不同轨道结构地铁噪声辐射测试及分析

对某地铁普通整体道床地段与钢弹簧浮置板道床地段隧道内和车内噪声进行测试,研究列车内外噪声辐射大小及频谱特性。研究结果表明：隧道内距离轨面越近,噪声越高,说明轮轨噪声为主要噪声源;同一轨道区段,不同车厢内噪声峰值频率相同,但是噪声峰值有略微区别;浮置板地段,隧道内噪声在40 Hz～125 Hz频段,车内噪声在20 Hz～400 Hz频段较普通道床地段有所增大,其他频段隧道内和车内噪声均不大于普通道床地段;对隧道内和车内噪声的1/3 倍频程声压级曲线进行A计权处理,普通道床和浮置板道床地段声压级峰值频率较计权之前均变大,计权后普通道床地段和浮置板地段车内噪声等效声级相差很小,不到1 dB(A)。     

隔振道床对地铁车辆噪声影响分析

通过对某城市地铁车辆噪声测试分析,得到地铁经过一般整体道床、橡胶减振垫浮置板道床、中量级浮置板道床和重量级浮置板道床时,车体内外声场空间分布以及噪声频谱特性。结果表明,列车通过一般整体道床道床所产生的噪声声压级为4种道床中最低,通过减振垫浮置板道床产生的噪声声压级最高。隔振设计的浮置板道床使车内噪声增加,主要加强200 Hz频段以下的噪声,通过重量级浮置板道床时100 Hz~200 Hz车内低频噪声声压级最高,与中量级浮置板道床工况数据对比表明车内低频噪声强度与钢弹簧浮置板道床的隔振效果呈正相关。     

不同道床对地铁车内噪声影响特性分析

通过对中国某城市地铁1号线司机室内噪声测试分析,得到地铁经过普通道床、含橡胶浮置板道床、含钢弹簧浮置板道床和高架承轨台道床时,车内的噪声时域和频域的声压级特性。结果表明,地铁通过四种不同类型道床时,车内噪声声压级出现了绕75 d B~80 d B上下波动的特性,产生的车内噪声主要集中在125 Hz~800 Hz的中低频段内。经过普通道床所产生的噪声声压级为四种道床中最低,经过钢弹簧浮置板道床同橡胶浮置板道床所产生的噪声声压级大小相当,波动幅值交替变化,经过高架承轨台道床产生的噪声呈大锯齿式的波动特征。     

曲线段浮置板轨道横向特征对车内噪声影响分析

以小半径曲线段浮置板轨道结构为研究对象,建立曲线段浮置板轨道的横向振动模型,结合现场的钢轨-道床-车厢等“三维一体”实时测试,重点挖掘同一时刻同一辆车下浮置板道床横向频响、钢轨粗糙度与车内噪声的频响相互对应特征,深入剖析曲线段浮置板轨道结构横向特征对车内噪声的影响机理。结果表明：（1）半径350 m曲线段浮置板轨道结构的横向中高动态频响400 Hz～630 Hz与车内噪声超标频段范围一致;（2）曲线段浮置板轨道钢轨31.5 mm的波长是导致车厢内噪声异常超标的主要原因;（3）抑制短波长波磨发展及添加谐振式钢轨阻尼器是控制车内噪声的主要方法,研究成果对车内噪声治理与轨道结构设计具有可靠的参考价值。     

列车在不同弹性扣件区段车内振动噪声的对比研究

针对地铁A型列车车内振动噪声进行研究,分析不同弹性扣件对车内振动和噪声的影响,通过研究车体结构和国内外规范,对A型地铁车辆车内关键位置处的振动噪声进行多次测量,获得在普通扣件区段和弹性扣件区段列车内部的振动加速度和噪声,运用振动加速度级和声压级以及1/3倍频程分析不同弹性扣件对车内振动噪声影响。结果表明:车内不同位置处振动噪声差别较大,车厢两端部振动噪声大于车厢中部振动噪声;车内振动噪声峰值频率大多出现在125 Hz、160 Hz、200 Hz左右;扣件系统弹性变化不会影响车内振动噪声峰值频率和3 150 Hz以上高频段振动噪声;普通扣件刚度是弹性扣件刚度2倍左右时,在100 Hz至2 000 Hz范围内,列车在弹性扣件地段时车内噪声声压级比在普通扣件地段时大,差值约为2 dB至5 dB,在315 Hz至2 000 Hz范围内,列车在弹性扣件地段时车内振动加速度级比在普通扣件地段时大,差值约为6 dB至10 d B;在弹性扣件区段时的Z振级比在普通扣件区段时大,但在弹性扣件区段时X振级反而低于在普通扣件区段时的值。     

