及其对渗透率的贡献。结果表明,煤样孔隙结构以吸附孔为主,渗流孔发育相对较差,可动流体孔隙度很小;多数煤样A类和B类较大裂隙所占比例不高,C类和D类较小裂隙较为发育;大孔孔隙度和微裂隙发育程度对渗透率影响最大。但本区煤样大孔孔隙度低,裂隙多被矿物充填,孔隙、裂隙之间连通性较差,对煤储层渗透率的贡献较小;多期发育的宏观构造裂隙可能对煤储层渗透性起到一定的改善作用。     

高煤阶煤孔隙结构及分形特征

高煤阶煤与中低煤阶煤在孔隙结构特征方面存在明显差异,分形理论为定量描述高煤阶煤储层孔隙特征提供了有效手段。基于扫描电镜、压汞实验和孔渗测试,以华北地区最大镜质体反射率(Ro,max)在19%~295%之间的9个煤样为研究对象,采用分段回归的方法对各样品进行不同孔径段分形维数计算,并讨论了孔隙结构分形维数与孔隙体积百分比、Ro,max、孔隙度和渗透率的关系。结果表明,高煤阶煤微小孔发育,半封闭孔含量较高,孔隙连通性一般,且孔隙结构具有明显的分段分形特征,同一煤样的超大孔(孔隙半径r＞5 μm)、大孔(05 μm＜r＜5 μm)、中孔(005 μm＜r＜05 μm)和微小孔(r＜005 μm)的分形维数依次减小;各煤样超大孔、大孔、中孔分形维数均随Ro,max增加而增加,随对应孔隙体积百分比增加而减小;孔隙度或渗透率与超大孔、大孔和中孔、微小孔分形维数分别呈二次相关、线性正相关、负相关;各分形区间分形维数分布的偏度和峰度与孔隙度或渗透率分别呈高度正相关和负相关,这为高煤阶煤孔隙度、渗透率提供了理想的线性方程(y=ax+b)预测模型。     

不同煤阶煤应力敏感特征及其控制机理

煤储层应力敏感降低储层渗透率,进而影响煤层气井产能,如何降低排采中的应力敏感性影响值得深入研究。为了弄清不同煤阶煤储层的应力敏感性特征及差异性,分别采集樊庄高煤阶煤、保德中煤阶煤和二连低煤阶褐煤的样品,系统开展加载和卸载过程中不同煤阶煤的应力敏感性实验,并对应力敏感的产生机理进行分析。结果表明,随煤阶的升高,煤样的应力敏感性逐渐增强,含明显裂缝的样品敏感性更强。加载有效应力10 MPa条件下,相比初始渗透率,二连低煤阶褐煤样品渗透率下降79.26%,卸载后不可逆渗透率损害率平均33.4%;保德中煤阶煤样渗透率下降79.4%,卸载后不可逆渗透率损害率平均51.4%;樊庄高煤阶煤样加载后渗透率下降92.33%,卸载后渗透率只能恢复30%左右。产生这种差异的机理主要是由于不同煤阶煤的物质组成、孔裂隙结构以及渗流通道不同造成的。低煤阶煤变质程度低,主要发育大、中孔隙,割理–裂隙不发育,为基质孔隙–喉道渗流,渗透率主要受连通喉道控制,应力加载时主要是大、中孔压缩变形严重,而尺度较小的喉道受压缩变形小,因而其应力敏感性相对弱;而高煤阶煤孔隙以微、小孔为主,镜质组含量高,割理–裂隙发育,控制其渗透性,应力加载时微、小孔难以被压缩,而裂隙抗变形能力弱,易发生韧性变形破坏或闭合,卸载后也难以恢复,表现出强应力敏感特征。考虑到高煤阶煤储层埋深更大、应力更高,因此其应力敏感性对产能伤害大,排采初期宜以较小强度进行,降低不可逆渗透率伤害,扩大压降范围;而低煤阶煤储层本身应力低、渗透率较高,应力敏感对产能影响相对较小,排水期可适当加快速度,提高排水效率。      

准噶尔盆地南缘低煤阶煤储层可动流体及孔径分布特征

为分析准噶尔盆地南缘（简称准南）低煤阶煤储层可动流体、束缚流体以及孔径分布特征,对准南6个矿区6个煤样进行了高速离心和低场核磁共振实验。实验结果表明:准南低煤阶煤以吸附孔发育最优,其次为渗流孔和裂隙。建立束缚水状态的最佳离心力为1.380 MPa;结合饱和水状态和束缚水状态的核磁共振T₂谱,得到可动流体孔隙度为0.45%~1.89%,平均1.29%;束缚流体孔隙度为1.03%~7.45%,平均4.18%,可动流体孔隙度与渗透率呈幂指数关系（R2=0.935 8）。根据"离心-T_2C法"得到准南低阶煤孔隙半径主要分布在0.01~1 μm,平均孔隙半径为1.771 μm。      

山西沁水盆地南部3号煤层储集空间特征与变质程度的关系

煤岩的变质程度影响着煤层的储集空间特征,对煤岩的孔隙度,渗透率以及煤岩微裂缝的发育都有重要影响。为了研究两者的关系,选取山西沁水盆地南部不同矿区有代表性的3号煤层,对不同变质程度煤样的镜质体反射率（R0）、孔隙度、渗透率进行了测试并对煤储集空间类型和结构进行扫描电镜观察。研究结果表明：3号煤层储集空间类型主要为孔隙和微裂缝;当R0小于2.4%,孔隙度、渗透率与R0呈负相关,R0大于2.4%时,孔隙度、渗透率与R0呈正相关,R0为2.4%可能是煤岩变质程度对煤岩孔隙度、渗透率影响的关键期,在高变质程度煤岩中孔隙度与渗透率的升高是由微裂缝的发育引起的,并且随着R0的增加,微裂缝发育程度增大。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤储层孔隙结构特征差异及影响因素

以鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤储层为研究对象,通过镜质体最大反射率（R_max）测试、压汞和低温液氮吸附实验等手段,探讨分析了煤储层孔隙结构发育特征及影响因素。结果表明:研究区煤储层视孔隙度偏低,且自北向南呈明显降低趋势,煤储层的孔隙发育情况以小孔、微孔为主,煤储层的BET比表面积平均为1.26 m2/g,其中北部煤储层比表面积较大,煤储层BJH总孔容平均为0.003 41 mL/g;受惰质组相对含量、压缩程度及次生孔隙影响,随着煤变质程度的增加,煤岩的孔隙度、BJH总孔体积和BET比表面积呈现“大—小—大”的变化规律,当R_max值为1.5%左右时,为最小值;煤储层随着所受应力的增强,微孔趋于闭合,其他各类孔数量均减小,整体上为小孔含量相对增加,煤中吸附孔隙类型由封闭型孔变为开放型孔,应力作用对煤岩的渗流孔隙的发育具有较强的控制作用,主要体现在煤岩中大孔对煤层气的贡献要优于其他孔隙。      

准噶尔盆地莫西庄地区侏罗系三工河组二段储层特征

利用多种方法对准噶尔盆地莫西庄地区侏罗系三工河组二段储层特征进行了分析。结果表明,其成分成熟度较低、结构成熟度较高,孔隙度主要属特低孔-中孔,渗透率属超低渗-中渗。当孔隙度大于10%时,储层的含油性受渗透率控制。主要孔隙类型为原生粒间孔、溶蚀-改造粒间孔和粒内溶孔,孔隙类别以特大孔为主,而喉道类别以微细喉为主。成岩作用类型主要为机械压实作用、胶结作用、溶蚀和交代作用,成岩阶段处于晚成岩期A亚期,成岩演化过程中,机械压实作用、胶结作用导致储层孔隙度减小约24.5%,同时因溶蚀作用使孔隙度增大约4.5%。     