成都地铁钢弹簧浮置板道床减振性能分析

为评价成都地铁钢弹簧浮置道床的实际减振效果,选取线路条件基本相同的断面,分别对圆形盾构隧道直线段和曲线段的钢弹簧浮置板道床以及对应的普通整体式道床进行现场测试。在时域和频域内分析钢弹簧浮置板道床减振段隧道壁垂向振动特性与实际减振效果。结果表明:(1)在圆形隧道直线段和曲线段中运用钢弹簧浮置板轨道均可对隧道壁振动起到很好的减振作用,隧道壁减振效果分别为22.16 dB和19.15 dB;(2)直线段和曲线段钢弹簧浮置板轨道的显著减振频率范围分布为25 Hz～200 Hz和40 Hz～200 Hz,但均在6.3 Hz～16 Hz表现出振动放大现象。     

隧道内地铁列车车内噪声预测分析

为研究隧道内地铁列车车内噪声特性,建立了隧道-车体有限元-边界元声学分析模型。基于地铁B型车车轨耦合模型和现场试验获取车体二系悬挂力激励和轮轨噪声激励,将激励施加到车体计算分析车内噪声,以广州轨道交通7号线列车噪声试验数据对仿真分析结果进行验证,并研究了结构声和空气声对车内噪声的影响规律。分析结果表明:车内各标准点声压级图变化趋势基本一致,峰值中心频率集中在630 Hz处,主要频段为200～1 600 Hz,车体转向架上方A声级比车体中心高约1.02～2.35 dB(A);结构声对车内噪声的主要影响频段在20～200 Hz,空气声对车内噪声的主要影响频段在200～5 000 Hz,其中500～5 000 Hz频段最为显著;60 km/h车速下,结构声荷载作用下车厢中心处A声级比空气声荷载作用下相同位置高约21 dB(A)。该研究成果可为降低列车车内噪声,改善车内声学环境提供理论依据。     

成都地铁钢弹簧浮置板道床减振性能分析

为评价成都地铁钢弹簧浮置道床的实际减振效果,选取线路条件基本相同的断面,分别对圆形盾构隧道直线段和曲线段的钢弹簧浮置板道床以及对应的普通整体式道床进行现场测试。在时域和频域内分析了钢弹簧浮置板道床减振段隧道壁垂向振动特性与实际减振效果。结果表明：（1）在圆形隧道直线段和曲线段中运用钢弹簧浮置板轨道均可对隧道壁振动起到很好的减振作用,隧道壁减振效果分别为22.16dB和19.15dB;（2）直线段和曲线段钢弹簧浮置板轨道的显著减振频率范围分布为25Hz~200Hz和40Hz~200Hz,但均在6.3~16Hz表现出振动放大现象。     

地铁车辆经过不同轨道结构时对地面振动的影响研究

在列车正常运行条件下对某地铁曲线路段钢弹簧浮置板道床、科隆蛋和普通扣件轨道结构段的隧道壁振动和地面垂向振动进行现场测试,通过时域和频域分析对比地铁经过时不同轨道结构段振动从隧道壁传到地面以及地面垂向振动随距离的传播规律。结果表明:振动从隧道壁传至地面时200 Hz～500 Hz频段衰减较快,且地面垂向振动主频在100 Hz以内,隧道壁振动主频在300 Hz以内;钢弹簧浮置板道床和科隆蛋结构段的地面垂向振动随着离开线路中心线距离的增加而减小;在普通扣件结构段距线路中心线30 m左右处存在一个振动放大区;列车经过时轨道线正上方0～30 m范围内垂向振动的峰值频率主要在40 Hz至63 Hz。该测试方法和研究结果可为地铁线路设计提供相应参考。     

地铁小半径曲线段上列车车内振动测试与特性

摘 要：在地铁线路中,小半径曲线段的列车振动加速度一般大于同种轨道结构的直线段。为了研究小半径曲线段车内振动的频谱特性,选择了半径为350m的地下隧道区间进行测试,该区间分布着钢弹簧浮置板整体道床、科隆蛋扣件和DT-III型扣件三种轨道结构。分析了双面胶带、螺钉等多种传感器安装方式对测量结果的影响,采用DASP V11软件测量一天中三个不同时段车厢地板垂向和横向振动加速度,并进行Z振级和X振级分析。结果表明：半径为350m的曲线隧道内,钢弹簧浮置板整体道床、科隆蛋扣件和DT-III型扣件三个区段车厢地板振动对应的垂向振级峰值频率分别为8Hz和63Hz,3.15Hz、8Hz和63Hz,50Hz和100Hz;横向振级峰值频率为63Hz,63Hz,50Hz和100Hz;钢弹簧浮置板整体道床段和科隆蛋扣件段车厢地板振动加速度大于普通型扣件段。通过本次测试,为小半径曲线段振动噪声问题提供一些减振降噪措施选择方面的参考,同时为研究小半径曲线段车厢地板振动特性问题提供支持。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。