不同变质变形煤储层孔隙特征与煤层气可采性

煤储层孔隙是煤层气的主要聚集场所和运移通道,煤储层孔隙结构不仅制约着煤层气的含气量,而且对其可采性也有重要影响。文中选取淮北煤田和沁水盆地不同矿区有代表性的煤样,通过对研究区不同变质与变形煤样的宏微观构造观测、镜质组反射率与孔隙度测试以及压汞实验分析,研究了不同变质变形煤储层孔隙结构特征及其对煤层气可采性的制约。研究结果表明,按照不同的变质变形特征将研究区煤储层主要划分为5类,即:高变质较强至强变形程度煤储层(Ⅰ类)、高变质较弱变形程度煤储层(Ⅱ类)、中变质较强变形程度煤储层(Ⅲ类)、中变质较弱变形程度煤储层(Ⅳ类)及低变质强变形程度煤储层(Ⅴ类)。不同变质变形煤储层的孔隙结构具有以下特征:Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类煤储层吸附孔占主导,Ⅰ类煤储层孔隙连通性差,Ⅱ类煤储层因后期叠加了构造裂隙,孔隙连通性变好;Ⅲ类煤储层中孔、大孔增多,但有效孔隙少,孔隙连通性变差;Ⅳ类煤储层吸附孔较多,中孔、大孔中等,且煤储层内生裂隙发育,孔隙具有较好的连通性,渗透性明显变好;Ⅴ类煤储层吸附孔含量较低,中孔较发育,大孔不太发育,有效孔隙少,孔隙连通性差。由此,变质程度高且叠加了一定构造变形的煤储层(Ⅱ类)以及中等变质程度变形较弱且内生裂隙发育的煤储层(Ⅳ类),其煤层气有较好的渗透性,可采性较好。     

沁水盆地南部煤中矿物赋存特征及其对煤储层物性的影响

煤中矿物可以影响煤储层物性,进而影响煤层气的开发。运用光学显微镜和扫描电镜研究沁水盆地南部煤中矿物的种类、含量和赋存特征。基于煤储层的平衡水等温吸附实验和压汞实验,研究了沁南地区煤中矿物对煤储层吸附性能和孔渗性能的影响。结果表明,柿庄北区块3号和15号煤平均矿物含量分别为10.68%和12.81%,且15号煤硫化物含量较高。扫描电镜下可观察到充填煤储层胞腔孔、粒间孔隙和微裂隙的方解石、黄铁矿、高岭石和石英。孔隙度和渗透率以及兰氏体积和煤中大中孔比例均随灰分产率的增加而减小,表明煤中矿物的存在会降低煤储层的吸附性能和孔渗性能,煤储层中矿物充填主要影响煤的大中孔和裂隙,影响煤层气在割理和裂隙中的渗流,导致孔隙度和渗透率下降,而少量粘土矿物充填微孔可导致煤的吸附性能下降。     

温度控制下的煤层气储层物性动态演化研究

为研究热对煤储层的改造作用,采用不同煤级具有代表性的12件煤样。考虑煤级差异、温度作用差异以及核磁共振(NMR)在研究孔隙流体中的技术优势等,对煤样进行了显微组分、镜质体反射率、孔渗测试以及孔隙结构的压汞和NMR实验,研究了煤储层核磁共振特征、T2谱响应特征、孔径分布、核磁共振孔隙度及核磁渗透率、可动流体等,同时对比了不同变质程度煤储层孔隙结构特征及其对煤层气储层物性的控制作用。温度变化下的煤储层物性研究结果表明:热的作用对各煤级煤储层孔隙度都有改善作用,但是对低煤级影响最大,其次为中煤级,最后为高煤级煤储层。温度对不同煤级煤岩的渗透性影响迥异。高挥发份烟煤受热后渗透率增加了一个数量级。低挥发份烟煤受热后渗透率则下降了一个数量级,这应与煤岩热膨胀性有关。无烟煤渗透率总体变化不明显,说明热作用对高煤级煤储层改造意义不大。     

Non-destructive characterization of coal samples from China using microfocus X-ray computed tomography

This paper demonstrates capabilities of microfocus X-ray computed tomography (µCT) in characterizing the development of coal porosity and fractures. For the investigated coals, the CT number of minerals, pores and coal matrix are approximately 3000, < 600 and 1000–1600 Hounsfield unit (HU), respectively. The total CT number of analyzed coals mainly relate to the density, coal maceral composition, and proportion of minerals and pores. Although the estimated porosities by segmentation method show some uncertainty, the results correlate well with the analyzed porosities by helium gas method and water-saturated method. The aperture, spacing and spatial distribution of fractures, and mineral morphology are semi-quantitatively evaluated by µCT using a computer-aided design. The slicing analyses of coals demonstrated that distributions of porosity in coals are highly anisotropic. The spatial disposition of pores, fractures and minerals is the most important factor that influences coal porosity and permeability. In spite of the limitation of low spatial resolution (70 μm) and some ring artifacts of X-ray, µCT has major advantages in non-destructive detection and 3D visualized characterization of pores, fractures and minerals compared to traditional methods.     

Pore Structure and Permeability Characterization of High‐rank Coal Reservoirs: A Case of the Bide‐Santang Basin,Western Guizhou,South China

The methods of nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopy,mercury injection porosimetry(MIP),and gas-water relative permeability(GWRP)were used to reveal the pore structure and permeability characteristics of high-rank coal reservoirs in the Bide-Santang basin,western Guizhou,South China,to provide guidance for coalbed methane(CBM)exploration and exploitation and obtain direct insights for the development of CBM wells.The results indicate that the coal reservoirs in the study area are characterized by well-developed adsorption pores and poorly developed seepage pores.The bimodal NMR transverse relaxation time(T2)spectra and the mutation in the fractal characteristic of the MIP pore volume indicate poor connectivity between the adsorption pores and the seepage pores.As a result,the effective porosity is relatively low,with an average of 1.70%.The irreducible water saturation of the coal reservoir is relatively high,with an average of 66%,leading to a low gas relative permeability under irreducible water saturation.This is the main reason for the low recovery of high-rank CBM reservoirs,and effective enhanced CBM recovery technology urgently is needed.As a nondestructive and less time-consuming technique,the NMR is a promising method to quantitatively characterize the pores and fractures of coals.     

Evaluation of the damages of permeability and effective porosity of tectonically deformed coals

A high rank coal was tested in terms of loading and unloading to characterize changes in the permeability and effective porosity of tectonically deformed coals. The coal sample, an anthracite, is subdivided into four types according to its structure, namely, the primary structure coal, cataclastic coal (the weakest deformation coal), granulated coal (the moderate deformation coal), and mylonitic coal (the intensest deformation coal); the latter three types are considered to be tectonic deformation coals. Permeability of tectonically deformed coals shows a negative exponential relation to stress. The intenser the structural deformation in coal is, the lower the permeability. Two evaluation parameters, namely, loss rate m (0.8318–0.9476) and damage rate n (0.447–0.6556), which are related to changes in permeability, increase with increasing structural deformation in coal. The cleat compressibility factor declines with increasing difference in effective stress and increases with increasing structural deformation in coal. This study proposes a calculation method for evaluating the porosity damage. Similar to the loss ratio and damage rate, this parameter (η) increases with increasing structural deformation in coal and reveals the relationship between the porosity damage and the structural deformation in coal.     

华北地台东部石炭系—二叠系优质煤储层形成分布控制因素

优质煤储层在此指厚度大、分布广、储集物性好的煤层。沉积相对优质煤储层的形成和分布有重要控制作用。通过浅海和泻湖淤积填平发育起来的潮坪环境和三角洲环境是最有利的优质煤储层形成环境,煤储层厚度大、分布广。沉积环境对煤储层中的灰分含量和镜质组含量有重要影响,而灰分含量和镜质组含量又直接影响煤储层的储集物性。灰分充填了煤储层中的孔隙,其含量越高,储集物性越差;镜质组有利于割理的形成,其含量越高,储集物性越好。由于在灰分含量、煤岩显微组分等方面的差异,潮坪环境沉积的煤储层的储集物性优于三角洲的煤储层,下三角洲平原沉积的煤储层优于上三角洲平原沉积的煤储层。海平面变化对优质煤储层的形成和分布也有重要控制作用。高位体系煤储层富集,单层厚度大,横向分布相当稳定,尤其是高位体系域晚期,是形成优质煤储层最有利的层位。而水进体系域煤储层稀少,单层厚度小,横向分布不稳定,不利于优质煤储层形成。     

液氮溶浸对不同煤阶含水煤样渗流特性的影响

中国包含多种煤阶煤层,由于煤质、地质条件等差异,不同煤层中的水分赋存情况也具有较大差异性。煤阶、饱水度作为影响液氮低温致裂效果的两个重要因素,有必要对其进行深入研究。为此,分别选择褐煤、烟煤与无烟煤3种煤阶煤样,并制备得出饱水度分别为0%、33%与99%的煤样进行液氮溶浸处理,使用摄像机定点拍摄、观察煤样表面宏观裂隙处理前后的演化规律,并对煤样进行氮气渗流试验。试验结果表明：液氮溶浸后褐煤因产生的一条与多条贯穿裂隙发生整体结构上的断裂,烟煤表面有新裂隙产生,原生宏观裂隙有一定的扩展与延伸,无烟煤表面宏观裂隙无明显发育;煤样饱水度越高,液氮的致裂增透效果越显著;液氮溶浸对3种煤阶煤样的致裂增透效果关系为：褐煤>烟煤>无烟煤,在完全干燥状态下,由于热应力不足以破坏颗粒间链接,烟煤与无烟煤的增透效果近似相等;对于褐煤,液氮溶浸处理对完全干燥状态下的煤体即产生有效致裂,渗透率平均增幅高达559.35%,对于烟煤,在饱水度为33%和99%的状态下,液氮溶浸对煤体具有明显致裂效果,渗透率平均增幅分别为330.60%和448.77%,对于无烟煤,在饱水度为99%的状态下液氮溶浸处理才能对煤体产生有效致裂,渗透率平均增幅为185.53%。     

Fractal Characteristics of Coal Pores Based on Classic Geometry and Thermodynamics Models

To better understand the characteristics of coal pores and their influence on coal reservoirs, coal pores in eight main coalfields of North China were analyzed by mercury porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fractal characteristics of coal pores (size distribution and structure) were researched using two fractal models: classic geometry and thermodynamics. These two models establish the relationship between fractal dimensions and coal pores characteristics. New results include: (1) SEM imaging and fractal analysis show that coal reservoirs generally have very high heterogeneity; (2) coal pore structures have fractal characteristics and fractal dimensions characteristic of pore structures are controlled by the composition (e.g., ash, moisture, volatile component) and pore parameters (e.g., pore diameter, micro pores content) of coals; (3) the fractal dimensions (D1 and D2) of coal pores have good correlations with the heterogeneity of coal pore structures. Larger fractal dimensions correlate to higher heterogeneity of pore structures. The fractal dimensions (D1 and D2) have strong negative linear correlations with the sorted coefficient of coals (R2=0.719 and 0.639, respectively) that shows the heterogeneity of coal pores; (4) fractal dimension D1 and petrologic permeability of coals have a strong negative exponential correlation (R2=0.82). However, fractal dimension D2 and petrologic permeability of coals have no obvious correlation; and (5) the model of classic geometry is more accurate for fractal characterization of coal pores in coal reservoirs than that of thermodynamics by optimization.     

煤储层纳米孔隙结构及其瓦斯扩散特征

研究煤复杂发育的孔隙结构对揭示煤层气体赋存机理及扩散运移规律有重要意义.为了研究煤的纳米孔隙结构,利用SEM、液氮吸附、小角X射线研究了不同煤阶煤的纳米孔隙在形式和分布上的非均匀性.实验煤样煤基质中的孔呈多峰分布,且孔径范围主要集中在2~10 nm.煤样低温液氮吸附实验测得煤样的吸附量为3.676 cm3/g,煤样的比表面积为1.416 m2/g.以最可几孔径作为研究对象,在实验压力范围内,吸附压力越大,最可几孔径变大的越多;瓦斯气体在纳米级孔隙结构中的扩散模式以过渡型扩散为主,微孔更发达的煤样中,扩散更接近Knudsen型扩散,中孔更发达的煤样中,扩散更接近Fick型扩散;Knudsen数与温度呈负相关关系,温度高于250 K后,Knudsen数趋于稳定,与压强呈正相关关系,压强越大,扩散越容易.      

Coals of Canada: Distribution and compositional characteristics

Canada's coal resources occur in 16 sedimentary basins or groups of basins and range in age from Devonian to Tertiary. The Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB), which contains the vast majority (about 90%) of the nation's coal resources of immediate interest, underlies a large area in the provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, extending northward to about the 62nd Parallel in Yukon and Northwest Territories. Coal deposits in the WCSB range in age from Early Carboniferous (Mississippian) to Paleocene. Rank ranges from lignite to semianthracite. About 36% of the total estimated 71,000 megatonnes of resources of immediate interest in the WCSB is bituminous coal, including a high proportion in the medium to low volatile range. Their low sulphur contents and acceptable ash levels make these medium and low volatile bituminous coals attractive 3s coking feedstocks and large quantities are mined for that purpose. The lower rank western Canadian coals are used mainly for electricity generation.Significant resources of bituminous coal occur in the coalfields of Atlantic Canada where they have been mined since 1720. Most of these coals are classed as high volatile A bituminous and most are used for power generation. Large resources of coal (lignite to anthracite) also occur in more remote regions of Canada, such as the Bowser Basin in northwestern British Columbia, and Sverdrup Basin/ Franklinian Geosyncline in the Arctic Islands. Information on distribution and compositional attributes of these frontier region coals is commonly scarce.